Improving exercise tolerance and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Journal of the American Osteopathic Association

Volumn 109, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 268-278

  Belfer, Mark H ^a   Reardon, Jane Z ^b  

^a AKRON GENERAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b HARTFORD HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRONCHODILATING AGENT;

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HUMAN; KINESIOTHERAPY; MENTAL STRESS; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; VITAL CAPACITY;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; BRONCHODILATOR AGENTS; EXERCISE THERAPY; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HUMANS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRES; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; VITAL CAPACITY;

EID: 68949206289     PISSN: 00986151     EISSN: 00986151     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Executive summary: global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD. From Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) Web site. January 2008. Available at: http://www.goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=996. Accessed March 26, 2009.
2. Celli BR, MacNee W; ATS/ERS Task Force. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper [published correction appears in Eur Respir J. 2006;27:242]. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:932-946. Available at: http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/23/6/932. Accessed March 26, 2009.
3. COPD fact sheet. American Lung Association Web site. Available at: http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=252866. Accessed April 27, 2009.
4. Chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD): fast stats. National Center for Health Statistics Web Site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/copd.htm. Accessed on March 26, 2009.
5. Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, Ford ES, Redd SC. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance-United States, 1971-2000. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2002 Aug 2;51(6):1-16.
6. Lethbridge-Çejku M, Rose D, Vickerie J. Summary Health Statistics for US Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2004. In: Vital and Health Statistics. Vol 10. Hyattsville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; 2006:19,21.
7. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020. Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349:1498-1504.
8. Prigatano GP, Wright EC, and Levin D. Quality of life and its predictors in patients with mild hypoxemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:1613-1619.
9. Engström CP, Persson LO, Larsson S, Rydén A, Sullivan M. Functional status and well being in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with regard to clinical parameters and smoking: a descriptive comparative study. Thorax. 1996; 51:825-830. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8795672. Accessed April 1, 2009.
10. Leidy N, Traver GA. Psychophysiologic factors contributing to functional performance in people with COPD: are there gender differences? Res Nurs Health. 1995;18:535-546.
11. McSweeny AJ, Grant I, Heaton RK, Adams KM, Timms RM. Life quality of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142:473-478.
12. Pitta F, Troosters T, Spruit MA, Probst VS, Decramer M, Gosselink R. Characteristics of physical activities in daily life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [published online ahead of print January 21, 2005]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:972-977. Available at: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/171/9/972. Accessed April 1, 2009.
13. Donaldson GC, Wilkinson TM, Hurst JR, Perera WR, Wedzicha JA. Exacerbations and time spent outdoors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [published online ahead of print December 3, 2004]. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2005;171:446-452. Available at: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/171/5/446. Accessed April 1, 2009.
14. Hamilton AL, Killian KJ, Summers E, Jones NL. Symptom intensity and subjective limitation to exercise in patients with cardiorespiratory disorders. Chest. 1996;110:1255-1263. Available at: http://www.chestjournal.org/content/110/5/1255.long. Accessed April 1, 2009.
15. Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Sato S, Hajiro T. Analysis of the factors related to mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of exercise capacity and health status [published online ahead of print November 21, 2002]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:544-549. Available at: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/167/4/544. Accessed April 1, 2009.
16. O'Donnell DE, Webb KA. Exertional breathlessness in patients with chronic airflow limitation. The role of lung hyperinflation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:1351-1357.
17. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [published correction appears in Thorax. 2008;63:753]. Thorax. 2002;57:847-852. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12324669. Accessed April 3, 2009.
18. Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, Bestall JC, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(5 pt 1):1418-1422. Available at: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/157/5/1418. Accessed April 3, 2009.
19. Connors AF Jr, Dawson NV, Thomas C, Harrell FE Jr, Desbiens N, Fulkerson WJ. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognosis and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments) [published correction appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:386]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(4 pt 1):959-967.
20. Cote CG, Dordelly LJ, Celli BR. Impact of COPD exacerbations on patientcentered outcomes. Chest. 2007;131:696-704. Available at: http://www.chestjournal.org/content/131/3/696.long. Accessed April 3, 2009.
21. Reardon JZ, Lareau SC, ZuWallack R. Functional status and quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 2006;119(10 suppl 1):S32-S37.
22. Curtis JR, Martin DP, Martin TR. Patient-assessed health outcomes in chronic lung disease: what are they, how do they help us, and where do we go from here [review]? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156(4 pt 1):1032-1039. Available at: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/156/4/1032. Accessed April 1, 2009.
