Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders in college students

Journal of College Student Psychotherapy

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 61-85

  Borsari, Brian ^a,b   Read, Jennifer P ^c   Campbell, James F ^d  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b PROVIDENCE VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^d Psychological Centers Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

College students; Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Substance use disorder (SUD); Trauma; Treatment

Indexed keywords

EID: 68949149938     PISSN: 87568225     EISSN: 15404730     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/87568220801960720     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Abbey, A. (2002). Alcohol-related sexual assault: A common problem among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Suppl. 14, 118-128.
2. Abueg, F. R. & Fairbank, J. A. (1991). Behavioral treatment of the PTSD-substance abuser: A multidimensional stage model. In P. Saigh, (Ed). Posttraumatic stress disorder: A behavioral approach to assessment and treatment, (p. 111-146). Pergamon Press: New York.
3. Abueg, F. R., Lang, A. J., Drescher, K. D., Ruzek, J. I., Aboudarham, J. F., & Sullivan, N. (1994). Enhanced relapse prevention training for posttraumatic stress disorder and alcoholism: A treatment manual. Menlo Park, CA: National Center for PTSD.
4. Allen, J.P., Litten, R.Z., Fertig, J.B. & Babor, T. (1997). A review of research on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21(4), 613-619.
5. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: APA.
6. Arata, C. M. (2000). From child victim to adult victim: A model for predicting sexual revictimization. Child Maltreatment, 5(1), 28-38.
7. Arata, C. M. & Burkhart, B. R. (1996). Post-traumatic stress disorder among college student victims of acquaintance assault. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 8(1), 79-92.
8. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-1180
9. Babor, T.F. de la Fuente, J.R. Saunders, J. & Grant, M. (1992). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
10. Bachman, J. G., Wadsworth, K. N., O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D. & Schulenberg, J. E. (1997). Smoking, drinking, and drug use during young adulthood: The impact of new freedoms and new responsibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
11. Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., Bryant, A. L. & Merline, C. (2002). The decline of substance use in young adulthood: Changes in social activities, roles, and beliefs. New Jersey: Erlbaum Associates.
12. Back, S., Dansky, B., Carroll, K., Foa, E. & Brady, K. (2001). Exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD among cocaine-dependent individuals: Description of procedures. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21(1), 35-115
13. Barnette, V. (2001). Resolving PTSD through time limited dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 16(1/2), 27-111
14. Becker, C.B., & Zayfert, C. (2001). Integrating DBT-based techniques and concepts to facilitate exposure therapy for PTSD. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8(2), 107-122.
15. Bensley, L. S., Spieker, S. J., Van Eenwyk, J. & Schoder, J. (1999). Self-reported abuse history and adolescent problem behaviors II: Alcohol and drug use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 24(3), 173-180. (Pubitemid 29141043)
16. Benton, S. A., Robertson, J. M., Tsent, W., Newton, F. B., Benton, S. L. (2003). Changes in counseling center client problems across 13 years. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(1), 66-72.
17. Bernat, J. A., Ronfeldt, H. M., Calhoun, K. S., & Arias, I. (1998). Prevalence of traumatic events and peritraumatic predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11(4), 645-664.
18. Bishop, J. B. (1992). The changing student culture: Implications for counselors and administrators. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 6(3/4), 37-57.
19. Blanchard, E.B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T.C., Forneris, C.A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behavior Research and Therapy, 34(8), 669-673.
20. Blanchard, E. B., Kuhn, E., Rowell, D. L., Hickling, E. J., Wittrock, D., Rogers, R. L., (2004). Studies of the vicarious traumatization of college students by the September 11 attacks: effects of proximity, exposure and connectedness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(2), 191-205.
21. Blanchard, E. B., Rowell, D., Kuhn, E., Rogers, R., & Wittrock, D. (2005). Posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in a college population one year after the September 11 attacks: the effect of proximity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(1), 143-150.
22. Bollerud, K. (1990). A model for the treatment of trauma-related syndromes among chemically dependent inpatient women. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 7(2), 83-87.
23. Bolstad, B. R. & Zinbarg, R. E. (1997). Sexual victimization, generalized perception of control, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(5), 523-540.
