What is the nature of the emergence phenomenon when using intravenous or intramuscular ketamine for paediatric procedural sedation?: Paediatric Emergency Medicine

EMA - Emergency Medicine Australasia

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 315-322

  Treston, Greg ^a   Bell, Anthony ^b   Cardwell, Rob ^b   Fincher, Gavin ^b   Chand, Dip ^b   Cashion, Geoff ^b  

^a Wide Bay Hospital and Health Service   (Australia)

^b REDCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

Emergence delirium; Emergence phenomenon; Ketamine; Paediatric; Procedural sedation

Indexed keywords

KETAMINE;

ADOLESCENT; AGITATION; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; CHILD; CRYING; DREAM; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE PSYCHOSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW; NIGHTMARE; PERCEPTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; VISUAL HALLUCINATION;

ADOLESCENT; ANESTHESIA RECOVERY PERIOD; ANESTHETICS, DISSOCIATIVE; AUSTRALIA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; DELIRIUM; HUMANS; INFANT; INJECTIONS, INTRAMUSCULAR; INJECTIONS, INTRAVENOUS; KETAMINE; MALE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 68749109753     PISSN: 17426731     EISSN: 17426723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2009.01203.x     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Green SM, Rothrock SG, Lynch EL et al. Intramuscular ketamine for pediatric sedation in the emergency department: safety profile in 1022 cases. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1998 31 : 688 97.
2. Dachs RJ, Innes GM. Intravenous ketamine sedation of pediatric patients in the emergency department. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1997 29 : 146 150.
3. Ng KC, Ang SY. Sedation with Ketamine for Pediatric Procedures in the emergency department - a review of 500 cases. Singapore Med. J. 2002 43 : 300 4.
4. McCarty EC, Mencio GA, Walker LA, Green NE. Ketamine sedation for the reduction of children's fractures in the emergency department. J. Bone Joint Surg. 2000 82 : 912 17.
5. Howes MC. Ketamine for paediatric sedation/analgesia in the emergency department. Emerg. Med. J. 2004 21 : 275 80.
6. Dean A. Paediatric sedation in Australasian emergency departments. Emerg. Med. 1998 10 : 324 6.
7. Weisman SJ, Bernstein B, Schechter NL. Consequences of inadequate analgesia during painful procedures in children. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 1998 152 : 147 9.
8. Everitt I, Younge P, Barnett P. Paediatric sedation in emergency departments: what is our practice? Emerg. Med. 2002 14 : 62 6.
9. Treston GT. Prolonged pre-procedure fasting is unnecessary when using titrated intravenous ketamine for paediatric procedural sedation. Emerg. Med. 2004 16 : 145 50.
10. Bovill JG, Coppel DL, Dundee JW, Moore J. Current status of ketamine anaesthesia. Lancet 1971 297 : 1285 8.
11. White PF, Way WL, Trevor AJ. Ketamine - its pharmacology and therapeutic uses. Anesthesiology 1982 56 : 119 36.
12. Cartwright PD, Pingel SM. Midazolam and diazepam in ketamine anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1984 39 : 439 42.
13. Coppel DL, Bovill JG, Dundee JW. The taming of ketamine. Anaesthesia 1973 28 : 293 6.
14. Perel A, Davidson JT. Recurrent hallucinations following ketamine. Anaesthesia 1976 31 : 1081 3.
15. Donahue PJ, Dineen PS. Emergence delirium following oral ketamine. Anesthesiology 1992 77 : 604 5.
16. Roberts P, Dent A. Ketamine anaesthesia in Papua New Guinea. Emerg. Med. 1996 8 : 123 7.
17. Bradley JP, Lee D. Anaesthesia in the United Nations Military Hospital, Dili, East Timor. Anaesth. Intensive Care 2001 29 : 527 9.
18. Green SM, Kuppermann N, Rothrock SG, Hummel CB, Ho M. Predictors of adverse events with intramuscular ketamine sedation in children. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2000 35 : 35 42.
19. Ducharme J. Ketamine. Do what is right for the patient. Emerg. Med. 2001 13 : 7 8.
20. Wells L, Rasch D. Emergence 'Delirium' after sevoflurane anesthesia: a paranoid delusion? Anesth. Analg. 1999 88 : 1308 10.
21. Uezono S, Goto T, Terui K et al. Emergence agitation after sevoflurane versus propofol in pediatric patients. Anesth. Analg. 2000 91 : 563 6.
22. Cohen IT, Hannallah RS, Hummer KA. The incidence of emergence agitation associated with desflurane anesthesia in children is reduced by fentanyl. Anesth. Analg. 2001 93 : 88 91.
23. Voepel-Lewis T, Malviya S, Tait A. A prospective cohort study of emergence agitation in the pediatric postanesthesia care unit. Anesth. Analg. 2003 96 : 1625 30.
24. Roelofse JA, Joubert JJ, Roelofse GR. A double-blind randomized comparison of midazolam alone and midazolam combined with ketamine for sedation of pediatric dental patients. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1996 54 : 838 44.
25. Massanari M, Novitsky J, Reinstein LJ. Paradoxical reactions in children associated with midazolam use during endoscopy. Clin. Pediatr. 1997 36 : 681 4.
26. Davies FC, Waters M. Oral Midazolam for conscious sedation of children during minor procedures. J. Accid. Emerg. Med. 1998 15 : 244 8.
27. Shane SA, Fuchs SM, Khine H. Efficacy of rectal midazolam for the sedation of preschool children undergoing laceration repair. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1994 24 : 1065 73.
28. Wathen JE, Roback MG, Mackenzie T, Bothner JP. Does midazolam alter the clinical effects of intravenous ketamine sedation in children? A double-blind, randomized, controlled, emergency department trial. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2000 36 : 579 88.
29. Sherwin TS, Green SM, Khan A, Chapman DS, Dannenberg B. Does adjunctive midazolam reduce recovery agitation after ketamine sedation for pediatric procedures? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2000 35 : 229 38.
30. Cheuk DK, Wong WH, Ma E et al. Use of midazolam and ketamine as sedation for children undergoing minor operative procedures. Support. Care Cancer 2005 13 : 1001 9.
31. Ryan G, Treston G. Do family members interfere in the delivery of care when present during invasive paediatric procedures in the emergency department? Emerg. Med. Australas. 2007 19 : 234 40.
32. Isoardi J, Slabbert N, Treston G. Witnessing invasive procedures, including resuscitation, in the emergency department: a parental perspective. Emerg. Med. Australas. 2005 17 : 244 8.
33. Simard V et al. Longitudinal study of bad dreams in preschool-aged children: prevalence, demographic correlates, risk and protective factors. Sleep. 2008 31 : 62 70.
34. Hostetler M et al. Prospective age-based comparison of behavioral reactions occurring after ketamine sedation in the ED. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2002 20 : 463 8.
35. Pagel JF. Nightmares and disorders of dreaming. Am. Fam. Physician 2000 Apr 1 6 : 2037 42, 2044.
36. Mindell J, Barrett K. Nightmares and anxiety in elementary-aged children: is there a relationship? Child Care Health Dev. 2002 28 : 317 22.