Naked in nature: Naturism, nature and the senses in early 20th century Britain

Cultural Geographies

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 283-308

  Morris, Nina J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Nature; Naturism; Phenomenology; Senses; Sur n

Indexed keywords

ADVOCACY; HEALTH BELIEF; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; MENTAL HEALTH; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; PERCEPTION; PHILOSOPHY; SENSORY SYSTEM; SOCIAL MOVEMENT; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 68849129128     PISSN: 14744740     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1474474009105049     Document Type: Article

References (221)

1. H. Surén, Man and sunlight. Translated by D.A. Jones (Slough, Sollux, 1927), p. 1.
2. A. Krüger, There goes this art of manliness: naturism and racial hygiene in Germany, Journal of sporthistory 18(1) (1991), pp. 135-58;
3. D. Bell and R. Holliday, Naked as nature intended, Body & society 6(3-4) (2000), pp. 127-40;
4. E.E. Woodall, The American nudist movement: from cooperative to capital, the song remains the same, Journal of popular culture 36(2) (2002), pp. 264-84;
5. K. Toepfer, One hundred years of nakedness in German performance, The drama review 47(4) (2003), pp. 144-88;
6. R. Barcan, Regaining what mankind has lost through civilisation: early nudism and ambivalent moderns, Fashion theory: the journal of dress, body and culture 8(1) (2004), pp. 63-82;
7. C. Daley, From bush to beach: nudism in Australasia, Journal of historical geography 31 (2005), pp. 149-67;
8. M. Jefferies, For a genuine and noble nakedness? German naturism and the Third Reich, German history 24(1) (2006), pp. 62-84.
9. R. Evans, Paradise on the margins or paradise lost? Tolerance, permissiveness and conflict on Wreck Beach, Arkleton Research Papers No. 5 (University of Aberdeen, 2000);
10. A. Krüger, F. Krüger and S. Treptau, Nudism in Nazi Germany: indecent behaviour or physical culture for the well-being of the nation, The international journal of the history of sport 19(4) (2002), pp. 33-54.
11. K. Toepfer, Empire of ecstasy: nudity and movement in German body culture, 1910-1935 (London, University of California Press, 1997);
12. R. Barcan, The moral bath of bodily unconsciousness: female nudism, bodily exposure and the gaze, Journal of media and cultural studies 15(3) (2001), pp. 63-82.
13. R. Cover, The naked subject: nudity, context and sexualization in contemporary culture, Body & society 9(3) (2003), pp. 53-72.
14. D. Howes, Introduction: Empires of the senses, in D. Howes, ed., Empire of the senses: the sensual culture reader (Oxford, Berg, 2005), pp. 1-20;
15. M. Bull, P. Gilroy, D. Howes and D. Kahn, Introducing sensory studies, Senses and society 1(1), pp. 5-7.
16. P. Rodaway, Sensuous geographies: body, sense and place (London, Routledge, 1994);
17. J. Urry, Sensing leisure spaces, in D. Crouch, ed., Leisure/tourism geographies: practices and geographical knowledge (London, Routledge,1999), pp. 34-45;
18. N. Lewis, The climbing body, nature and the experience of modernity, Body & Society 6(3-4) (2000), pp. 58-80;
19. D. Crouch, Spatialities and the feeling of doing, Social and cultural geography 2(1) (2001), pp. 61-75; C. Classen, The book of touch (Oxford, Berg, 2005).
20. Howes, Introduction.
21. M. Bull et al., Introducing, p. 5.
22. Lens, Modern sun-worship: II-Its history, The New Statesman 8 October (1921b), pp. 10-12;
23. Merrill and M. Merrill, Among the nudists (London, Douglas, 1931);
24. J. Gray, Retrospect - the early days, British naturism 77(Autumn) (1983), p. 5;
25. H. Thompson, Director., Carry on up the shrubbery: British nudism in the Thirties, BBC Radio Four (1985), Programme number HNT473L804N;
26. J. Bandy, The origins and development of the English nudist movement, 1918-1939 (Unpublished dissertation manuscript, institutional affiliation unknown, 1998);
27. N. Morris, Feeling nature: naturism, camping, environment and the body in Britain, 1920-1960 (Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Hull, 2003).
