Fishery-induced demographic changes in the timing of spawning: Consequences for reproductive success

Fish and Fisheries

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 283-304

  Wright, Peter J ^a   Trippel, Edward A ^b  

^a MARINE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^b ST ANDREWS BIOLOGICAL STATION   (Canada)

Author keywords

Demography; Fishery effects; Fishery management; Recruitment; Reproductive potential; Spawning time

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; BIRTH DATE; BREEDING SEASON; DEMOGRAPHY; EGG PRODUCTION; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; FISHING; INDUCED RESPONSE; JUVENILE; MICROSTRUCTURE; OTOLITH; RECRUITMENT (POPULATION DYNAMICS); REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SPAWNING; SURVIVAL;

EID: 68949184351     PISSN: 14672960     EISSN: 14672979     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00322.x     Document Type: Article

References (179)

1. Allman, R.J. Grimes, C.B. (2002) Temporal and spatial dynamics of spawning, settlement, and growth of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) from the West Florida shelf as determined from otolith microstructures. Fishery Bulletin 100, 391 403.
2. Anderson, C.N.K., Hsieh, C.-H., Sandin, S.A. et al. (2008) Why fishing magnifies fluctuations in fish abundance. Nature 452, 835 839.
3. Anderson, J. (1988) A review of size dependent survival during pre-recruit stages of fishes in relationship to recruitment. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Science 8, 55 66.
4. Bartsch, J., Brander, K., Heath, M., Munk, P., Richardson, K. Svensen, E. (1989) Modelling the advection of herring larvae in the North Sea. Nature 340, 632 636.
5. Beacham, T.D. Murray, C.B. (1987) Adaptive variation in body size, age, morphology, egg size, and developmental biology of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, 244 261.
6. Beamish, R.J., McFarlane, G.A. Benson, A. (2006) Longevity overfishing. Progress in Oceanography 68, 289 302.
7. Begg, G.A. Marteinsdottir, G. (2003) Spatial partitioning of relative fishing mortality and spawning stock biomass of Icelandic cod. Fisheries Research 59, 343 362.
8. Berkeley, S.A., Chapman, C. Sogard, S.M. (2004a) Maternal age as a determinant of larval growth and survival in a marine fish, Sebastes melanops. Ecology 85, 1258 1264.
9. Berkeley, S.A., Hixon, M.A., Larson, R.J. Love, M.S. (2004b) Fisheries sustainability via protection of age structure and spatial distribution of fish populations. Fisheries 29, 23 32.
10. Beyer, J.E. (1989) Recruitment Stability and Survival - Simple Size-Specific Theory with Examples from the Early Life Dynamics of Marine Fish. Dana - A Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research 7, 45 147.
11. Biro, P.A., Morton, A.E., Post, J.R. Parkinson, E.A. (2004) Over-winter lipid depletion and mortality of age-0 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, 1513 1519.
12. Bollens, S., Frost, B.W., Schwaninger, H.R., Davis, C.S., Way, K.J. Landsteiner, M.C. (1992) Seasonal plankton cycles in a temperate fjord and comments on the match-mismatch hypothesis. Journal of Plankton Research 14, 1279 1305.
13. Bromage, N., Porter, M. Randall, C. (2001) The environmental regulation of maturation in farmed finfish with special reference to the role of photoperiod and melatonin. Aquaculture 197, 63 98.
14. Brown, E. Scott, D.B.C. (1994) Life histories of the powan, Coregonus lavaretus (L.) (Salmonidae, Coregoninae) of Loch Lomond and Loch Eck. Hydrobiologia 290, 121 133.
15. Candolin, U. Voigt, H.R. (2003) Size-dependent selection on arrival times in sticklebacks: why small males arrive first. Evolution 57, 862 871.
16. Cargnelli, L.M. Gross, M.R. (1996) The temporal dimension in fish recruitment: Birth date, body size, and size-dependent survival in a sunfish (bluegill: Lepomis macrochirus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53, 360 367.
17. Cargnelli, L.M. Neff, B.D. (2006) Condition-dependent nesting in bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus. Journal of Animal Ecology 75, 627 633.
18. Carolsfeld, J., Scott, A.P. Sherwood, N.M. (1997) Pheromone-induced spawning of Pacific herring, 2. Plasma steroids distinctive to fish responsive to spawning pheromone. Hormones and Behavior 31, 269 276.