24. Borsari, B. & Carey, K. B. (2006). Influence of the quality of peer relationships on college drinking. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(4), 361-370.
25. Brabant, S., Forsyth, C. J., & LeBlanc, J. B. (1997). Childhood sexual trauma and substance misuse: A pilot study. Substance Use and Misuse, 32(10), 1997.
26. Brady, K. T., Killeen, T., Saladin, M., Dansky, B. S., & Becker, S. (1994). Comorbid substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder: Characteristics of women in treatment. American Journal on Addictions, 3(2), 160-164.
27. Brady, K., Dansky, B., Back, S., Foa, E. & Carroll, K. (2001). Exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD among cocaine-dependent individuals: preliminary findings. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21(1), 47-54. (Pubitemid 32757240)
28. Brown, P. J., Recupero, P. R., & Stout, R. (1995). PTSD substance abuse comorbidity and treatment utilization. Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 251-254.
29. Brown, P. J., Stout, R. L., & Gannon-Rowley, J. (1998). Substance use isorders-PTSD comorbidity: Patients' perceptions of symptom interplay and treatment issues. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(5), 445-1148
30. Caetano, R., Field, C. A., Nelson, S. (2003). Association between childhood physical abuse, exposure to parental violence, and alcohol problems in adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(3), 240-257.
31. Carroll, K. (1998). A cognitive-behavioral approach: Treating cocaine addiction. NIH Publication 98-4308. Rockville MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997). Youth risk behavior surveillance: National College Health Risk Behavior Survey - United States, 1995 (No.SS-6). MMWR: CDC Surveillance Summaries.
33. Cooper, S. & Archer, J. (1999). Brief therapy in college counseling and mental health.American Journal of College Health, 48(1), 21-29.
34. Corbin, W. R., Bernat, J. A., Calhoun, K. S., McNair, L. D. & Seals, K. L. (2001). The role of alcohol expectancies and alcohol consumption among sexually victimized and nonvictimized college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(4), 297-311.
35. Dawson, D. A., Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., & Chou, P. S. (2004). Another look at heavy episodic drinking and alcohol use disorders among college and non-college youth. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65(4), 477-488.
36. Donovan, B., Padin-Rivera, E., & Kowaliw, S. (2001). "Transcend": Initial outcomes from a posttraumatic stress disorder/substance abuse treatment program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(4), 757-772.
37. Downey, J. P., & Stage, F. K. (1999). Hate crimes and violence on college and university campuses. Journal of College Student Development, 40(1), 3-9.
38. Duncan, R. D. (2000). Childhood maltreatment and college drop-out rates. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(9), 987-995.
39. Ehrlich, P.F., Haque, A., Swisher-McClure, S., & Helmkamp, J. (2006). Screening and brief intervention for alcohol problems in a university student health clinic. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 279-287.
40. Evans, K. & Sullivan, J. M. (1995). Treating addicted survivors of trauma. New York: Guilford.
41. Ewing, J.A. (1984). Detecting alcoholism-the CAGE questionnaire. JAMA, 252(14), 1905-1907.
42. Feerick, M. M., & Snow, K. L. (2005). The relationships between childhood sexual abuse, social anxiety, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in women. Journal of Family Violence, 20(6), 409-419.
43. Flack, W. F., Milanak, M. E., & Kimble, M. O. (2005). Emotional numbing in relation to stressful civilian experiences among college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), 569-573.
44. Fleming, M.F., Barry, K.L., & MacDonald, R. (1991). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a college sample. International Journal of the Addictions, 26(11), 1173-1185.
45. Filipas, H. H., & Ullman, S. E. (2006). Child sexual abuse, coping responses, self-blame, posttraumatic stress disorder and adult sexual revictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(5), 652-672.
46. Fox, K. M. & Gilbert, B. O. (1994). The interpersonal and psychological functioning of women who experienced childhood physical abuse, incest, and parental alcoholism. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(10), 849-858.
47. Gallagher, R. P., Gill, A. M., & Sysco, H. M. (2000). National survey of counseling center directors 2000. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Counseling Services.
48. Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Paradis, A. D., & Stachwick, C. K. (2003). Comorbidity of substance use disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents. In: P. Ouimette & P. J. Brown (Eds.), Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences and treatment of comorbid disorders (pp. 227-245). Washington DC: APA.
49. Gidycz, C. A., Coble, C. N., Latham, L., & Layman, M. J. (1993). Relationship of a sexual assault experience in adulthood to prior victimization experiences: A prospective analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9(2), 193-212.
50. Gilbert, S. P. (1992). Ethical issues in the treatment of severe psychopathology in university and college counseling centers. Journal of Counseling & Development, 70(6), 695-699.
51. Golden, B. R., Corazzini, J. G., & Grady, P. (1993). Current practice of group therapy at university counseling centers: A national survey. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 24(2), 228-230.
52. Gonzales, E. V. (1988). Integrated treatment approach with the chemically dependent young adult. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 2(3-4), 147-175.
53. Gotham, H. J., Sher, K. J., & Wood, P. K. (2003). Alcohol involvement and developmental task completion during young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(1), 32-34.
54. Green, A. (1993). Childhood sexual and physical abuse. In J. P. Wilson & B. Raphael (Eds.). International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 577-592). New York: Plenum Press.
55. Green, B. L., Krupnick, J. L., Stockton, P., Goodman, L., Corcoran, C., & Petty, R. (2005). Effects of adolescent trauma exposure on risky behavior in college women. Psychiatry, 68(4), 363-378.
56. Greenfield, S.F., Keliher, A., Sugarman, D., Kosloff, R., Reizes, J.M., Kopans, B., & Jacobs, D. (2003). Who comes to voluntary, community-based alcohol screening? Results of the first annual National Alcohol Screening Day. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(9), 1677-1683.
57. Harned, M. S. (2004). Does it matter what you call it? The relationship between labeling unwanted sexual experiences and distress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1090-1099.
58. Heppner, P. P., Kivlighan, D. M. Jr., Good, G. E., Roehlke, H. J., Hills, H. I., & Ashby, J. S. (1994). Presenting problems of university counseling center clients: A snapshot and multivariate classification scheme. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 315-324.
59. Hetzel, M. D., & McCanne, T. R. (2005). The roles of peritraumatic dissociation, child physical abuse, and child sexual abuse in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder and adult victimization. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29(8), 915-930.
60. Hingson, R. W., Heeren, T., Winter, M. & Wechsler, H. (2005). Magnitude of alcohol- related morbidity and mortality among U.S. college age students 18-24: Changes from 1998-2001. Annual Review of Public Health, 26(1), 259-279.
61. Jakupcak, M. & Tull, M. T. (2005). Effects of trauma exposure on anger, aggression andviolence in a nonclinical sample of men. Violence and Victims, 20(5), 589-598.
62. Jones, S. E., Oeltmann, J., Wilson, T. W., Brener, N. D. & Hill, C. V. (2001). Binge drinking among undergraduate college students in the United States: Implications for other substance use. Journal of American College Health, 50(1), 33-38.
63. Kaltman, S., Krupnick, J., Stockton, P., Hooper, L., & Green, B. L. (2005). Psychological impact of types of sexual trauma among college women. Journal of Traumatic Stress,18(5), 547-555.
64. Kandel, D.B., & Andrews, K. (1987). Processes of adolescent socialization by parents and peers. International Journal of the Addictions, 22(4), 319-342.
65. Kelley, B. T., Thornberry, T. P., & Smith, C. A. (1997). In the wake of childhood maltreatment. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
66. Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B. E., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., Schnurr, P. P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 19-30.
67. Kinney, J. & Peltier, D. (1986). A model alcohol program for the college health service. Journal of American College Health, 34(5), 229-233.
68. Knight, J. R., Wechsler, H., Kuo, M., Seibring, M., Weitzman, E. R., & Schuckit, M. A. (2002). Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(3), 263-270.
69. Kofoed, L., Friedman, M. J., & Peck, R. (1993). Alcoholism and drug abuse in inpatients with PTSD. Psychiatric Quarterly, 64(2), 151-171.
70. Kokotailo, P.K., Egan, J., Gangnon, R., Brown, D., Mundt, M., & Fleming, M. (2004).Validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test in college students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(6), 914-920.
