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Volumn 93, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 1535-1559

Dissents against type

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EID: 68249159705     PISSN: 00265535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (4)

References (89)
  • 1
    • 26844457408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signatures of Ideology: The Case of the Supreme Court's Criminal Docket, 104
    • See
    • See Ward Farnsworth, Signatures of Ideology: The Case of the Supreme Court's Criminal Docket, 104 MICH. L. REV. 67, 88-96, 99-100 (2005).
    • (2005) MICH. L. REV , vol.67 , Issue.88-96 , pp. 99-100
    • Farnsworth, W.1
  • 2
    • 68249147281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. at 71
    • See id. at 71.
  • 3
    • 68249150429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id. at 69-73.
    • See id. at 69-73.
  • 4
    • 68249150430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See id
    • See id.
  • 5
    • 37749052519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Use and Limits of Martin-Quinn Scores to Assess Supreme Court Justices, with Special Attention to the Problem of Ideological Drift, 101
    • See
    • See Ward Farnsworth, The Use and Limits of Martin-Quinn Scores to Assess Supreme Court Justices, with Special Attention to the Problem of Ideological Drift, 101 NW. U. L. REV. 1891, 1892-96 (2007).
    • (2007) NW. U. L. REV. 1891 , pp. 1892-1896
    • Farnsworth, W.1
  • 6
    • 84973969541 scopus 로고
    • Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices, 83 AM. POL
    • See
    • See Jeffrey A. Segal & Albert D. Cover, Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices, 83 AM. POL. SCI. REV. 557, 559-61 (1989).
    • (1989) SCI. REV , vol.557 , pp. 559-561
    • Segal, J.A.1    Cover, A.D.2
  • 7
    • 68249142645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 68-73
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 68-73.
  • 8
    • 68249151885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The data for this study-the data used to create the graphs and to make the other numerical findings mentioned later-were derived from the United States Supreme Court Judicial Database at Michigan State University, which was created by Howard Spaeth. The basic method was to seek out all cases in the career of each Justice (through the end of October Term 2007) that involved criminal law in any form. The results from the Spaeth database were then checked against various datasets compiled by hand to help guard against omissions that might otherwise result. For an expanded discussion, see Farnsworth, supra note 1; at 68 n.7.
    • The data for this study-the data used to create the graphs and to make the other numerical findings mentioned later-were derived from the United States Supreme Court Judicial Database at Michigan State University, which was created by Howard Spaeth. The basic method was to seek out all cases in the career of each Justice (through the end of October Term 2007) that involved criminal law in any form. The results from the Spaeth database were then checked against various datasets compiled by hand to help guard against omissions that might otherwise result. For an expanded discussion, see Farnsworth, supra note 1; at 68 n.7.
  • 9
    • 68249136516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 91-96
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 91-96.
  • 10
    • 68249141112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rehnquist joined the Court as an Associate Justice on January 7, 1972, became Chief Justice on September 26, 1986, and died on September 3, 2005. Douglas W. Kmiec, Overview of the Term: The Rule of Law & Roberts's Revolution of Restraint, 34 PEPP. L. REV. 495, 509 n.90 (2007).
    • Rehnquist joined the Court as an Associate Justice on January 7, 1972, became Chief Justice on September 26, 1986, and died on September 3, 2005. Douglas W. Kmiec, Overview of the Term: The Rule of Law & Roberts's Revolution of Restraint, 34 PEPP. L. REV. 495, 509 n.90 (2007).
  • 11
    • 68249138041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 69
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 69.
  • 12
    • 68249150427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The process of generating and searching data for this purpose leaves room for an individual case to be missed if its coding in the Spaeth database is unexpected or idiosyncratic in some way. If any reader knows of a constitutional case in which Justice Rehnquist did dissent for a defendant, kindly forward it to the author's attention
    • The process of generating and searching data for this purpose leaves room for an individual case to be missed if its coding in the Spaeth database is unexpected or idiosyncratic in some way. If any reader knows of a constitutional case in which Justice Rehnquist did dissent for a defendant, kindly forward it to the author's attention.
  • 13
    • 33644697469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Marshall Court and the Originalisťs Dilemma, 90
    • describing Chief Justice Rehnquist as among the Court's most ardent proponents of originalism as a methodology of constitutional interpretation, See
    • See Peter J. Smith, The Marshall Court and the Originalisťs Dilemma, 90 MINN. L. REV. 612, 669 (2006) (describing Chief Justice Rehnquist as among the Court's "most ardent proponents of originalism as a methodology of constitutional interpretation").