19. Carscadden, J., Nakashima, B.S. Frank, K.T. (1997) Effects of fish length and temperature on the timing of peak spawning in capelin (Mallotus villosus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 54, 781 787.
20. Cerda, J., Carrillo, M., Zanuy, S. Ramos, J. (1994) Effect of food ration on estrogen and vitellogenin plasma-levels, fecundity and larval survival in captive sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax- preliminary observations. Aquatic Living Resources 7, 255 266.
21. Christians, J.K., Evanson, M. Aiken, J.J. (2001) Seasonal decline in clutch size in European starlings: a novel randomization test to distinguish between the timing and quality hypotheses. Journal of Animal Ecology 70, 1080 1087.
22. Claramunt, G., Serra, R., Castro, L.R. Cubillos, L. (2007) Is the spawning frequency dependent on female size? Empirical evidence in Sardinops sagax and Engraulis ringens off northern Chile. Fisheries Research 85, 248 257.
23. Clemmesen, C., Bühler, V., Montgomery, C. J. et al. (2003) Variability in condition and growth of Atlantic cod larvae and juveniles reared in mesocosms: environmental and maternal effects. Journal of Fish Biology 62, 706 723.
24. Coulson, M.W., Bradbury, I.R. Bentzen, P. (2006) Temporal genetic differentiation: continuous vs. discontinuous spawning runs in anadromous rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax (Mitchill). Journal of Fish Biology 69, 209 216. (Pubitemid 44924211)
25. Crecco, V. Savoy, T.F. (1985) Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on growth and relative survival of young American shad, Alosa sapidissima, in the Connecticut River. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, 1640 1648.
26. Cury, P. Roy, C. (1989) Optimal environmental window and pelagic fish recruitment success in upwelling areas. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 46, 670 680.
27. Cushing, D.H. (1969) The regularity of the spawning season of some fishes. Extrait Du Journal du Conseil International pour L'exploration de la Mer 33, 81 92.
28. Cushing, D.H. (1975) Marine Ecology and Fisheries. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
29. Cushing, D.H. (1990) Plankton production and year-class strength in fish populations: an update of the match/mismatch hypothesis. Advances in Marine Biology, Vol. 26, pp. 249 293.
30. Danylchuk, A.J. Fox, M.G. (1996) Size and age-related variation in the seasonal timing of nesting activity, nest characteristics, and female choice of parental male pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 74, 1834 1840.
31. Danzmann, R.G., Ferguson, M.M. Heculuck, D.M. (1994) Heterogeneity in the distribution of mitochondrial-DNA haplotypes in female rainbow trout spawning in different seasons. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, 284 289.
32. DeMartini, E.E. Fountain, R.K. (1981) Ovarian Cycling Frequency and Batch Fecundity in the Queenfish, Seriphus-Politus - Attributes Representative of Serial Spawning fishes. Fishery Bulletin 70, 547 560.
33. Divino, J.N. Tonn, W.M. (2007) Effects of reproductive timing and hatch date on fathead minnow recruitment. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 16, 165 176.
34. Einum, S. Fleming, I.A. (2000) Selection against late emergence and small offspring in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Evolution 54, 628 639.
35. Ellertsen, B., Fossum, P., Solemdal, P. Sundby, S. (1989) Relation between temperature and survival of eggs and first-feeding larvae of northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Rapports et Procesverbaux des Reunions du Conseil international pour l'Exploration de la Mer 191, 209 219.
36. Fishback, A.G., Danzmann, R.G. Ferguson, M.M. (2000) Microsatellite allelic heterogeneity among hatchery rainbow trout maturing in different seasons. Journal of Fish Biology 57, 1367 1380.
37. Folkvord, A., Øiestad, V. Kvenseth, P.G. (1994) Growth patterns of three cohorts of Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.) studied in a macrocosm. ICES Journal of Marine Science 51, 325 336.
38. Fordham, S. Trippel, E.A. (1999) Feeding behaviour of cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to spawning. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15, 1 9.
39. Fox, C.J., Geffen, A.J., Taylor, N., Davison, P., Rossetti, H. Nash, R.D.M. (2007) Birth-date selection in early life stages of plaice Pleuronectes platessa in the eastern Irish Sea (British Isles). Marine Ecology-Progress Series 345, 255 269.
