Lignocaine: Neuro-protective or wishful thinking?

Journal of Extra-Corporeal Technology

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2009, Pages

  Mitchell, Simon J ^a   Merry, Alan F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Brain protection; Cardiac surgery; Lidocaine; Lignocaine; Neuro protection

Indexed keywords

GLYPROMATE; LIDOCAINE; NIMODIPINE; PLACEBO; PROSTACYCLIN; REMACEMIDE; THIOPENTAL; TRIPEPTIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT;

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CONFERENCE PAPER; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); STROKE; CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; REVIEW;

ANESTHETICS, LOCAL; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; LIDOCAINE; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; PERIOPERATIVE CARE;

EID: 68549090778     PISSN: 00221058     EISSN: 29698960     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (67)

1. Gibbon JH. Application of a mechanical heart and lung apparatus to cardiac surgery. Minn Med. 1954;37:171-80.
2. Erenhaft JL, Claman MA. Cerebral complications of open-heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1961;41:503-8.
3. Egerton N, Kay JH. Psychological disturbances associated with open-heart surgery. Br J Psychiatry. 1964;110:433-9.
4. Blachly PH, Starr A. Post-cardiotomy delerium. Am J Psychiatry. 1964;121:371-5.
5. Kornfeld DS, Zimberg S, Malm JR. Psychiatric complications of open-heart surgery. N Engl J Med. 1965;273:287-92.
6. Gilberstadt H, Sako Y. Intellectual and personality changes following open heart surgery. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1967;16:210-4.
7. Lee WH, Miller W, Rowe J, Hairston P, Brady MP. Effects of extracorporeal circulation on personality and cerebration. Ann Thorac Surg. 1969;7:562-70.
8. Gilman A. Cerebral disorders after open-heart operations. N Engl J Med. 1965;272:489-98.
9. Hogue CW, Palin CA, Arrowsmith JE. Cardiopulmonary bypass management and neurologic outcomes: An evidence based appraisal of current practices. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:21-37.
10. Shann KG, Likosky DS, Murkin JM, et al. An evidence based review of the practice of cardiopulmonary bypass in adults: A focus on neurological injury, glycemic control, hemodilution, and the inflammatory response. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:283-90.
11. Michenfelder JD. Barbiturates. In: Michenfelder JD, ed. Anesthesia and the Brain. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1998; 95-111.
12. Slogoff S, Girgis KZ, Keats AS. Etiologic factors in neuropsychiatric complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 1982;61:903-11.
13. Nussmeier NA, Arlund C, Slogoff S. Neuropsychiatric complications after cardiopulmonary bypass: Cerebral protection by a barbiturate. Anesthesiology. 1986;64:165-70.
14. Michenfelder JD. A valid demonstration of barbiturate-induced brain protection in man - at last. Anesthesiology. 1986;64:140-2.
15. Rogers A. Con: Preventing stroke after cardiopulmonary bypass does not require pharmacologic neuroprotection. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1997;11:796-800. (Pubitemid 127739324)
16. Zaidan JR, Klochany A, Martin WM, Ziegler JS, Harless DM, Andrews RB. Effect of thiopental on neurological outcome following coronary artery bypass grafting. Anesthesiology. 1991;74:406-11.
17. Radegran K, Ahren C, Teger-Nilsson AC. Prostacyclin infusion during extracorporeal circulation for coronary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982;83:205-11. (Pubitemid 12165760)
18. Smith PLC. Interventions to reduce cerebral injury during cardiac surgery: Introduction and the effect of oxygenator type. Perfusion. 1989;4:139-45.
19. Fish KJ, Helms KN, Sarnquist FH, et al. A prospective, randomized study of the effects of prostacyclin on neuropsychologic dysfunction after coronary artery operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987;93:609-15.
20. Barnett GH, Bose B, Little JR, Jones SC, Friel HT. Effects of nimodipine on acute focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1986;17:884-90. (Pubitemid 16000723)
21. Forsman M, Tubylewicz B, Semb G, Steen PA. Effects of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow and neuropsychological outcome after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1990;65:514-20. (Pubitemid 20337999)