    • (2006) MINN. L. REV , vol.612 , pp. 669
    • Smith, P.J.1
  • 14
    • 68249133462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Deck v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 633-35 (2005) (joining a majority opinion holding that the use of visible restraints before a jury violates due process); Smith v. Texas, 543 U.S. 37, 48 (2004) (per curiam) (agreeing with the majority opinion that a nullification instruction failed to allow the jury to fully consider mitigating evidence); Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 534-38 (2003) (agreeing that counsel's failure to investigate mitigating evidence beyond a presentence report violated the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel).
    • See, e.g., Deck v. Missouri, 544 U.S. 622, 633-35 (2005) (joining a majority opinion holding that the use of visible restraints before a jury violates due process); Smith v. Texas, 543 U.S. 37, 48 (2004) (per curiam) (agreeing with the majority opinion that a nullification instruction failed to allow the jury to fully consider mitigating evidence); Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 534-38 (2003) (agreeing that counsel's failure to investigate mitigating evidence beyond a presentence report violated the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel).
  • 15
    • 68249150428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Earl M. Maltz, Introduction to REHNQUIST JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE COURT DYNAMIC 1, 5 (Earl M. Maltz ed., 2003) (defining originalism as a theory of constitutional interpretation whereby the Constitution's meaning is fixed by the original understanding of its language).
    • See Earl M. Maltz, Introduction to REHNQUIST JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE COURT DYNAMIC 1, 5 (Earl M. Maltz ed., 2003) (defining "originalism" as a theory of constitutional interpretation whereby the Constitution's meaning is fixed by the "original understanding" of its language).
  • 16
    • 84869567497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 245-49 (2001, Stevens, J, dissenting, Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184, 200-05 (1998, Scalia, J, dissenting, Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 139-50 (1998, Ginsburg, J, dissenting, Rogers v. United States, 522 U.S. 252, 260-61 (1998, Kennedy, J, dissenting, United States v. O'Hagan, 521 U.S. 642, 680-701 (1997, Thomas, J, concurring in part, dissenting in part, Evans v. United States, 504 U.S. 255, 278-97 (1992, Thomas, J, dissenting, United States v. Yermian, 468 U.S. 63, 75-84 (1984, Rehnquist, J, dissenting, Dixson v. United States, 465 U.S. 482, 501-12 1984, O'Connor, J, dissenting, Justice Rehnquisťs dissents are not always his own dissenting opinions, but include those authored by other Justices. I use this terminology throughout the Article
    • See Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 245-49 (2001) (Stevens, J., dissenting); Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184, 200-05 (1998) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 139-50 (1998) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting); Rogers v. United States, 522 U.S. 252, 260-61 (1998) (Kennedy, J., dissenting); United States v. O'Hagan, 521 U.S. 642, 680-701 (1997) (Thomas, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part); Evans v. United States, 504 U.S. 255, 278-97 (1992) (Thomas, J., dissenting); United States v. Yermian, 468 U.S. 63, 75-84 (1984) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting); Dixson v. United States, 465 U.S. 482, 501-12 (1984) (O'Connor, J., dissenting). Justice Rehnquisťs "dissents" are not always his own dissenting opinions, but include those authored by other Justices. I use this terminology throughout the Article.
  • 17
    • 68249159311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 72-73, 97-99
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 72-73, 97-99.
  • 18
    • 68249133463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cf. id. at 97 (The best explanation probably is that substantive cases, unlike almost all the others, don't involve an underlying trade-off between accuracy and its costs.).
    • Cf. id. at 97 ("The best explanation probably is that substantive cases, unlike almost all the others, don't involve an underlying trade-off between accuracy and its costs.").
  • 19
    • 68249144101 scopus 로고
    • S
    • See 445 U.S. 360, 371, 374 (1980).
    • (1980) See , vol.445 , Issue.U
  • 20
    • 68249157831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 374
    • Id. at 374.
  • 21
    • 84869553505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evans, 504 U.S. at 278-97 (Thomas, J., dissenting); Dixson, 465 U.S. at 501-12 (O'Connor, J., dissenting); Gilłock, 445 U.S. at 374 (Rehnquist, J., dissenting).