71. Kolts, R. L., Lombardo, T. W., & Faulkner, G. (2004). Trauma-cuing and short-term memory in college students with PTSD. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 19(2), 29-47.
72. Krupnick, J. L., Green, B. L., Stockton, P., Goodman, L., Corcoran, C., & Petty, R. (2004). Mental health effects of adolescent trauma exposure in a female college sample: Exploring differential outcomes based on experiences of unique trauma types and dimensions. Psychiatry, 67(3), 264-279.
73. Lauterbach, D., & Vrana, S. (2001). The relationship among personality variables, exposure to traumatic events, and severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(1), 29-45. (Pubitemid 33635785)
74. Lawler, C., Ouimette, P.C., & Dahlstedt, D. (2005). Posttraumatic stress symptoms, coping, and physical health status among university students seeking health care. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(6), 741-750.
75. Lenhart, S. D., & Wodarski, J. S. (1984). Comprehensive program for student alcohol abuse: A group approach. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 30(1), 36-44.
76. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
77. Lanius, R. A., & Tuhan, I. (2003). Stage-oriented trauma treatment using dialectical behaviour therapy. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(2), 126-127.
78. Marx, B. P. & Sloan, D. M. (2002). The role of emotion in the psychological functioning of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Behavior Therapy, 33(4), 563-577.
79. Marx, B. P. & Sloan, D. M. (2003). The effects of trauma history, gender, and race on alcohol use and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a college student sample. Addictive Behaviors, 28(9), 1631-1647.
80. Matthews, C. R., Schmid, L. A., Goncalves, A. A., & Bursley, K. H. (1998). Assessing problem drinking in college students: Are counseling centers doing enough? Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 12(24), 3-19.
81. McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Weathers, F. W., Flood, A. M., Eakin, D., & Benson, T. (2007). The utility of the PAI and the MMPI-2 for discriminating PTSD, depression, and social phobia in trauma-exposed college students. Assessment, 14(2), 181-195.
82. Meisler, A. W. (1999). Group treatment for PTSD and comorbid alcohol abuse. In B. H. Young & D. D. Blake et al. (Eds.) Group treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (pp. 177-136). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel, Inc.
83. Mendlowicz, M. V., & Stein, M.B. (2000). Quality of life in individuals with anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 669-682.
84. Messman-Moore, T. L., & Brown, A. L. (2004). Child maltreatment and perceived family environment as risk factors for adult rape: Is child sexual abuse the most salient experience? Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(10), 1019-1034.
85. Messman-Moore, T. L., Brown, A. L., & Koelsch, L. E. (2005). Posttraumatic symptoms and self-dysfunction as consequences and predictors of sexual revictimization. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(3), 253-261.
86. Messman-Moore, T. L., & Long., P. J. (2000). Child sexual abuse and revictimization in the form of adult sexual abuse, adult physical abuse, and adult psychological maltreatment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(5), 489-502.
87. Messman-Moore, T. L., Long, P. J., & Siegfried, N. J. (2000). The revictimization of child sexual abuse survivors: An examination of the adjustment of college women with child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and adult physical abuse. Child Maltreatment, 5(1), 18-27.
88. Miller, D., & Guidry, L. (2001). Addictions and trauma recovery. New York: Norton.
89. Miranda, R., Meyerson, L. A., Long, P. J., Simpson, S. M. (2002). Sexual assault and alcohol use: Exploring the self-medication hypothesis. Violence and Victims, 17(2), 205-217.
90. Mohler-Kuo, M., Dowdall, G. W., Koss, M. P., & Wechsler, H. (2004). Correlates of rape while intoxicated in a national sample of college women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65(1), 37-45.
91. Mohler-Kuo, M., Lee, J. E., & Wechsler, H. (2003). Trends in marijuana and other illicit drug use among college students: Results from 4 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study Surveys: 1993-2001. Journal of American College Health, 52(1), 17-24.
92. Morrisey, J. P., Ellis, A. R., Gatz, M., Amaro, H., Reed, B. G., Savage, A., (2005). Outcomes for women with co-occurring disorders and trauma: Program and person- level effects. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 28(2), 121-133.