23. Gatti JC. Which interventions help to prevent falls in the elderly? Am Fam Physician. 2002;65:2259-2260.
24. Reardon JZ, Patel K, ZuWallack RL. Improvement in quality of life is unrelated to improvement in exercise endurance after outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 1993;13:51-54.
25. Guyatt GH, Berman LB, Townsend M, Pugsley SO, Chambers LW. A measure of quality of life for clinical trials in chronic lung disease. Thorax. 1987;42:773-778. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=3321537. Accessed April 1, 2009.
26. Reardon J, Casaburi R, Morgan M, Nici L, Rochester C. Pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD [review] [published online ahead of print October 25, 2005]. Resp Med. 2005;99(suppl B):S19-S27.
27. Heinzer MM, Bish C, Detwiler R. Acute dyspnea as perceived by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Nurs Res. 2003;12:85-101.
28. van Ede L, Yzermans CJ, Brouwer HJ. Prevalence of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Thorax. 1999;54:688-692.
29. Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC, Connolly MJ. Prevalence of sub-threshold depression in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18:412-416.
30. Lacasse Y, Rousseau L, Maltais F. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and depression in patients with severe oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2001;21:80-86.
31. Brenes GA. Anxiety and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence, impact, and treatment [review]. Psychosom Med. 2003;65:963-970. Available at: http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/content/full/65/6/963. Accessed April 1, 2009.
32. Guell R, Resqueti V, Sangenis M, Morante F, Martorell B, Casan P, et al. Impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on psychosocial morbidity in patients with severe COPD [published correction appears in Chest. 2006;129:899-904]. Chest. 2006;129:899-904. Available at: http://www.chestjournal.org/content/129/4/899.full. Accessed April 29, 2009.
33. Sexton DL, Monro BH. Impact of a husband's chronic illness (COPD) on the spouse's life. Res Nurs Health. 1985;8:83-90.
34. Dudley DL, Glaser EM, Jorgenson BM, Logan DL. Psychosocial concomitants to rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: part I. Psychosocial and psychological considerations. Chest. 1980;77:413-420.
35. Akira M, Toyokawa K, Inoue Y, Arai T. Quantitative CT in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: inspiratory and expiratory assessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:267-272.
36. Make BJ, Martinez FJ. Assessment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5:884-890. Available at: http://pats.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/5/9/884. Accessed April 17, 2009.
37. Garrod R, Bestall JC, Paul EA, Wedzicha JA, Jones PW. Development and validation of a standardized measure of activity of daily living in patients with severe COPD: the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale (LCADL). Respir Med. 2000;94:589-596.
38. Yohannes AM, Roomi J, Winn S, Connolly MJ. The Manchester Respiratory Activities of Daily Living questionnaire: development, reliability, validity, and responsiveness to pulmonary rehabilitation. J Am Geriatric Soc. 2000;48:1496- 1500.
39. Lareau SC, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Janson-Bjerklie S, Roos PJ. Development and testing of the Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire (PFSDQ). Heart Lung. 1994;23:242-250.
40. Weaver TE, Narsavage GL, Guilfoyle MJ. The development and psychometric evaluation of the Pulmonary Functional Status Scale (PFSS): an instrument to assess functional status in pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1998;18:105-111.
41. Leidy NK. Psychometric properties of the functional performance inventory in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurs Res. 1999;48:20-28.
42. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM, Littlejohns P. A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:1321-1327.
43. Bergner M, Bobbit RA, Carter WB, Gilson BS. The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med Care. 1981;19:787-805.
44. Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF- 36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30:473- 483.
45. Belfer MH. The impact of exercise on activities of daily living and quality of life: a primary care physician's perspective. COPD. 2007;4:289-291.
46. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361-370.
47. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561-571.
48. Kunik ME, Azzam PN, Souchek J, Cully JA, Wray NP, Krishnan LL, et al. A practical screening tool for anxiety and depression in patients with chronic breathing disorders. Psychosomatics. 2007;48:16-21. Available at: http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/48/1/16. Accesse May 4, 2009.
49. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Kroenke K, Linzer M, deGruy FV III, Hahn SR, et al. Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA. 1994;272:1749-1756.
50. Rickels MR, Khalid-Khan S, Gallop R, Rickels K. Assessment of anxiety and depression in primary care: value of a four-item questionnaire. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2009;109:216-219. Available at: http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/content/full/109/4/216. Accessed May 4, 2009.
51. Jones PW. Health status: what does it mean for payers and patients [review]? Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3:222-226. Available at: http://pats.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/3/3/222. Accessed March 26, 2009.