    • Evans, 504 U.S. at 278-97 (Thomas, J., dissenting); Dixson, 465 U.S. at 501-12 (O'Connor, J., dissenting); Gilłock, 445 U.S. at 374 (Rehnquist, J., dissenting).
  • 22
    • 68249154588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States v. O'Hagan, 521 U.S. 642, 680-701 (1997) (Thomas, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
    • United States v. O'Hagan, 521 U.S. 642, 680-701 (1997) (Thomas, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
  • 23
    • 68249147277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States v. Yermian, 468 U.S. 63, 75-84 (1984) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting).
    • United States v. Yermian, 468 U.S. 63, 75-84 (1984) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting).
  • 24
    • 68249160535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barrett v. United States, 423 U.S. 212, 228-32 (1976) (Stewart, J., dissenting).
    • Barrett v. United States, 423 U.S. 212, 228-32 (1976) (Stewart, J., dissenting).
  • 25
    • 68249147276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 139-50 (1998) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
    • Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 139-50 (1998) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
  • 26
    • 68249147275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers v. United States, 522 U.S. 252, 260-61 (1998) (Kennedy, J., dissenting).
    • Rogers v. United States, 522 U.S. 252, 260-61 (1998) (Kennedy, J., dissenting).
  • 27
    • 68249156338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184, 200-05 (1998) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184, 200-05 (1998) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 28
    • 68249151884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 245-49 (2001) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
    • Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 245-49 (2001) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
  • 29
    • 68249142640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States v. Pa. Indus. Chem. Corp., 411 U.S. 655, 675 (1973) (Burger, C.J., dissenting).
    • United States v. Pa. Indus. Chem. Corp., 411 U.S. 655, 675 (1973) (Burger, C.J., dissenting).
  • 30
    • 68249148901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192, 209-10 (1991) (Blackmun, J., dissenting) (tax evasion); Williams v. United States, 458 U.S. 279, 292-306 (1982) (Marshall, J., dissenting) (check kiting scheme); Chiarella v. United States, 445 U.S. 222, 245-52 (1980) (Blackmun, J., dissenting) (securities fraud).
    • Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192, 209-10 (1991) (Blackmun, J., dissenting) (tax evasion); Williams v. United States, 458 U.S. 279, 292-306 (1982) (Marshall, J., dissenting) (check kiting scheme); Chiarella v. United States, 445 U.S. 222, 245-52 (1980) (Blackmun, J., dissenting) (securities fraud).
  • 31
    • 68249145802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duro v. Reina, 495 U.S. 676, 698-710 (1990) (Brennan, J., dissenting); Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191, 212 (1978) (Marshall, J., dissenting).
    • Duro v. Reina, 495 U.S. 676, 698-710 (1990) (Brennan, J., dissenting); Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191, 212 (1978) (Marshall, J., dissenting).
  • 32
    • 68249138036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guam v. Olsen, 431 U.S. 195, 204-08 (1977) (Marshall, J., dissenting).
    • Guam v. Olsen, 431 U.S. 195, 204-08 (1977) (Marshall, J., dissenting).
  • 33
    • 68249136511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 381 U.S. 532, 601-16 (1965) (Stewart, J., dissenting).
    • 381 U.S. 532, 601-16 (1965) (Stewart, J., dissenting).
  • 34
    • 68249134962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 614
    • Id. at 614.
  • 35
    • 68249136515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams v. United States, 458 U.S. 279, 292-306 (1982) (Marshall, J., dissenting); Adamo Wrecking Co. v. United States, 434 U.S. 275, 291-93 (1978) (Stewart, J., dissenting) (prosecution under Clean Air Act); United States v. Maze, 414 U.S. 395, 408-17 (1974) (White, J., dissenting) (credit card fraud scheme); United States v. Johnson, 383 U.S. 169, 186-89 (1966) (Warren, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part) (prosecution of politician for conspiracy).
    • Williams v. United States, 458 U.S. 279, 292-306 (1982) (Marshall, J., dissenting); Adamo Wrecking Co. v. United States, 434 U.S. 275, 291-93 (1978) (Stewart, J., dissenting) (prosecution under Clean Air Act); United States v. Maze, 414 U.S. 395, 408-17 (1974) (White, J., dissenting) (credit card fraud scheme); United States v. Johnson, 383 U.S. 169, 186-89 (1966) (Warren, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part) (prosecution of politician for conspiracy).