22. Legault C, Furberg CD, Wagenknecht LE, et al. Nimodipine neuroprotection in cardiac valve replacement: Report of an early terminated trial. Stroke. 1996;27:593-8. (Pubitemid 26114415)
23. Arrowsmith JE, Harrison MJG, Newman SP, Stygall J, Timberlake N, Pugsley WB. Neuroprotection of the brain during cardiopulmonary bypass. A randomized trial of remacemide during coronary artery bypass in 171 patients. Stroke. 1998;29:2357-62.
24. Sara VR, Carlsson-Skwirut C, Bergman T, et al. Identification of Gly-Pro-Glu (GPE), the aminoterminal tripeptide of insulin like growth factor 1 which is truncated in brain, as a novel neuroactive peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989;165:766-71.
25. Sara VR, Carlsson-Skwirut C, Drakenberg K, et al. The biological role of truncated insulin-like growth factor-1 and the tripeptide GPE in the central nervous system. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1993;692:183-91.
26. Saura J, Curatolo L, Williams CE, et al. Neuroprotective effects of Gly-Pro-Glu, the N-terminal tripeptide of IGF-1, in the hippocampus in vitro. Neuroreport. 1999;10:161-4.
27. Guan J, Thomas GB, Lin H, et al. Neuroprotective effects of the N-terminal tripeptide of insulin-like growth factor-1, glycine-proline-glutamate (GPE) following intravenous infusion in hypoxic-ischemic adult rats. Neuropharmacology. 2004;47:892-903.
28. Sizonenko SV, Sirimanne ES, Williams CE, Gluckman PD. Neuroprotective effects of the N-terminal tripeptide of IGF-1, glycine-proline-glutamate, in the immature rat brain after hypoxic-ischemic injury. Brain Res. 2001;922:42-50.
29. Guan J, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Gluckman PD, Williams CE. The effects of the N-terminal tripeptide of insulin-like growth factor-1, glycine-proline- glutamate in different regions following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in adult rats. Neuroscience. 1999;89:649-59.
30. Levy JH, Pifarre R, Schaff HV, et al. A multicenter, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of aprotinin for reducing blood loss and the requirement for donor-blood transfusion in patients undergoing repeat coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation. 1995;92:2236-44.
31. Mangano DT, Tudor IC, Dietzel C, et al. The risk associated with aprotinin in cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2007;354:353-65.
32. Fergusson DA, Hebert PC, Mazer CD, et al. A comparison of aprotinin and lysine analogues in high-risk cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2319-31.
33. Evans DE, Kobrine AI, LeGrys DC, Bradley ME. Protective effect of lidocaine in acute cerebral ischemia induced by air embolism. J Neurosurg. 1984;60:257-63.
34. Evans DE, Catton PW, McDermott JJ, Thomas LB, Kobrine AI, Flynn ET. Effect of lidocaine after experimental cerebral ischemia induced by air embolism. J Neurosurg. 1989;70:97-102.
35. Gelb AW, Steinberg GK, Lam AM, Manninen PH, Peerless SJ, Rassi-Neto A. The effects of a prophylactic dose of lidocaine in focal cerebral ischemia. Can J Anaesth. 1988;35:480-93.
36. Nagao S, Murota T, Momma F, Kuyama H, Nishimoto A. The effect of intravenous lidocaine on experimental brain edema and neural activities. J Trauma. 1988;28:1650-5. (Pubitemid 19027090)
37. Sutherland G, Ong BY, Louw D, Sima AAF. Effect of lidocaine on forebrain ischemia in rabbits. Stroke. 1989;20:119-22. (Pubitemid 19040224)
38. Lantos J, Sarosi I, Temes G, Torok B. Influence of protective drugs on the EEG during short-term transient ischemia. Acta Physiol Hung. 1990a;75:217-27. (Pubitemid 20247745)
39. Rasool N, Faroqui M, Rubenstein EH. Lidocaine accelerates neuroelectric recovery after incomplete global ischemia in rabbits. Stroke. 1990;21:929-35. (Pubitemid 20209721)
40. Shokunbi MT, Gelb AW, Wu XM, Miller DJ. Continuous lidocaine infusion and focal feline cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1990;21:107-11.
41. Dutka AJ, Mink R, McDermott JJ, Clark JB, Hallenbeck JM. Effect of lidocaine on somatosensory evoked response and cerebral blood flow after canine cerebral air embolism. Stroke. 1992;70:1515-21.
42. Ayad M, Verity MA, Rubinstein EH. Lidocaine delays cortical ischemic depolarization: relationship to electrophysiologic recovery and neuropathology. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1994;6:98-110.
43. Fujitani T, Adachi N, Miyazaki H, et al. Lidocaine protects hippocampal neurons against ischemic damage by preventing increase of extracellular excitatory amino acids: a microdialysis study in Mongo lian gerbils. Neurosci Lett. 1994;179:91-4.