28. P. Fryer, No nudes is good news Mrs Grundy: studies in English prudery (London, Dennis Dobson, 1963), pp.193-208;
29. M. Farrar, Chong, Flang and Moonella, British naturism 92(Summer) (1987), p. 23;
30. Krüger, Manliness; British naturism, The Moonella Group, http://www.british-naturism.org.uk/pages/pages.asp?page_ID=42. Accessed 15 May 2007.
31. J.M. Seitz, Back to nature: an exposition of nude culture (translated by Clifford Courdray) (Dresden,R.A.Giesecke, 1923);
32. C.E. Norwood, Nudism in England (London, Noel Douglas, 1933);
33. M. Parmelee, Nudity in modern life: the new gymnosophy (London, John Lane, 1929).
34. Toepfer, Nakedness; Krüger, Manliness; Krüger et al., Nudism; Jefferies, Genuine; M. Möhring, The German nudist movement and the normalization of the body 1890-1930, in P. Becker, ed., Normalising diversity, EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2003/5 (San Domenico, Badia Fiesolana, 2003), pp. 45-62.
35. H. Surén, Deutsche gymnastik (Berlin, Gerhard Stalling, 1925);
36. H. Surén, Surén - Gymnastik mit medizinbällen (Stuttgart, Dieck and Co, 1925);
37. H. Surén, Selbstmassage. Pflege der haut. Für alle leibesübungen, für alle berufe (Stuttgart, Dieck and Co, 1928);
38. H. Surén, Surén - Atemgymnastik (Stuttgart, Dieck and Co, 1929);
39. H. Surén, Volkserziehung im Dritten Reich. Mannesucht und charakterbildung (Stuttgart, publisher unknown, 1934);
40. H. Surén, Kraftgymnastik mit natürlichen un sportlichen geräten (Stuttgart, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, 1935);
41. H. Surén, Schwunggymnastik (Stuttgart, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, 1935). For a more detailed portrait of Surén see Jefferies, Genuine.
42. H. Surén, Der mensch und die sonne (Stuttgart, Dieck and Co, 1924). Dieck and Co published a vast range of fiction and non-fiction books in this period ranging from texts on mountaineering, body culture, gymnastics, and skiing to the first German translation of Tarzan of the Apes (Tarzan bei den affen, 1924).
43. Toepfer, Empire; B. Taylor and W. van der Will, eds, The nazification of art: art, design, music, architecture and film in the Third Reich (Winchester, The Winchester Press, 1990).
44. C.W. Saleeby, Sunlight and health (London, Nisbet and Co, 1923).
45. E. Cooper, Fully exposed: the male nude in photography (London, Routledge, 1995); K. Worpole, Here comes the sun: architecture and public space in twentieth-century European culture (London, Reaktion, 2000).
46. K. Worpole, Here comes the sun: architecture and public space in twentieth-century European culture (London, Reaktion, 2000).
47. S. Hinchcliffe, Inhabiting - landscapes and natures, in K. Anderson, M. Domosh, S. Pile and N. Thrift, eds, Handbook of cultural geography (London, Sage, 2003), pp. 207-25;
48. J. Wylie, A single day's walking: narrating self and landscape on the South West Coast Path, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 30 (2005), pp. 234-47;
49. J. Wylie, Depths and folds: on landscape and the gazing subject, Environment and planning d: society and space 24 (2006), pp. 519-35.
50. B. Anderson, Becoming and being hopeful: toward a theory of affect, Environment and planning d: society and space 24 (2006), pp. 733-52;
51. D. Tolia-Kelly, Affect an ethnocentric encounter? Exploring the universalist imperative of emotional/affectual geographies, Area 38(2) (2006), pp. 213-17; Wylie,Single.
52. Wylie, Depths; J. Wylie, Landscape (London, Routledge, 2007).
53. W. Carr, A history of Germany, 1815-1985 (Third Edition) (London, Edward Arnold, 1987).
54. J.N. Findlay, Husserl, in J.O. Urmson, ed., The concise encyclopaedia of western philosophy and philosophers (London, Hutchinson, 1960), pp. 188-90;
55. C. Macann, Four phenomenological philosophers: Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty (London, Routledge, 1993);
56. R. Wolin, ed., The Heidegger controversy: a critical reader (Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 1993);
57. R. Kearney, The phenomenological imagination (Husserl) Poetics of imagining: modern to post-modern (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1998), pp. 13-45.