  • 36
    • 68249134960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For discussion of Stevens's ideology and its development over time, see Ward Farnsworth, Realism, Pragmatism, and John Paul Stevens, in REHN-QUIST JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE COURT DYNAMIC, supra note 15, at 157.
    • For discussion of Stevens's ideology and its development over time, see Ward Farnsworth, Realism, Pragmatism, and John Paul Stevens, in REHN-QUIST JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE COURT DYNAMIC, supra note 15, at 157.
  • 37
    • 68249147278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 514 U.S. 549, 615-44 (1995) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
    • 514 U.S. 549, 615-44 (1995) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
  • 38
    • 84888491658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 922q, 2006
    • 18 U.S.C. § 922(q) (2006).
    • 18 U.S.C
  • 39
    • 68249139629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See United States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310, 319-24 (1990) (Stevens, J., dissenting); Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 436-37 (1989) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
    • See United States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310, 319-24 (1990) (Stevens, J., dissenting); Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 436-37 (1989) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
  • 40
    • 84869553488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., McCormick v. United States, 500 U.S. 257, 280-90 (1991) (Stevens, J., dissenting) (prosecution of a state politician under the Hobbs Act); United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 438 U.S. 422, 474-77 (1978) (Stevens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part) (antitrust prosecution); United States v. LaSalle Naťl Bank, 437 U.S. 298, 319-21 (1978) (Stewart, J., dissenting) (prosecution of a bank for tax offenses).
    • See, e.g., McCormick v. United States, 500 U.S. 257, 280-90 (1991) (Stevens, J., dissenting) (prosecution of a state politician under the Hobbs Act); United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 438 U.S. 422, 474-77 (1978) (Stevens, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part) (antitrust prosecution); United States v. LaSalle Naťl Bank, 437 U.S. 298, 319-21 (1978) (Stewart, J., dissenting) (prosecution of a bank for tax offenses).
  • 41
    • 68249161765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 496 U.S. 582, 606-08 (1990) (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
    • 496 U.S. 582, 606-08 (1990) (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
  • 42
    • 68249154589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 533 U.S. 27, 41-51 (2001) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
    • 533 U.S. 27, 41-51 (2001) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
  • 43
    • 68249153118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For other, earlier examples, see Robbins v. California, 453 U.S. 420, 444-53 (1981) (Stevens, J., dissenting) (advocating for a broader automobile exception to the Fourth Amendment than the one adopted by the majority) and Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 620-36 (1976) (Stevens, J., dissenting) (arguing that using silence after Miranda warnings against defendants should be allowed).
    • For other, earlier examples, see Robbins v. California, 453 U.S. 420, 444-53 (1981) (Stevens, J., dissenting) (advocating for a broader "automobile exception" to the Fourth Amendment than the one adopted by the majority) and Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 620-36 (1976) (Stevens, J., dissenting) (arguing that using silence after Miranda warnings against defendants should be allowed).
  • 44
    • 68249142644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. 405
    • Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 405-10 (2005).
    • (2005) Caballes , vol.543 , pp. 405-410
    • Illinois, V.1
  • 45
    • 68249145804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Michigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692, 692-706 (1981).
    • Michigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692, 692-706 (1981).
  • 46
    • 68249145803 scopus 로고
    • U.S. 35
    • California v. Greenwood, 486 U.S. 35, 35-45 (1988).
    • (1988) Greenwood , vol.486 , pp. 35-45
    • California, V.1
  • 47
    • 68249144098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 817-40 (1984) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
    • Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 817-40 (1984) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
  • 48
    • 68249144102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 115-24 (1977) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
    • Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 115-24 (1977) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
  • 49
    • 68249161766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 36, at 167
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 36, at 167.
  • 50
    • 68249141110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 69
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 69.
