The impact of tourists on lion Panthera leo behaviour, stress and energetics

Acta Theriologica

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 219-224

  Hayward, Matt W ^a,b   Hayward, Gina J ^a,b  

^a MAMMAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Poland)

^b NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Behaviour; Ecotourism; Energy expenditure; Environmental impacts; Grooming; Stress

Indexed keywords

BIOENERGETICS; ECOTOURISM; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; FELID; REINTRODUCTION; WILD POPULATION;

ADDO ELEPHANT NATIONAL PARK; AFRICA; EASTERN CAPE; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

PANTHERA; PANTHERA LEO;

EID: 68949096529     PISSN: 00017051     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4098/j.at.0001-7051.074.2008     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Amo L., Lopez P. and Martin J. 2006. Nature-based tourism as a form of predation risk affects body condition and health state of Podarcis muralis lizards. Biological Conservation 131: 402-409.
2. Boshoff A. F., Landman M., Kerley G. I. H. and Bradfield M. 2007. Profiles, views and observations of visitors to the Addo Elephant National Park, Eastern Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 37: 189-196.
3. Bradfield M. 2005. Addo Elephant National Park - Official Guide, South African National Parks, Port Elizabeth.
4. Buckley R. 2001. Environmental Impacts. [In: The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. ed D. B. Weaver]. CAB International, Wallingford: 370-394.
5. Burger J. and Gochfeld M. 1993. Tourism and short-term behavioural responses of nesting masked, red-footed, and blue-footed boobies in the Galapagos. Environmental Conservation 20: 255-259.
6. Cohen H. D., Goodenough D. R., Witkin H. A., Oltman P., Gould H. and Shulman E. 1975. The effects of stress on components of the respiration cycle. Psychophysiology 12: 377-380.
7. Constantine R., Brunton D. H. and Dennis T. 2003. Dolphin-watching tour boats change bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behaviour. Biological Conservation 117: 299-307.
8. Creel S., Fox J. E., Hardy A., Sands J., Garrott R. A. and Peterson R. O. 2002. Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk. Conservation Biology 16: 809-814.
9. Eaton R. L. 1970. Hunting behavior of the cheetah. Journal of Wildlife Management 34: 56-67.
10. Eaton R. L. 1974. The Cheetah: The biology, ecology, and behavior of an endangered species, van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
11. Ellenberg U., Mattern T., Seddon P. J. and Jorquera G. L. 2006. Physiological and reproductive consequences of human disturbance in Humboldt penguins: the need for species-specific visitor management. Biological Conservation 133: 95-106.
12. Estes R. D. 1999. The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals, Russel Friedman Books, Halfway House, South Africa.
13. Eston R. G., Rowlands A. V. and Ingledew D. K. 1998. Validity of heart rate, pedometry, and accelerometry for predicting the energy cost of children's activities. Journal of Applied Physiology 84: 362-371.
14. Hayward M. W. 2005. Lessons from South Africa. Nature Australia 28: 80.
15. Hayward M. W. and Hayward G. J. 2007. Activity patterns of reintroduced lion Panthera leo and spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta in Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. African Journal of Ecology 45: 135-141.
16. Hayward M. W., Hayward G. J., Druce D. and Kerley G. I. H. 2009. Do fences constrain predator movements on an evolutionary scale? Home range, food intake and movement patterns of large predators reintroduced to Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 887-899, DOI 10.1007/s10531-008-9452-y.
17. Kolowski J. M. and Holekamp K. E. 2008. Ecological and anthropogenic influences on space use by spotted hyaenas. Journal of Zoology, London 277: 23-36.
18. Kondgen S., Kuhl H., N'Goran P. K. N., Walsh P. D., Schenk S., Ernst N., Biek R., Formenty P., Matz-Rensing K., Schweiger B., Junglen S., Ellerbrok H., Nitsche A., Briese T., Lipkin W. I., Pauli G., Boesch C. and Leendertz F. H. 2008. Pandemic human viruses cause decline of endangered great apes. Current Biology 18: 260-264.
19. Kruger O. 2005. The role of ecotourism in conservation: panacea or Pandora's box. Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 579-600.
20. Lindsey P. A., Alexander R., Mills M. G. L., Romanach S. S. and Woodroffe R. 2007. Wildlife viewing preferences of visitors to protected areas in South Africa: implications for the role of ecotourism in conservation. Journal of Ecotourism 6: 19-33.
21. Lindsey P. A., Alexander R. R., du Toit J. T. and Mills M. G. L. 2005. The potential contribution of ecotourism to African wild dog Lycaon pictus conservation in South Africa. Biological Conservation 123: 339-348.
22. Lindsey P. A., Romanach S. S. and Davies-Mostert H. T. 2009. A synthesis of early indicators of the drivers of predator conservation on private lands in South Africa. [In: The reintroduction of top-order predators. M. W. Hayward and M. J. Somers, eds]. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford: 321-344.
23. McClung M. R., Seddon P. J., Massaro M. and Setiawan A. N. 2004. Nature-based tourism impacts on yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes: does unregulated visitor access affect fledging weight and juvenile survival? Biological Conservation 119: 279-285.
24. Norton-Griffiths M. 2007. How many wildebeest do you need? World Economics 8: 41-64.
25. Rode K. D., Farley S. D. and Robbins C. T. 2006. Behavioral responses of brown bears mediate nutritional effects of experimentally introduced tourism. Biological Conservation 133: 70-80.
26. Wareham N. J., Hennings S. J., Prentice A. M. and Day N. E. 1997. Feasibility of heart-rate monitoring to estimate total level and pattern of energy expenditure in a population-based epidemiological study: the Ely young cohort feasibility study 1994-5. British Journal of Nutrition 78: 889-900.