58. M. Farber, Phenomenology, in J.O. Urmson, ed., The concise encyclopaedia of western philosophy and philosophers (London, Hutchinson, 1960), pp. 292-5
59. P. Cloke, C. Philo and D. Sadler, Approaching human geography: an introduction to contemporary theoretical debates (London, Paul Chapman, 1991).
60. Wylie, Landscape, p. 141.
61. Wolin, Heidegger.
62. Surén, Man, p. 2.
63. G. Simmel, The metropolis and mental life, in D. Frisby and M. Featherstone, eds, Simmel on culture (London, Sage, 1997);
64. R. Burt, Alien bodies: representations of modernity, race and nation in early modern dance (London, Routledge, 1998); Lewis, Climbing.
65. D. Frisby and M. Featherstone, eds, Simmel on culture (London, Sage, 2000), p. 178.
66. Ibid.
67. Surén, Man, p. 75.
68. D. Frisby, ed., The philosophy of money by Georg Simmel (translated by T. Bottomore and D. Frisby) (Second Edition) (London, Routledge, 1990); Frisby and Featherstone, Simmel.
69. Frisby and Featherstone, Simmel.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., p. 251.
73. D. Pick, Faces of degeneration: a European disorder, c.1848-c.1918 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989);
74. P. Gruffudd, A crusade against consumption: environment, health and social reform in Wales 1900-1939, Journal of historical geography 21 (1995), pp. 39-54;
75. T. Garb, Bodies of modernity: figure and flesh in fin-de-siècle France (London, Thames and Hudson, 1998).
76. D.G. Horn, Social bodies: science, reproduction, and Italian modernity (Chichester, Princeton University Press, 1994);
77. R. Pope, War and society in Britain, 1899-1948 (London, Longman, 1991); Worpole, Sun.
78. M. Boscagli, Eye on the flesh: fashions of masculinity in the early twentieth century (Oxford, Westview Press, 1996).
79. M.J. Wiener, English culture and the decline of the industrial spirit, 1850-1980 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981);
80. D. Matless, Landscape and Englishness (London, Reaktion, 1998);
81. P. Binde, Nature versus city: landscapes of Italian Fascism, Environment and planning d: society and space 17 (1999), pp. 761-75.
82. J. Walvin, Symbols of moral superiority: slavery, sport and the changing world order, 1800-1950, in J. Mangan and J. Walvin, eds, Manliness and morality: middle-class masculinity in Britain and America 1800-1940 (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1987), pp. 242-60;
83. J. Bourke, Inspecting, in Dismembering the male: men's bodies, Britain and the Great War (London, Reaktion, 1996), pp. 171-209;
84. J. Rutherford, Under an English heaven': Rupert Brooke and the search for an English arcady in Forever England: reflections on race, masculinity and empire (London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1997), pp. 39-69.
85. G.S. Hutchinson, Sunlight treatment for miners, The Times 16 December (1927), p. 10.
86. Surén, Man, p. vi.
87. Lewis, Climbing, p. 67.
88. French philosopher Michel Serres provides a contemporary illustration of this argument in his book Les cinq sens where he derides urban-dwelling scholars who sit huddled at their desks like desensualized robots.Howes, Introduction.
89. Surén, Man, p. 66.
90. Surén, Surén-Gymnastik; Surén, Man; Lewis, Climbing.
91. A. Kaes, M. Jay and E. Dimendberg, eds, The Weimar Republic sourcebook (London, University of California Press, 1994), p. 285.
92. Ibid., p. 286.
93. Surén, Man, p. 2.
94. S. Pile, The body and the city: psychoanalysis, space and subjectivity (London, Routledge, 1996);
95. H. Nast and S. Pile, eds., Place through the body (London, Routledge, 1998);
96. R. Butler and H. Parr, eds., Mind and body spaces: geographies of illness, impairment and disability (London, Routledge, 1999).
97. Surén, Man, p. 39. On the late 18th century transition of chemistry from a field of human techniques and sensuous analysis to a domain of laboratory technology and mathematical analysis see L. Roberts, The death of the sensuous chemist: the new chemistry and the transformation of sensuous technology, in D. Howes, ed., Empire of the senses: the sensual culture reader (Oxford, Berg, 2005), pp. 106-27.