93. Mylle, J., & Maes, M. (2004). Partial posttraumatic stress disorder revisited. Journal of Affective Disorders, 78(1), 37-48.
94. Najavits, L. M. (2002). Seeking safety: A treatment manual for PTSD and substance abuse. New York: Guilford.
95. Najavits, L. M. (2004). Numbing the pain: The link between trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse. Counselor, The Magazine for Addiction Professionals, 5(5), 12-17.
96. Najavits, L. M., Gallop, R. J., & Weiss, R. D. (2006). Seeking safety for adolescent girls with PTSD and substance use disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 33(4), 453-463.
97. Najavits, L. M., Weiss, R. D., & Shaw, S. R. (1997). The link between substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder in women: A research review. American Journal of the Addictions, 6(4), 273-283.
98. Newcomb, M. D., Scheier, L. M., & Bentler, P. M. (1993). Effects of adolescent drug use on adult mental health: A prospective study of a community sample. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1(1-4), 215-241.
99. Norris, J., Nurius, P. S., & Dimeff, L. A. (1996). Through her eyes: Factors affecting women's perceptions of and resistance to acquaintance sexual aggression threat. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(1), 132-145.
100. O'Hare, T. (2005). Comparing the AUDIT and 3 drinking indices as predictors of personal and -social drinking problems in freshman first year offenders. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 49(3), 37-61.
101. O'Malley, K., Wheeler, I., Murphey, J. & O'Connell, J. (1990). Changes in levels of psychopathology being treated at college and university counseling centers. Journal of College Student Development, 31(5), 464-465.
102. O'Malley, P. M. & Johnston, L. D. (2002). Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Suppl. 14, 23-39.
103. Ouimette, P. C., & Brown, P. J. (2003). Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders. Washington DC: American Psychological Association Press.
104. Pledge, D. S., Lapan, R. T., Heppner, P. P., Kivlighan, D., & Roehlke, H. J. (1998). Stability of presenting problems at a university counseling center: A 6-year analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29(4), 386-389.
105. Purves, D. G., & Erwin, P. G. (2002). A study of Posttraumatic stress in a student population. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 163(1), 89-96.
106. Rivinus, T. M. (1987). Alcohol and drug abuse in college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 1(4), 5-31.
107. Rivinus, T. M. (1988). Difficulties of diagnosis, differential diagnosis and dual diagnosis in the late adolescent and young adult substance abuser. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 2(3-4), 115-130.
108. Robbins, S. B., May, T. M., & Corazzini, J. G. (1985). Perceptions of client needs and counseling center staff roles and functions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(4), 641-644.
109. Rodriguez-Srednicki, O. (2001). Childhood sexual abuse, dissociation, and adult self- destructive behavior. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 10(3), 75-90.
110. Ruggiero, K. J., Del Ben, K., Scotti, J. R., & Rabalais, A.E. (2003). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(5), 495-502.
111. Ruzek, J.I., Polusny, M. A., & Abueg, F. R. (1998). Assessment and treatment of concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse. In V.M. Follette, J.I. Ruzek, and F.R. Abueg (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma (p. 226-255). Guilford: New York.
112. Scarpa, A. (2001). Community violence exposure in a young adult sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(1), 36-53.
113. Scarpa, A., Fikretoglu, D., Bowser, F., Hurley, J. D., Pappert; C. A., Romero, N. (2002). Community violence exposure in university students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(3), 253-272.
114. Schnurr, P.P., Ford, J.D., Friedman, M.J., Green, B.L., Dain, B.J., Sengupta, A. (2000) Predictors and outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder in World War II veterans exposed to mustard gas. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(2), 258-268.
115. Schnurr, P.P., Friedman, M.J., & Vernardy, N.C. (2002). Research on posttraumatic stress disorder: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and assessment. Psychotherapy in Practice, 58(8), 877-889.
116. Schulenberg, J., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., Wadsworth, K.N., & Johnston, L.D. (1996). Getting drunk and growing up: Trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57(3), 289-304.
117. Schutzwohl, M., & Maercker, A. (1999). Effects of varying diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder are endorsing the concept of partial PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(1), 155-165.