40. Garrod, D. Horwood, J.W. (1984) Reproductive strategies and the response to exploitation. In : Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics. Academic Press, London, pp. 367 384.
41. Garvey, J.E., Herra, T.P. Leggett, W.C. (2002) Protracted reproduction in sunfish: the temporal dimension in fish recruitment revisited. Ecological Applications 12, 194 205.
42. Gillespie, J.H. (1977) Natural selection for variances in offspring numbers: a new evolutionary principle. American Naturalist 111, 1010 1014.
43. Gladstone, W. (2007) Temporal patterns of spawning and hatching in a spawning aggregation of the temperate reef fish Chromis hypsilepis (Pomacentridae). Marine Biology 151, 1143 1152.
44. Graham, M. (1956) Sea Fisheries. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd, London, pp. 487.
45. Green, W.C.H. Rothstein, A. (1993) Persistent influences of birth date on dominance, growth and reproductive success in bison. Journal of Zoology 230, 177 186.
46. Harden Jones, F. (1968) Fish Migration. Edward Arnold, London, 325 pp.
47. Hare, J.A. Cowen, R.K. (1997) Size, growth, development, and survival of the planktonic larvae of Pomatomus saltatrix (Pisces: Pomatomidae). Ecology 78, 2415 2431.
48. Harris, M., Halley, D.P. Wanless, S. (1992) The post-fledging survival of young Guillemots Uriaaalge in relation to hatching date and growth. IBIS 134, 335 339.
49. Hartmann, J. (1984) 11-year cycle of spawning time and growth of the whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) of Lake Constance. Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries 46, 163 170.
50. Hatchwell, B. (1991) An experimental study of the effects of timing of breeding on the reproductive success of common guillemots (Uria aalge). Journal of Animal Ecology 60, 721 736.
51. Hay, D.E. (1985) Reproductive biology of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, 111 126.
52. Heath, M. (1992) Field investigations of the early life stages of marine fish Vol. 28. Advances in Marine Biology. Academic Press, London, pp. 2 174.
53. Hinrichsen, H.H., Lehmann, A., Mollmann, C. Schmidt, J.O. (2003) Dependency of larval fish survival on retention/dispersion in food limited environments: the Baltic Sea as a case study. Fisheries Oceanography 12, 425 433.
54. Hislop, J.R.G. Bell, M.A. (1987) Observations on the size, dry weight and energy content of the eggs of some demersal fish species from British marine waters. Journal of Fish Biology 31, 1 20.
55. Hislop, J.R.G., Robb, A. P. Gauld, J. A. (1978) Observations on effects of feeding level on growth and reproduction in haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.) in captivity. Journal of Fish Biology 13, 85 98.
56. Hjort, J. (1914) Fluctuations in the great fisheries of Northern Europe viewed in the light of biological research. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 20, 1 228.
57. Houde, E. (1989) Subtleties and episodes in the early life of fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 35, Special Issue A, 29 38.
58. Huntsman, A.G. (1953) Movements and decline of large Quoddy herring. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 10, 1 50.
59. Hutchings, J.A. Myers, R.A. (1993) Effect of age on the seasonality of maturation and spawning of Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua, in the Northwest Atlantic. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 50, 2468 5474.
60. Hutchings, J.A. Myers, R.A. (1994) Timing of cod reproduction: inter-annual variability and the influence of temperature. Marine Ecology Progress Series 108, 21 31.
61. ICES (2007). Report of the Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak. ICES CM 2007/ACFM:18, Copenhagen.
62. Iles, T. (1984) Allocation of resources to gonad and soma in Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus. In : Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics (eds G. Potts R.J. Wootton). Academic Press, London, pp. 331 348.
63. Ims, R. (1990) The ecology and evolution of reproductive synchrony. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5, 135 140.
64. James, A., Pitchford, J.W. Brindley, J. (2003) The relationship between plankton blooms, the hatching of fish larvae, and recruitment. Ecological Modelling 160, 77 90.
65. Jennings, S.C., Reynolds, J.D. Mills, S.C. (1998) Life history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B 265, 333 339.