52. Street RL Jr, Makoul G, Arora NK, Epstein RM. How does communication heal? Pathways linking clinician-patient communication to health outcomes [published online ahead of print January 15, 2009]. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;74:295-301.
53. Becker MH, Maiman LA, Kirscht JP, Haefner DP, Drackman RH, Taylor DW. Patient perceptions and compliance: recent studies of the health belief model. In: Haynes RB, Taylor DW, Sackett DL, eds. Compliance in Health Care. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1979:78-109.
54. Casaburi R, Kukafka D, Cooper CB, Witek TJ Jr, Kesten S. Improvement in exercise tolerance with the combination of tiotropium and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest. 2005;127:809-817. Available at: http://www.chestjournal.org/content/127/3/809.long. Accessed April 3, 2009.
55. Celli B, ZuWallack R, Wang S, Kesten S. Improvement in resting inspiratory capacity and hyperinflation with tiotropium in COPD patients with increased static lung volumes. Chest. 2003;124:1743-1748. Available at: http://www.chestjournal.org/content/124/5/1743.long. Accessed April 3, 2009.
56. Maltais F, Hamilton A, Marciniuk, Hernandez P, Sciurba FC, Richter K, et al. Improvements in symptom-limited exercise performance over 8 h with oncedaily tiotropium in patients with COPD. Chest. 2005;128:1168-1178. Available at: http://www.chestjournal.org/content/128/3/1168.long. Accessed April 3, 2009.
57. O'Donnell DE, Flüge T, Gerken F, Hamilton A, Webb K, Aguilaniu B, et al. Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnea and exercise tolerance in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:832-840. Available at: http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/23/6/832. Accessed April 3, 2009.
58. Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, Burkhart D, Kesten S, Menjoge S, et al; UPLIFT Study Investigators. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1543-1554. Available at: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/15/1543. Accessed April 14, 2009.
59. Niewoehner DE, Rice K, Cote C, Paulson D, Cooper JA Jr, Korducki L, et al. Prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with tiotropium, a once-daily inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:317-326.
60. Calverly PM, Anderson JA, Celli, B, Ferguson GT, Jenkins C, Jones PW, et al; TORCH investigators. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Eng J Med. 2007;356:775-789. Available at: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/8/775. April 3, 2009.
61. Aaron SD, Vandenheem KL, Fergusson D, Maltais F, Bourbeau J, et al; Canadian Thoracic Society/Canadian Respiratory Clinical Research Consortium. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial [published online ahead of print February 19, 2007]. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:545-555.
62. Bodenheimer T, Lorig K, Holman H, Grumbach K. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. JAMA. 2002;288:2469-2475.
63. Bourbeau J, Julien M, Maltais F, Rouleau M, Beaupré A, Bégin R, et al; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease axis of the Respiratory Network Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec. Reduction of hospital utilization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a disease-specific self-management intervention. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:585-591. Available at: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/5/585. Accessed April 3, 2009.
64. Gallefoss F, Bakke PS. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis of selfmanagement in patients with COPD-a 1-year follow-up randomized, controlled trial. Respir Med. 2002;96:424-431.
65. Monninkhof E, van der Valk P, van der Palen J, van Herwaarden C, Zielhuis G. Effects of a comprehensive self-management programme in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:815-820. Available at: http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/full/22/5/815. Accessed April 3, 2009.
66. Monninkhof E, van der Aa, van der Valk P, van der Palen J, Zielhuis G, Koning K, et al. A qualitative evaluation of a comprehensive self-management programme for COPD patients: effectiveness from the patients' perspective. Patient Educ Couns. 2004;55:177-184.
67. Pulmonary rehabilitation: joint ACCP/AACVPR evidence-based guidelines. ACCP/AACVPR Pulmonary Rehabilitation Guidelines Panel. American College of Chest Physicians. American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Chest. 1997;112:1363-1396. Available at: http://www.chestjournal.org/content/112/5/1363.long. Accessed April 3, 2009.
68. Pulmonary rehabilitation-1999. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(5 pt 1):1666-1682. Available at: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/159/5/1666. Accessed April 3, 2009.
69. Nici L, Donner C, Wouters E, Zuwallack R, Ambrosino N, Bourbeau J, et al; ATS/ERS Pulmonary Rehabilitation Writing Committee. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006:173;1390-1413. Available at: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/173/12/1390. Accessed April 3, 2009.
70. Ries AL, Kaplan RM, Limberg TM, Prewitt LM. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on physiologic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:823-832.