98. Wylie, Landscape, p. 148.
99. Anon, Review of Hans Surén's Man and Sunlight, The New Statesman 19 November (1927), p. 184 (p. 184).
100. Lens, Modern sun-worship: I-Its creed, The New Statesman 24 September (1921), pp. 670-1.
101. R. King Brown, Sun-baths in surgery, The Times 29 May (1928), p. 8;
102. H. Cain, Sunlight in surgery, The Times 6 December (1928), p. 12.
103. Parmelee, Nudity.
104. Medical Correspondent, Sunlight and the skin, The Times Sunlight and Health Number 22 May (1928), p. xiii;
105. Lens, Modern sun-worship: III-Its high priest and his temple, The New Statesman 15 October (1921), pp. 42-3;
106. Lens, Modern sun-worship: IV-Its rewards and warnings, The New Statesman 22 October (1921), pp. 71-2.
107. D. Howes, Skinscapes: embodiment, culture and environment, in C. Classen, ed., The book of touch (Oxford, Berg, 2005), pp. 27-38.
108. Lens, Temple'.
109. Anon, In the sun, The Times 19 July (1929), p. 15 (p. 15).
110. Anon, Sunburn, The Times 8 June (1939), p. 17.
111. Medical Correspondent, Skin; Parmelee, Nudity.
112. Lens, Creed; Medical Correspondent, Sunlight and other vitamins: categories and functions, The Times Sunlight and Health Number 22 May (1928), p. xiii;
113. L. Hill, Sunlight and sunburn, The Times 14 July (1928), p. 15;
114. L. Hill, Ultra-violet radiation and its measurement, The Times Sunlight and Health Number 22 May (1928), p. xv;
115. H. Roberts, Climate and health, Geographical magazine 12(1) (1940), pp. 26-35;
116. Lens, Temple; Medical Correspondent, Skin.
117. Medical Correspondent, Skin.
118. Anon, Bathing in the parks, The Times 17 September (1929), p. 7;
119. Anon, Sun-bathing for children, The Times 19 August (1930), p. 7;
120. Sutherland, Sun-bathing for children, The Times 9 September (1930) p. 8;
121. J.H. Badley, H.P. Bibby, MD, E. Sloan Chesser, LCC, S. Churchill, A.E. Coppard, J.C. Flugel, S.R. Gibbing, N. Haire, W. Hotlby, L. Housmann, W. Hope-Jones, J.S. Huxley, C.E.M. Joad, A.C. Jordan, M. Mayo, N. Mitchinson, B. Nichols, A. Rollier, D. Russell, G.B. Shaw and K. Vaughan, Sun bathing: benefits of light and air, The Times 18 March (1932), p. 10.
122. Medical Correspondent, Schools in the open-air, The Times Sunlight and Health Number 22 May (1928), p. xiv;
123. G. Newman, The building of a nation's health (London, MacMillan, 1939);
124. D.A. Turner, The open-air school movement in Sheffield, History of education 1(1) (1972), pp. 58-80;
125. L. Bryder, Wonderlands of buttercup, clover and daises: tuberculosis and the open-air school movement in Britain, 1907-1939, in R. Cooter, ed., In the name of the child: health and welfare, 1880-1940 (London, Routledge, 1992), pp. 72-95;
126. D. Hughes, Just a breath of fresh air in an industrial landscape? The Preston Open Air School in 1926: A School Medical Service insight, Social history of medicine 17(3) (2004), pp. 443-61.
127. Hill, Ultra-violet; Anon, Weather and health, The Times 18 September (1936), p. 13.
128. K. Huldschinsky, Open-air culture in Germany, The Times Sunlight and Health Number 22 May (1928), p. xxvii;
129. Parmelee, Nudity; Anon, England for sun baths, The Times 7 June (1930), p. 13.
130. Ibid.
131. Surén, Man, p. 104.
132. Ibid., p. 184.
133. Tolia-Kelly, Affect, p. 215.
134. Surén, Man, p. 51.
135. Ibid., p. 51.
136. Ibid., p. 186.
137. Ibid., p. 186.
138. V.C. Friesen, A tonic of wilderness: sensuousness in Henry David Thoreau, in D. Howes, ed., Empire of the senses: the sensual culture reader (Oxford, Berg, 2005), pp. 251-64.
139. Ibid., p. 256; Wylie describes a similar level of immersion in his account of walking the South West Coast Path where he found himself in the thick of it: wet, livid green ferns all around, the Path a thin muddy rope. Limbs and lungs working hard in a haptic, step-by-step engagement with nature matter.Unlike Surén and Thoreau, however, his experience appears to have been typified by dogged endurance rather than courageous fortitude. Wylie, Single, p. 239.
