Just a breath of fresh air in an industrial landscape? The Preston Open Air School in 1926: A school medical service insight

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 443-461

  Hughes, David ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Child health; Debility; Exercise; Food; Fresh air; Housing; Hygiene; Ignorance; Poverty; Schools

Indexed keywords

EID: 10344256240     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/17.3.443     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. L. Bryder, '"Wonderlands of Buttercup, Clover, and Daisies": Tuberculosis and the Open-Air School Movement in Britain 1907-39', in R. Cooter (ed.), In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare, 1880-1940 (London, 1992), 72-91, pp. 85-6.
2. Ibid., pp. 73-5.
3. Ibid., p. 78.
4. D. J. Oddy and D. S. Miller, The Making of the Modem British Diet (London, 1976), pp. 220-1.
5. J. S. Hurt, Elementary Schooling and the Working Classes 1860-1918 (London, 1979), p. 113.
6. R. Lowe, 'The Early Twentieth-Century Open-Air Movement: Origins and Implications', in N. Parry and D. MacNair (eds), The Fitness of the Nation (Leicester, 1983), 86-99, p. 98.
7. D. A. Turner, 'The Open-Air School Movement in Sheffield', History of Education, 1 (1972), 58-80, pp. 78-9.
8. Bryder, 'Wonderlands of Buttercup, Clover, and Daisies', p. 72. See also, D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (Basingstoke, 1984), p. 104.
9. Bryder, 'Wonderlands of Buttercup, Clover, and Daisies', p. 72. See also, D. Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (Basingstoke, 1984), p. 104.
10. Bryder, 'Wonderlands of Buttercup, Clover, and Daisies', p. 72.
11. D. G. Pritchard, Education and the Handicapped 1760-1960 (London, 1963), pp. 170-1.
12. M. Thomson, The Problem of Mental Deficiency: Eugenics, Democracy, and Social Policy in Britain, c. 1870-1959 (Oxford, 1998), pp. 13-16. See also, R. Cooler, Surgery and Society in Peace and War: Orthopaedics and the Organization of Modem Medicine, 1880-1948 (Basingstoke, 1993), pp. 64-75.
13. M. Thomson, The Problem of Mental Deficiency: Eugenics, Democracy, and Social Policy in Britain, c. 1870-1959 (Oxford, 1998), pp. 13-16. See also, R. Cooler, Surgery and Society in Peace and War: Orthopaedics and the Organization of Modem Medicine, 1880-1948 (Basingstoke, 1993), pp. 64-75.
14. Fraser, Evolution of the British Welfare State, p. 57.
15. D. Roberts, Victorian Origins of the British Welfare State (Yale, 1960), p. 4.
16. Fraser, Evolution of the British Welfare State, pp. 61-77.
17. Lowe, 'The Early Twentieth-Century Open-Air Movement', p. 87.
18. Ibid., pp. 87-8.
19. Ibid., p. 88.
20. Ibid., pp. 88-90.
21. B. Harris, The Health of the Schoolchild (Buckingham, 1995), pp. 37-40.
22. J. Roebuck, The Making of Modern English Society from 1850 (London 1973), p. 71.
23. Harris, Health of the Schoolchild, p. 17.
24. Pritchard, Education and the Handicapped, p. 169.
25. Fraser, Evolution of the British Welfare State, p. 148.
26. Turner, 'The Open-Air School Movement in Sheffield', pp. 59-60.
27. C. Webster, 'The Health of the Schoolchild during the Depression', in Parry and Macnair (eds), The Fitness of the Nation, 70-85, p. 74.
28. D. Hunt, A History of Preston (Preston, 1992), pp. 233, 239.
29. N. Morgan, Deadly Dwellings, Housing and Health in a Lancashire Cotton Town: Preston from 1840 to 1914 (Preston, 1993), pp. 103-8.
30. Bryder, 'Wonderlands of Buttercup, Clover, and Daisies', pp. 78-9.
31. Harris Reference Library, Preston (hereafter HRL), Addendum to Annual Report, Preston Medical Officer of Health (hereafter ARMOH), 1926 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, pp. iv-v.
32. J. Stevenson, British Society, 1914-45 (London, 1984), p. 258.
33. HRL, ARMOH, 1920, p. 6. Also, 1938, p. xxxviii, Annual Reports, Preston School Medical Service.
34. HRL, ARMOH, 1920, p. 6. Also, 1938, p. xxxviii, Annual Reports, Preston School Medical Service.
35. HRL, ARMOH, 1920, p. 6. Also, 1938, p. xxxviii, Annual Reports, Preston School Medical Service.
36. J. V. Pickstone, Medicine and Industrial Society: A History of Hospital Development in Manchester and its Region (Manchester, 1985), pp. 174-5.
37. HRL, 1908 Preston Medical Officer of Health Report, pp. 24-5.
38. HRL, ARMOH, 1920 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, p. 6.
39. Lancashire Record Office, (hereafter LRO), Report of the Board of Education for 1919-20, London, HMSO, 1920, p. 10.
40. HRL, ARMOH, 1920 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, (synopsis of report).
41. I b i d.
42. J. Welshman, Municipal Medicine (Oxford, New York, 2000), p. 189.
43. P. Henderson, Historical Review. The School Health Service 1908-1974 (London, 1975), p. 22.
44. HRL, Preston Guardian, 28 June 1919, 'Open Air School at Preston'.
45. HRL, ARMOH, 1926 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, p. xxviii.
46. Ibid., pp. xx-xxx.
47. HRL, ARMOH, 1925 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, p. xvii.
48. 'Voluntary Aid Detachment' - a wartime auxiliary arrangement.
49. HRL, ARMOH, 1925 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, p. xvii.
50. Ibid., pp. xvii-xx.
51. Ibid., p. xviii.
52. I b i d.
53. HRL, ARMOH, 1933 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, p. ii.
54. HRL, ARMOH, 1925 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, p. xviii.
55. HRL, ARMOH, 1926 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, p. xxvi.
56. I b i d.
57. 'Anthropometric' refers to the comparative study of sizes and proportions of the human body.
58. HRL, ARMOH, 1926 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, pp. xxix-xxxiii.
59. I b i d., p. xxii.
60. Ibid., Table C, p. xxii.
61. Ibid., p. xxvi.
62. Ibid., p. xxiv.
63. Ibid., p. xx.
64. Ibid., pp. xxvi-xxx.
65. HRL, Preston Council Budgets, P573PRE, 1919-20, 1924-5, 1928-9, 1938-9, Harris Reference Library.
66. HRL, Preston Council Budgets.
67. Preston Council Budgets. See also, Harris, Health of the Schoolchild, table 6.1, p. 93.
68. HRL, Preston Council Minutes, 28 May 1936.
69. LRO, CBP25/11, Preston Education Committee Minutes, 17 March 1931.
70. Turner, 'The Open-Air School Movement in Sheffield', p. 78. See also, Webster, 'The Health of the Schoolchild during the Depression', p. 74.
71. Turner, 'The Open-Air School Movement in Sheffield', p. 78. See also, Webster, 'The Health of the Schoolchild during the Depression', p. 74.
72. Ibid., p. 78.
73. HRL, ARMOH, 1933 Annual Report, Preston School Medical Service, p. ii.
74. I b i d.
75. HRL, Preston Guardian, 1 May 1926, 'Training Camp'.
76. HRL, Preston Guardian, 14 August 1926, 'Schoolboys under Canvas'.