71. Pawa S, Belligund P, Cohen M, et al. Accelerometry complements conventional measures of functional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Poster presented at: ATS International Conference; May 19-24, 2006; San Diego, Calif.
72. Ketelaars CAJ, Schlösser MAG, Mostert R, Huyer Abu-Saad H, Halfens RJ, Wouters EF. Determinants of health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1996;51:39-43. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8658367. Accessed April 3, 2009.
73. Boxall AM, Barclay L, Sayers A, Caplan GA. Managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the community. A randomized controlled trial of homebased pulmonary rehabilitation for elderly housebound patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2005;25:378-385.
74. Heim E, Blaser A, Waidelich E. Dyspnea: psychophysiologic relationships. Psychosom Med. 1972;34:405-423. Available at: http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/34/5/405. Accessed April 27, 2009.
75. Jones SW, Hill RJ, Krasney PA, O'Conner B, Peirce N, Greenhaff PL. Disuse atrophy and exercise rehabilitation in humans profoundly affects the expression of genes associated with the regulation of skeletal muscle mass [published online ahead of print April 14, 2004]. FASEB J. 2004;18:1025-1027. Available at: http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/reprint/03-1228fjev1. Accessed April 2, 2009.
76. Rochester CL. Exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(5 suppl 2):59-80.
77. American Thoracic Society. Dyspnea. Mechanisms, assessment and management: a consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:321- 340. Available at: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/159/1/321. Accessed April 3, 2009.
78. Carrieri-Kohlman V, Gormleyu JM, Eiser S, Paul SM, Demir-Deviren S, Nguyen H, et al. Dyspnea and the affective response during exercise training in obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurs Res. 2001;50:136-146.
79. Worth H, Dhein Y. Does patient education modify behaviour in the management of COPD? Patient Educ Couns. 2004;52:267-270.
80. Leidy NK. Using functional status to assess treatment outcomes [editorial]. Chest 1994;106:1645-1646. Available at: http://www.chestjournal.org/content/106/6/1645.long. Accessed April 3, 2009.
81. Kim HF, Kunik ME, Molinari VA, Hillman SL, Lalani S, Orengo CA, et al. Functional impairment in COPD patients: the impact of anxiety and depression. Psychosomatics. 2000;41:465-471. Available at: http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/41/6/465. Accessed April 3, 2009.
82. Kayahan B, Karapolat H, Atyntoprak E, Atasever A, Oztürk O. Psychological outcomes of an outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [published online ahead of print October 25, 2005]. Resp Med. 2006;100:1050-1057.
83. Emery CF, Schein RL, Hauck ER, MacIntyre NR. Psychological and cognitive outcomes of a randomized trial of exercise among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Health Psychol. 1998;17:232-240.
84. Etnier JL, Berry M. Fluid intelligence in an older COPD sample after shortor long-term exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001:33:1620-1628.
85. Emery CF, Honn VJ, Frid DJ, Lebowitz KR, Diaz PT. Acute effects of exercise on cognition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1624-1627. Available at: http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/164/9/1624. Accessed April 3, 2009.
86. Trappenburg JC, Troosters T, Spruit MA, Vandebrouck N, Decramer M, Gosselink R. Psychosocial conditions do not affect short-term outcome of multidisciplinary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:1788-1792.
87. Withers NJ, Rudkin ST, White RJ. Anxiety and depression in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 1999;19:362-365.
88. Nguyen HQ, Carrieri-Kohlman V. Dyspnea self-management in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: moderating effects of depressed mood. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:402-410. Available at: http://psy.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/46/5/402. Accessed April 3, 2009.
89. Fishman A, Martinez F, Naunheim K, Piantadosi S, Wise R, Ries A, et al. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2059-2073. Available at: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/348/21/2059. Accessed April 3, 2009.
90. Casaburi R. Deconditioning. In: Fishman AP, ed. Pulmonary Rehabilitation. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1996:213-230. Lung Biology in Health and Disease Series.
91. Kuchera ML, Kuchera WA. Osteopathic Considerations in Systemic Dysfunction. Kirksville, Mo: KCOM Press; 1990:40-46.
92. Stiles EG. Manipulative management of chronic lung disease. Osteopath Ann. 1981;9:300-304.
93. Noll DR, Degenhardt BF, Johnson JC, Burt SA. Immediate effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2008;108:251-259. Available at: http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/content/full/108/5/251. Accessed April 3, 2009.
94. van Stel HF, Colland VT, Heins NL, Rijssenbeek-Nouwens LH, Everaerd W. Assessing inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation using the patient's view of outcome. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2002;22:201-210.