140. Friesen, Tonic.
141. Surén, Man, p. 60.
142. Howes, Introduction, p. 3.
143. Howes, Introduction, p. 3.
144. Lewis, Climbing; M. Paterson, Caresses, excesses, intimacies and estrangements, Angelaki: journal of the theoretical humanities 9(1) (2004), pp. 165-77 (p. 170).
145. Hockey, Sensing; A. Montagu, Touching: the human significance of skin (New York, Columbia University Press, 1971).
146. Surén, Man, p. 39.
147. Wylie, Depths, p. 525.
148. Wylie, Landscape, p. 167.
149. Anderson, Becoming, p. 735.
150. Massumi (2000) cited in Anderson, Becoming, p. 735.
151. J. Hockey, Sensing the run: the senses and distance running, Senses and society 1(2) (2006), pp. 183-201;Wylie, Landscape.
152. Parmelee, Nudity, p. 18.
153. Anon, Tan talk, British naturism 8(Spring) (1966), p. 5 (p. 5). Matless, Landscape.
154. Ibid.
155. Howes, Introduction, p. 6.
156. Bell and Holiday, Naked, p. 128.
157. S. G. Jones, State intervention in sport and leisure between the wars, Journal of contemporary history XXII (1987), pp. 163-82;
158. G.E. Cherry, Changing social attitudes towards leisure and the countryside in Britain, 1890-1990, in S. Glyptis, ed., Leisure and the environment: essays in honour of Professor J. A. Patmore (London, Belhaven, 1993), pp. 67-86;
159. D. Matless, The English outlook: a mapping of leisure, 1918-1939, in N. Alfrey and S. Daniels, eds., Mapping the landscape: essays on art and cartography (Nottingham, University of Nottingham, University Art Gallery and Castle Museum, 1990), pp. 28-32.
160. Fryer, Nudes; Thompson, Carry; Bell and Holiday, Naked; Cover, Naked.
161. J. Lewinski, The naked and the nude: a history of the nude in photographs, 1839 to the present (New York, Harmony, 1987); Bell and Holiday, Naked; Cover, Naked'.
162. Worpole, Sun, p. 44. In 1926-7 Sollux published a series of books on actinotherapy and the treatment of TB, rickets, and wounds with natural and artificial UV light, including a translation of Sonne als heilmitte (Sunlight as healer) (1926) by Franz Thedering.
163. W.A. Ewing, The body: photoworks of the human form (London, Thames and Hudson, 1994); D. Chapman,Adonis: the male physique pin-up, 1870-1940 (Swaffham, Éditions Aubray Walker, 1997)
164. D. Chapman,Adonis: the male physique pin-up, 1870-1940,(Swaffham, Éditions Aubray Walker, 1997)
165. Surén, Man, p. 1.
166. Howes, Skincapes's.
167. Surén, Man, p. 59.
168. Toepfer, Empire. Surén, Man, p. 35.
169. Ibid., p. 36.
170. Worpole, Sun, p. 45.
171. Surén, Man, p. 79.
172. Ibid., p. 32.
173. P.G. Berman, Body and the body politic in Edvard Munch's Bathing Men, in K. Adler and M. Pointon, eds, The body imagined: human form and visual culture since the Renaissance (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 71-83. Although this image is open to homoerotic interpretation and might seem fairly eccentric to a contemporary audience, as Classen notes, [t]oday as in the monastic cults of old, almost every tactile encounter may be invested with libidinous implications.It is important to recognize that mud bathing (privately indoors, in a spa environment, or outdoors with friends) as a health-giving pursuit was a popular, if not widely publicised, pastime amongst many men and women in Britain during the 1930s. C. Classen, Pleasure, in C. Classen, ed., The book of touch (Oxford, Berg, 2005), pp. 69-71 (p. 71).
174. Surén, Man, p. 88.
175. Ibid., pp. 41-42.
176. Chapman, Adonis.
177. On the natural look favoured by Surén see Garb, Bodies, pp. 68-72.
178. C. Rhodes, The primitive and primitivism, in Primitivism and modern art (London, Thames and Hudson 1994),pp. 13 page (p. 13). On the historical use of the term primitive see M. Torgovnick, Gone primitive: savageintellects, modern lives (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1990), pp. 18-21.