66. Jennings, S.C., Greenstreet, S.P.R. Reynolds, J.D. (1999) Structural change in an exploited fish community: a consequence of differential fishing effects on species with contrasting life histories. Journal of Animal Ecology 68, 617 627.
67. Johannes, R. (1978) Reproductive strategies of coastal marine fishes in the tropics. Environmental Biology of Fishes 3, 65 84.
68. Johnson, D.L. (2000) Preliminary examination of the match-mismatch hypothesis and recruitment variability of yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea. Fishery Bulletin 98, 854 863.
69. Jónsson, E. (1982) A survey of spawning and reproduction of the Icelandic cod. Rit Fiskideildar VI, 1 45.
70. Jørgensen, T. (1990) Long-term changes in age at sexual maturity of Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Journal du Conseil, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 46, 235 248.
71. Jørgensen, C., E, K., Dunlop, E.S. et al. (2007) Managing evolving fish stocks. Science 318, 1247 1248.
72. Kjesbu, O.S. (1989) The spawning activity of cod, Gadus morhua L. Journal of Fish Biology 34, 195 206.
73. Kjesbu, O.S. (1994) Time of start of spawning in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) females in relation to vitellogenic oocyte diameter, temperature, fish length and condition. Journal of Fish Biology 45, 719 735.
74. Kjesbu, O.S., Klungsøyr, J., Kryvi, H., Witthames, P.R. Walker, M.G. (1991) Fecundity, atresia, and egg size of captive atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to proximate body compositions. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 2333 2343.
75. Kjesbu, O.S., Solemdal, P., Bratland, P. Fonn, M. (1996) Variation in annual egg production in individual captive Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53, 610 620.
76. Kobayashi, M., Sorensen, P.W. Stacey, N.E. (2002) Hormonal and pheromonal control of spawning behavior in the goldfish. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 26, 71 84.
77. Lambert, T.C. (1987) Duration and intensity of spawning in herring Clupea harengus as related to the age structure of the mature population. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 39, 209 220.
78. Lambert, T.C. (1990) The effect of population structure on recruitment in herring. Journal du Conseil, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 47, 249 255.
79. Lapolla, A. Buckley, L.J. (2005) Hatch date distributions of young-of-year haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus in the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank region: implications for recruitment. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 290, 239 249.
80. Lasker, R. (1981) The role of a stable ocean in larval fish survival and subsequent recruitment. In : Marine Fish Larvae: Morphology, Ecology, and Relation to Fisheries. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, pp. 80 88.
81. Law, R. Grey, D.R. (1989) Evolution of yields from populations with age-specific cropping. Evolutionary Ecology 3, 343 359.
82. Lawson, G.L. Rose, G.A. (2000) Small-scale spatial and temporal patterns in spawning of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in coastal Newfoundland waters. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 57, 1011.
83. Leaman, B.M. Beamish, R.J. (1984) Ecological and management implications of longevity in some northeast Pacific groundfishes. International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin 42, 85 97.
84. Leder, E.H., Danzmann, R.G. Ferguson, M.M. (2006) The candidate gene, Clock, localizes to a strong spawning time quantitative trait locus region in rainbow trout. Journal of Heredity 97, 74 80.
85. Leino, R.L. McCormick, J.H. (1997) Reproductive characteristics of the ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus, in the St Louis River estuary on western Lake Superior: A histological examination of the ovaries over one annual cycle. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, 256 263.
86. Mace, P.M. (1994) Relationships between common biological reference points used as threshold and targets of fisheries management strategies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, 110 122.
87. Mananos, E.L., Zanuy, S. Carrillo, M. (1997) Photoperiodic manipulations of the reproductive cycle of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and their effects on gonadal development, and plasma 17 beta-estradiol and vitellogenin levels. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 16, 211 222.
88. Marin, B.J., Quintero, A., Bussiere, D. Dodson, J.J. (2003) Reproduction and recruitment of white mullet (Mugil curema) to a tropical lagoon (Margarita Island, Venezuela) as revealed by otolith microstructure. Fishery Bulletin 101, 809 821.
89. Marteinsdottir, G. Begg, G.A. (2002) Essential relationships incorporating the influence of age, size and condition on variables required for estimation of reproductive potential in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Marine Ecology Progress Series 235, 235 256.