118. Sher, K.J., & Gotham, H.J. (1999). Pathological alcohol involvement: A developmental disorder of young adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 11(4), 933-956.
119. Shields, A.L., Guttmannova, K., & Caruso, J.C. (2004). An examination of the factor structure of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test in two high-risk samples. Substance Use and Misuse, 39(7), 1161-1182.
120. Shook, N. J., Gerrity, D. A., Jurich, J. & Segrist, A. E. (2000). Courtship violence among college students: A comparison of verbally and physically abusive couples. Journal of Family Violence, 15(1), 1-22.
121. Skinner, H.A. (1982). The Drug Abuse Screening Test. Addictive Behaviors, 7(4),363-371.
122. Skinner, H.A., & Sheu, W. (1982). The reliability of alcohol use indices: The Lifetime Drinking History and the MAST, Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 43(11), 1157-1170.
123. Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2004). A closer examination of the structured written disclosure procedure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(2), 165-175.
124. Slutske, W. S. (2005). Alcohol use disorders among US college students and their non-college-attending peers. Archives of General Psychology, 62(3), 321-327.
125. Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., Hazen, A. L., & Forde, D. R. (1997). Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a community survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(8), 1114-1119.
126. Stewart, S. H. (1996). Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 120(1), 83-112.
127. Stone, G. L., & Archer, J. (1990). College and university counseling centers in the 1990's: Challenges and limits. The Counseling Psychologist, 18(4), 539-607.
128. Thatcher, D. L., & Krikorian, R. (2005). Exploratory factor analysis of two measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a non-clinical sample of college students. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19(8), 904-914.
129. Triffleman, E., Carroll, K., & Kellogg, S. (1999). Substance dependence posttraumatic stress disorder therapy: An integrated cognitive-behavioral approach. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 17(1-2), 3-14.
130. Triffleman, E. (2000). Gender differences in a controlled pilot study of psychosocial treatments in substance dependent patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: Design considerations and outcomes. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 18(3), 113-126.
131. Trotter, C. (1992). Double blind. Minneapolis: Hazelden Press
132. Twamley, E. W., Hami, S., & Stein, M. B. (2004). Neuropsychological function in college students with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research, 126(3), 265-274.
133. Ullman, S. E. & Filipas, H. H. (2005). Gender differences in social reactions to abuse disclosures, post-abuse coping, and PTSD of child sexual abuse survivors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29(7), 767-782.
134. Utterback, J. & Caldwell, J. (1989). Proactive and reactive approaches to PTSD in the aftermath of campus violence: Forming a traumatic stress react team. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2(2), 171-193.
135. Wagner, A.W. & Linehan, M. M. (2006). Applications of Dialectical Behavior Therapy to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related Problems. In V.M. Follette and J. I Ruzek (Eds). Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma (2nd ed.), pp. 117-145. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
136. Vrana, S. & Lauterbach, D. (1994). Prevalence of traumatic events and post-traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7(2), 289-302.
137. Windle, M. & Davies, P.T. (1999). Developmental theory and research. In K.E. Leonard and H.T. Blane (Eds). Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism, 2nd Edition (pp. 164-202). New York: Guilford Press.
138. Weathers, F.W., Huska, J.A., & Keane, T.M. (1991). The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Available from F.W. Weathers, National Center for PTSD, Boston VAMC, 150 S. Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130.
139. Weathers, F.W., Litz, B.T., Herman, D.S., Huska, J.A., & Keane, T.M. (October, 1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
140. Wood, M. D., & Sher, K. J. (2002). Sexual assault and relationship violence among college students: Examining the role of alcohol and other drugs. In: C. Weckerle & A-M Wall., (Eds.). The violence and addiction equation (169-193). New York: Brunner-Routledge.
141. Wood, M. D., Sher, K. J., McGowan, A. K. (2000). Collegiate alcohol abuse and young adult role functioning: Results from a prospective high-risk study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61(2), 278-289.
142. Zlotnick, C., Franklin, C.L., & Zimmerman, M. (2002). Does "subthreshold" posttrau- matic stress disorder have any clinical relevance? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43(6), 413-1119