179. Torgovnick, Gone, p. 160.
180. D. Miller, Primitive art and the necessity of primitivism to art, in S. Hiller, ed., The myth of primitivism: perspectives on art (London, Routledge, 1991), pp. 50-71 (p. 56).
181. Wylie, Landscape, p. 183.
182. Rhodes, Primitive, p. 13.
183. Ibid., p. 13.
184. Torgovnick, Gone, p. 160.
185. Surén, Man, pp. 150-1.
186. Parmelee, Nudity, pp. 13-14.
187. Boscagli, Eye; Garb, Bodies; Bell and Holiday, Naked'.
188. For contemporary comparisons see Parmelee, Nudity, and Newman, Building.
189. Surén, Man, p. 141.
190. Bourke, Inspecting; M.A. Budd, The sculpture machine: physical culture and body politics in the age of empire (London, Macmillan, 1997).
191. Surén, Man, p. 132.
192. Ibid., p. 157.
193. W. van der Will, The body and the body politic as symptom and metaphor in the transition of German culture to National Socialism, in B. Taylor and W. van der Will, eds, The Nazification of art: art, design, music, architecture and film in the Third Reich (Winchester, The Winchester Press, 1990), pp. 14-52.
194. Ibid.
195. Surén, Man, p. ix.
196. On the association of body culture and nudism with National Socialism and Nazism see V. Preston-Dunlop, Laban and the Nazis, towards an understanding of Laban, Rudolf and the Third Reich, Dance theatre journal 6(2) (1988), pp. 4-7;
197. H. Eichberg, Race-track and labyrinth: the space of physical culture in Berlin, Journal of sport history 17(2) (1990), pp. 245-60;
198. W. van der Will, Body; Ewing, Body; Boscagli, Eye; Cooper, Fully; Toepfer, Empire;J Margolis, Dark side of the fresh air utopians, The Guardian (Saturday Review) 12 June (1999), p. 3; Krüger et al., Nudism'.
199. V. Preston-Dunlop, Laban; M. Connolly and A. Lathrop, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Rudolf Laban - an interactive appropriation of parallels and resonances, Human studies 20(1) (1997), pp. 27-45;
200. T.J. Gordon, Fascism and the female form: performance art in the Third Reich, Journal of the history of sexuality 11(1/2) (2002), pp. 164-200.
201. Cooper, Fully.
202. Toepfer, Empire; Taylor and van der Will, Nazification; Krüger, Manliness.
203. Surén, Man, p. 111.
204. Möhring, German'.
205. Surén, Man, p. 175.
206. Ibid., p. 173.
207. R.C. Beacham, Appia, Jacques-Dalcroze, and Hellerau, Part One: music made visible, New theatre quarterly 1(2) (1985), pp. 154-64;
208. R.C. Beacham, Appia, Jacques-Dalcroze, and Hellerau, Part Two: Poetry in motion, New theatre quarterly 1(3) (1985), pp. 245-61.
209. Preston-Dunlop, Laban; Gordon, Fascism.
210. L. Johnston, Flexing femininity: female body-builders refiguring the body, Gender, place and culture3(3) (1996), pp. 327-40; Möhring, German'.
211. G. Rose, V. Kinnard, M. Morris and C. Nash, Feminist geographies of environment, nature and landscape, in Women in Geography Study Group, eds, Feminist geographies: explorations in diversity and difference (Harlow, Longman, 1997), pp. 146-89.
212. Rhodes, Primitive, p. 20; Miller, Primitive.
213. Wylie, Landscape, p. 182.
214. Surén, Man.
215. Surén, Man, p. 196.
216. Matless, Landscape.
217. Ibid., p. 179.
218. Anon, Wander youths: organised hiking in Germany, The Times 20 August (1931), p. 15;
219. P.D. Stachura, The German Youth Movement 1900-1945: an interpretive and documentary history (London, Macmillan, 1981); Eichberg, Race-track'.
220. Here I take truth to indicate an original state in Nature. Surén stated, [i]n nature the very blood sings in our veins, we regain knowledge of feeling, of wonder, of belief. All this cannot be measured, gauged, or compassed by the intellect - and yet it is living truth. Truth; buried by the achievements of civilisation, by the miasma of the towns, by the evils of smoking and drink, and covered by the cloak of overbred intellectualism (Man, pp. 149-50).
221. Worpole, Sun.