90. Marteinsdottir, G. Björnsson, H. (1999) Time and duration of spawning of cod in Icelandic waters. ICES CM1999/Y : 34, 1 14.
91. Marteinsdottir, G. Thorarinsson, K. (1998) Improving the stock-recruitment relationship in Icelandic cod (Gadus morhua) by including age diversity of spawners. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 55, 1372 1377.
92. Marteinsdottir, G. Petursdottir, G. (1995) Spatial and temporal variation in reproduction of Icelandic cod at Selvogsbanki and nearby coastal areas. ICES CM 1995/G:15. Copenhagen.
93. Matsuyama, M., Fukuda, T., Ikeura, S., Nagahama, Y. Matsuura, S. (1994) Spawning characteristics and steroid-hormone profiles in the wild female Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus. Fisheries Science 60, 703 706.
94. Mertz, G. Myers, R.A. (1994) Match/mismatch predictions of spawning duration versus recruitment variability. Fisheries Oceanography 3, 236 245.
95. Methot, R.D. (1983) Season variation in survival of larval northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, estimated from the age distribution of juveniles. US Fisheries Bulletin 81, 741 750.
96. Millan, M. (1999) Reproductive characteristics and condition status of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus L. from the Bay of Cadiz (SW Spain). Fisheries Research 41, 73 86.
97. Miller, T.J. (1997) The use of field studies to investigate selective processes in fish early life history. In : Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations (eds R.C. Chambers E.A. Trippel). Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 197 224.
98. Miranda, L.E. Hubbard, W.D. (1994) Length-Dependent Winter Survival and Lipid Composition of Age-0 Largemouth Bass in Bay Springs Reservoir, Mississippi. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123, 80 87.
99. Moksness, E. Fossum, P. (1991) Distinguishing spring and autumn spawned herring larvae (Clupea harengus L.) by otolith microstructure. ICES Journal of Marine Science 48, 61 66.
100. Moller, A.P., Flensted-Jensen, E. Mardal, W. (2006) Rapidly advancing laying date in a seabird and the changing advantage of early reproduction. Journal of Animal Ecology 75, 657 665.
101. Morgan, M.J. (2003) Variation with age in the timing and duration of spawning in American plaice. Journal of Fish Biology 62, 464 473.
102. Morgan, M.J., Burnett, J., Tomkiewicz, J. Saborido-Rey, F. (2003) The availability of data for estimating reproductive potential for selected stocks in the North Atlantic. NAFO Scientific Council Studies 37, 1 3. (Pubitemid 40234211)
103. Munk, P., Larsson, P.O., Danielsen, D. Moksness, E. (1995) Larval and small juvenile cod Gadus morhua concentrated in the highly productive areas of a shelf break front. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 125, 21 30.
104. Murawski, S.A., Rago, P.J. Trippel, E.A. (2001) Impacts of demographic variation in spawning characteristics on reference points for fishery management. ICES Journal of Marine Science 58, 1002 1014.
105. Naef-Daenzer, B., Widmer, F. Nuber, M. (2001) Differential post-fledging survival of great and coal tits in relation to their condition and fledging date. Journal of Animal Ecology 70, 730 738.
106. Narimatsu, Y. Munehara, H. (1999) Spawn date dependent survival and growth in the early life stages of Hypoptychus dybowskii (Gasterosteiformes). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56, 1849 1855.
107. Norberg, B., Brown, C.L., Halldorsson, O., Stenslandd, K. Bjornsson, B.T. (2004) Photoperiod regulates the timing of sexual maturation, spawning, sex steroid and thyroid hormone profiles in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquaculture 229, 451 467.
108. Nussey, D.H., Clutton-Brock, T.H., Elston, D.A., Albon, S.D. Kruuk, L.E.B. (2005) Phenotypic plasticity in a maternal trait in red deer. Journal of Animal Ecology 74, 387 396.
109. O'Brien, L., Rago, P.J., Lough, R.G. Berrien, P. (2003) Incorporating early-life history parameters in the estimation of the stock-recruit relationship of Georges Bank Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 33, 191 205.
110. Otterå, H., Agnalt, A.L. Jørstad, K.E. (2006) Differences in spawning time of captive Atlantic cod from four regions of Norway, kept under identical conditions. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, 216 223.