44. Mizunuma T, Ohta S, Suzuki M. Subarachnoid administration of lidocaine reduces delayed neuronal damage due to forebrain ischemia in rats. Masui. 1996;45:421-7. (Pubitemid 26154395)
45. Lei B, Cottrell JE, Kass IS. Neuroprotective effect of low-dose lidocaine in a rat model of transient focal ischemia. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:445-51. (Pubitemid 32720735)
46. Lei B, Popp S, Capuano-Waters C, Cottrell JE, Kass IS. Effects of delayed administration of low-dose lidocaine on transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:1534-40. (Pubitemid 35417454)
47. Lei B, Popp S, Capuano-Waters C, Cottrell JE, Kass IS. Lidocaine attenuates apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra and reduces infarct size after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neuroscience. 2004;125:691-701.
48. Montcalm-Smith EA, Fahlman A, Kayar SR. Pharmacological interventions to decompression sickness in rats: Comparison of five agents. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2008;79:7-13.
49. Shokunbi MT, Gelb AW, Peerless SJ, Mervant M, Floyd P. An evaluation of the effect of lidocaine on experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1986;17:962-6.
50. Warner DS, Godersky JC, Smith M-L. Failure of pre-ischemic lidocaine administration to ameliorate global ischemic brain damage in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1988;63:73-8.
51. Broome JR, Dick EJ. Neurological decompression illness in swine. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1996;67:207-13.
52. Urenjak J, Obrenovitch TP. Pharmacological modulation of voltage-gated Na+ channels: A rational and effective strategy against ischemic brain damage. Pharmacol Rev. 1996;48:21-67. (Pubitemid 126639237)
53. Small DL, Buchan AM. Mechanisms of cerebral ischemia: Intracellualr cascades and therapeutic interventions. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1996;10:139-46.
54. Helps SC, Meyer-Witting M, Reilly PL, Gorman DF. Increasing doses of intracarotid air and cerebral blood flow in rabbits. Stroke. 1990;21:1340-5.
55. Fried E, Amorim P, Chambers G, Cottrell JE, Kass IS. The importance of sodium for anoxic transmission damage in rat hippocompal slices: Mechanisms of protection by lidocaine. J Physiol. 1995;489:557-65.
56. Sakabe T, Maekawa T, Ishikawa T, Takeshita H. The effects of lidocaine on canine cerebral metabolism and circulation related to the EEG. Anesthesiology. 1974;40:433-41.
57. Nishina K, Mikawa K, Takao Y, Shiga M, Maekawa N, Obara H. Intravenous lidocaine attenuates acute lung injury induced by hydrochloric acid aspiration in rabbits. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:1300-9.
58. Luostarinen V, Evers H, Lyytikainen M-T, Scheinin A, Wahlen A. Antithrombotic effects of lidocaine and related compounds on laser induced microvascular injury. Acta Anesthesiol Scand. 1981;25:9-11.
59. Helps SC, Gorman DF. Air embolism of the brain in rabbits pretreated with mechlorethamine. Stroke. 1991;22:351-4.
60. Schmid-Schonbein GW. Capillary plugging by granulocytes and the no-reflow phenomenon in the microcirculation. Fed Proc. 1987;46:2397-401.
61. Drewry A, Gorman DF. Lidocaine as an adjunct to hyperbaric therapy in decompression illness: A case report. Undersea Biomed Res. 1992;19:187-90.
62. Cogar WB. Intravenous lidocaine as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of decompression illness. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;29:284-6.
63. Mitchell SJ, Benson M, Vadlamudi L, Miller P. Arterial gas embolism by helium: An unusual case successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen and lidocaine. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;35:300-3.
64. Mitchell SJ, Pellett O, Gorman DF. Cerebral protection by lidocaine during cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:1117-24. (Pubitemid 29238304)
65. Wang D, Wu X, Li J, Xiao F, Liu X, Meng M. The effect of lidocaine on early postoperative cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:1134-41. (Pubitemid 35239094)
66. Mathew JP, Grocott HP, Phillips-Bute B, Newman MF. Lidocaine does not prevent cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Heart Surg Forum. 2004;7:E621.
67. Mitchell SJ, Merry AF, Frampton C, et al. Cerebral protection by lidocaine during cardiac operations: A follow-up study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009: In press.