111. Ouellet, P., Lambert, Y. Bérubé, I. (2001) Cod egg characteristics and viability in relation to low temperature and maternal nutritional condition. ICES Journal of Marine Science 58, 672 686.
112. Park, Y.J., Takemura, A. Lee, Y.D. (2006) Lunar-synchronized reproductive activity in the pencil-streaked rabbitfish Siganus doliatus in the Chuuk Lagoon, Micronesia. Ichthyological Research 53, 179 181.
113. Parrish, R.H., Mallicoate, D.L. Klingbeil, R.A. (1986) Age dependent fecundity, number of spawning per year, sex ratio and maturation stages in northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. Fishery Bulletin 84, 503 516.
114. Patino, R. (1997) Manipulations of the reproductive system of fishes by means of exogenous chemicals. Progressive Fish-Culturist 59, 118 128.
115. Peterman, R.M. Bradford, M.J. (1987) Wind speed index and mortality rate of a marine fish, the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). Science 235, 354 356.
116. Peterson, I. Wroblewski, J.S. (1984) Mortality rate of fishes in the pelagic ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 41, 1117 1120.
117. Phillips, J.M., Jackson, J.R. Noble, R.L. (1995) Hatching date influence on age-specific diet and growth of age-0 largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124, 370 379.
118. Pine, W.E. Allen, M.S. (2001) Differential growth and survival of weekly age-0 black crappie cohorts in a Florida lake. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130, 80 91.
119. Pine, W.E., Ludsin, S.A. DeVries, D.R. (2000) First-summer survival of largemouth bass cohorts: is early spawning really best? Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129, 504 513.
120. Platt, T., Fuentes-Yaco, C. Frank, K.T. (2003) Spring algal bloom and larval fish survival. Nature 423, 398 399.
121. Pope, J., Shepherd, J.G. Webb, J. (1994) Successful surf-riding on size spectra - the secret of survival in the sea. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 343, 41 49.
122. Price, T., Kirkpatrick, M. Arnold, S.J. (1988) Directional Selection and the Evolution of Breeding Date in Birds. Science 240, 798 799.
123. Quinn, T.P., Unwin, M.J. Kinnison, M.T. (2000) Evolution of temporal isolation in the wild: Genetic divergence in timing of migration and breeding by introduced chinook salmon populations. Evolution 54, 1372 1385.
124. Reznick, D., Schultz, E., Morey, S. Roff, D. (2006) On the virtue of being the first born: the influence of date of birth on fitness in the mosquitofish. Gambusia affinis Oikos 114, 135 147.
125. Rice, J.A., Crowder, L.B. Holey, M.E. (1987) Exploration of mechanisms regulating larval survival in Lake Michigan bloater: A recruitment analysis based on characteristics of individual larvae. American Fisheries Society 116, 703 718.
126. Rideout, R.M., Trippel, E.A. Litvak, M.K. (2005) Effects of egg size, food supply and spawning time on early life history success of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 285, 169 180.
127. Ridgway, M., Shuter, B.J. Post, E.E. (1991) The relative influence of body size and territorial behaviour on nesting asynchrony in male smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui Lacépède (Pices, Centrachidae). Journal of Animal Ecology 60, 665 681.
128. Rogers, M.W., Allen, M.S. Porak, W.F. (2006) Separating genetic and environmental influences on temporal spawning distributions of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, 2391 2399.
129. Rowe, S. Hutchings, J.A. (2003) Mating systems and the conservation of commercially exploited marine fish. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18, 567 572.
130. Rutberg, A. (1987) Adaptive Hypotheses of Birth Synchrony in Ruminants: An Interspecific Test. American Naturalist 130, 692 710.
131. Rutherford, E.S. Houde, E.D. (1995) The influence of temperature on cohort-specific growth, survival, and recruitment of striped bass, Morone saxatilis, larvae in Chesapeake Bay. Fishery Bulletin 93, 315 332.
132. Saito, T. Nakano, S. (1999) Reproductive-timing-dependent alternation of offspring life histories in female threespine sticklebacks. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 77, 1314 1321.
133. Sakamoto, T., Danzmann, R.G., Okamoto, N., Ferguson, M.M. Ihssen, P.E. (1999) Linkage analysis of quantitative trait loci associated with spawning time in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 173, 33 43.
134. Sancho, G., Solow, A.R. Lobel, P.S. (2000) Environmental influences on the diel timing of spawning in coral reef fishes. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 206, 193 212.
135. Santucci, V.J. Wahl, D.H. (2003) The effects of growth, predation, and first-winter mortality on recruitment of bluegill cohorts. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132, 346 360.
136. Schultz, E. (1993) The effect of birth date on fitness of female dwarf perch, Micrometrus minimus (Perciformes: Embiotocidae). Evolution 47, 520 539.
137. Scott, B.E., Marteinsdottir, G., Begg, G.A., Wright, P.J. Kjesbu, O.S. (2006) Effects of population size/age structure, condition and temporal dynamics of spawning on reproductive output in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Ecological Modelling 191, 383 415.
138. Scott, D. (1979) Environmental timing and the control of reproduction in teleost fish. In : Fish Phenology: anabolic adaptiveness in teleosts. Vol. 44 (ed P. Miller). Academic Press, Symposium of the zoological Society of London, pp. 105 132.
139. Secor, D.H. (2000) Spawning in the nick of time? Effect of adult demographics on spawning behaviour and recruitment in Chesapeake Bay striped bass. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 403 411.
140. Shimizu, A., Aida, K. Hanyu, I. (1994) Effects of photoperiod and temperature on gonadal activity and plasma steroid levels in an autumn-spawning bitterling, Acheilognathus rhombea, during different phases of its annual reproductive cycle. General and Comparative Endocrinology 93, 137 150.
141. Shuter, B.J., MacLean, J.A., Fry, F.E.J. Regier, H.A. (1980) Stochastic Simulation of Temperature Effects on First-Year Survival of Smallmouth Bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109, 1 34.
142. Siitonen, L. Gall, G.A.E. (1989) Response to selection for early spawn date in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Aquaculture 78, 153 161.
143. Sims, D.W., Wearmouth, V.J., Genner, M.J., Southward, A.J. Hawkins, S.J. (2004) Low-temperature driven early spawning migration of a temperate marine fish. Journal of Animal Ecology 73, 333 341.
144. Sinclair, M. Tremblay, M.J. (1984) Timing of spawning of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) populations and the match-mismatch theory. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 41, 1055 1065.
145. Slotte, A., Johannessen, A. Kjesbu, O.S. (2000) Effects of fish size on spawning time in Norwegian spring-spawning herring. Journal of Fish Biology 56, 295 310. (Pubitemid 30656471)
146. Sogard, S.M. (1997) Size-selective mortality in the juvenile stage of teleost fishes: a review. Bulletin of Marine Science 60, 1129 1157.
147. Srinivasan, M. Jones, G.P. (2006) Extended breeding and recruitment periods of fishes on a low latitude coral reef. Coral Reefs 25, 673 682.
148. Stacey, N. (1984) Control of the timing of ovulation by exogenous and endogenous factors. In : Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics (eds G.W. Potts R.J. Wootton Academic Press, London, pp. 207 222.
149. Stearns, S. (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 249.
150. Stewart, D., Smith, G.W. Youngson, A.F. (2002) Tributary-specific variation in timing of return of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to fresh water has a genetic component. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 59, 276 281.
151. Su, G.S., Liljedahl, L.E. Gall, G.A.E. (1999) Estimates of phenotypic and genetic parameters for within-season date and age at spawning of female rainbow trout. Aquaculture 171, 209 220.
152. Sund, O. (1938) 'Biological and oceanographic investigations. 8. Cod stocks in 1938. Fish movements and replacements' (in Norwegian). Årsberetning Norges Fiskerier 1938, 87 102.
153. Suquet, M., Omnes, M.H., Norma, Y. Fauvel, C. (1992) Influence of photoperiod, frequency of stripping and presence of females on sperm output in turbot, Scopththalmus maximus (L.). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 23, 217 225.
154. Takasuka, A., Aoki, I. Mitani, I. (2003) Evidence of growth-selective predation on larval Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus in Sagami Bay. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 252, 223 238.
155. Takemura, A., Rahman, S., Nakamura, S., Park, Y.J. Takano, K. (2004) Lunar cycles and reproductive activity in reef fishes with particular attention to rabbitfishes. Fish and Fisheries 5, 317 328.
156. Tomkiewicz, J. Köster, F.W. (1999) Maturation processes and spawning time of cod in the Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea: preliminary results. ICES CM 1999/Y : 25, Copenhagen.
157. Trippel, E.A. (1995) Age at maturity as a stress indicator in fisheries. BioScience 45, 759 771.
158. Trippel, E.A. (1998) Egg size and viability and seasonal offspring production of young Atlantic cod. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127, 339 359.
159. Trippel, E.A., Kjesbu, O.S. Solemdal, P. (1997) Effects of adult age and size structure on reproductive output in marine fishes. In : Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations (ed R.C. Chambers E.A. Trippel). Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 31 62.
160. Trippel, E.A. Morgan, M.J. (1994) Age-specific paternal influences on reproductive success in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) of the Grand Banks, Newfoundland. ICES Marine Science Symposia 198, 414 422.
161. Trippel, E.A. (1999) Estimation of stock reproductive potential: history and challenges for Canadian Atlantic Gadoid stock assessments. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 25, 61 81.
162. Trippel, E.A. Neil, S.R.E. (2004) Maternal and seasonal differences in egg sizes and spawning activity of northwest Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in relation to body size and condition. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, 2097 2110.
163. Tzioumis, V. Kingsford, M.J. (1995) Periodicity of spawning of two temperate damselfishes: Parma microlepis and Chromis dispilus. Bulletin of Marine Science 57, 596 609.
164. Vandeperre, F. Methven, D.A. (2007) Do bigger fish arrive and spawn at the spawning grounds before smaller fish: Cod (Gadus morhua) predation on beach spawning capelin (Mallotus villosus) from coastal Newfoundland. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 71, 391 400.
165. Varpe, O., Jorgensen, C., Tarling, G.A. Fiksen, O. (2007) Early is better: seasonal egg fitness and timing of reproduction in a zooplankton life-history model. Oikos 116, 1331 1342.
166. Venturelli, P., Shuter, B.J. Murphy, C.A. (2009) Evidence for harvest-induced maternal influences on the reproductive rates of fish populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276, 919 924.
167. Verboven, N. Verhulst, S. (1996) Seasonal variation in the incidence of double broods: the date hypothesis fits better than the quality hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 65, 264 273.
168. Verhulst, S., Vanbalen, J.H. Tinbergen, J.M. (1995) Seasonal decline in reproductive success of the Great Tit - variation in time or quality. Ecology 76, 2392 2403. (Pubitemid 3013828)
169. Ware, D.M. Tanasichuk, R.W. (1989) Biological basis of maturation and spawning waves in Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, 1776 1784.
170. Webster, M. (2003) Temporal density dependence and population regulation in a marine fish. Ecology 84, 623 628.
171. Wieland, K., Jarre-Teichmann, A. Horbowa, K. (2000) Changes in the timing of spawning of Baltic Cod: possible causes and implications for recruitment. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 452 464.
172. Wigley, S.E. (1999) Effects of first-time spawners on stock-recruitment relationships for two groundfish species. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 25, 215 218.
173. Winkler, D.W. Allen, P.E. (1996) The seasonal decline in tree swallow clutch size: physiological constraint or strategic adjustment? Ecology 77, 922 932.
174. Winters, G.H. Wheeler, J.P. (1996) Environmental and phenotypic factors affecting the reproductive cycle of Atlantic herring. ICES Journal of Marine Science 53, 73 88.
175. Woody, C., Olsen, J.B., Reynolds, J. Bentzen, P. (2000) Temporal variation in phenotypic and genotypic traits in two sockeye salmon populations, Tustumena Lake, Alaska. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129, 1031 1043.
176. Wright, P.J. Bailey, M.C. (1996) Timing of hatching in Ammodytes marinus from Shetland waters and its significance to early growth and survivorship. Marine Biology 126, 143 152.
177. Wright, P.J. Gibb, F.M. (2005) Selection for birth date in North Sea haddock and its relation to maternal age. Journal of Animal Ecology 74, 303 312.
178. Yamahira, K. (2001) Experimental examination of interpopulation variation in reproductive timing of a fish. Oecologia 128, 389 399.
179. Yamamoto, S., Shinomi, H. Goto, A. (1997) The effect of birth date on growth of juvenile white-spotted charr Salvelivtus leucomaenis. Fisheries Science 63, 931 933.