  • 51
    • 68249138035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is true even in his dissents on substantive matters. In Holloway v. United States, 526 U.S. 1, 12-22 (1999, for example, the defendant had put a gun in the face of a driver and told him to get out of the car so he could steal it. Holloway hadn't wanted to shoot the driver and didn't, but would have done so if the driver had given him a 'hard time. The question was whether, on these facts, Holloway had an intent to cause death or great bodily harm. The majority said that he did; Scalia dissented, saying the statute was ambiguous and that the ambiguity should be resolved in Holloway's favor. Holloway was far from being a white-collar defendant
    • This is true even in his dissents on substantive matters. In Holloway v. United States, 526 U.S. 1, 12-22 (1999), for example, the defendant had put a gun in the face of a driver and told him to get out of the car so he could steal it. Holloway hadn't wanted to shoot the driver (and didn't), but would have done so if the driver had given him a 'hard time." The question was whether, on these facts, Holloway had an "intent to cause death or great bodily harm." The majority said that he did; Scalia dissented, saying the statute was ambiguous and that the ambiguity should be resolved in Holloway's favor. Holloway was far from being a white-collar defendant.
  • 52
    • 68249151883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Day v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 198, 212-19 (2006) (Scalia, J., dissenting) (arguing that a complaint about the untimeliness of a habeas corpus petition should be considered waived if not pressed by the state); Johnson v. United States, 544 U.S. 295, 312-19 (2005) (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (arguing that the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act does not require due diligence in seeking vacatur of a state conviction); United States v. Rodriguez-Moreno, 526 U.S. 275, 282-85 (1999) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Peretz v. United States, 501 U.S. 923, 952-56 (1991) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • See Day v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 198, 212-19 (2006) (Scalia, J., dissenting) (arguing that a complaint about the untimeliness of a habeas corpus petition should be considered waived if not pressed by the state); Johnson v. United States, 544 U.S. 295, 312-19 (2005) (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (arguing that the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act does not require due diligence in seeking vacatur of a state conviction); United States v. Rodriguez-Moreno, 526 U.S. 275, 282-85 (1999) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Peretz v. United States, 501 U.S. 923, 952-56 (1991) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 53
    • 68249133461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 59-71 (1991) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 59-71 (1991) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 54
    • 68249154590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Braswell v. United States, 487 U.S. 99, 119-30 (1988) (Kennedy, J., dissenting).
    • Braswell v. United States, 487 U.S. 99, 119-30 (1988) (Kennedy, J., dissenting).
  • 55
    • 68249151887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indiana v. Edwards, 128 S. Ct. 2379, 2389-94 (2008) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 860-70 (1990) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Indiana v. Edwards, 128 S. Ct. 2379, 2389-94 (2008) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 860-70 (1990) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 56
    • 68249150425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rogers v. Tennessee, 532 U.S. 451, 467-81 (2001) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Rogers v. Tennessee, 532 U.S. 451, 467-81 (2001) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 57
    • 68249133460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States v. Lara, 541 U.S. 193, 226-31 (2004) (Souter, J., dissenting); Jones v. Thomas, 491 U.S. 376, 388-96 (1989) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • United States v. Lara, 541 U.S. 193, 226-31 (2004) (Souter, J., dissenting); Jones v. Thomas, 491 U.S. 376, 388-96 (1989) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 58
    • 68249136512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 30-40 (1999) (Scalia, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part); Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 248-71 (1998) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 30-40 (1999) (Scalia, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part); Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 248-71 (1998) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 59
    • 68249136513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 530 U.S. 466, 468 (2000).
    • 530 U.S. 466, 468 (2000).
  • 60
    • 68249144099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 500 U.S. 44, 47 (1991).
    • 500 U.S. 44, 47 (1991).
  • 61
    • 68249134961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 59-71 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Id. at 59-71 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 62
    • 68249151888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 497 U.S. 836, 843 (1990).
    • 497 U.S. 836, 843 (1990).
  • 63
    • 68249161767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 860-70 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Id. at 860-70 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 64
    • 68249153121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 491 U.S. 376, 388-96 (1989) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • 491 U.S. 376, 388-96 (1989) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 65
    • 68249138037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 532 U.S. 451, 467-81 (2001) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • 532 U.S. 451, 467-81 (2001) (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 66
    • 68249142643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 67
    • 68249145805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 69
    • See Farnsworth, supra note 1, at 69.
  • 68
    • 68249144100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 603-14 (1995) (Souter, J., dissenting).
    • United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 603-14 (1995) (Souter, J., dissenting).
  • 69
    • 68249154592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 518 U.S. 81, 114-18 (1996) (Souter, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
    • 518 U.S. 81, 114-18 (1996) (Souter, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
  • 71
    • 84869553473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 116 (Souter, J., dissenting) (quoting U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 5H1.4 (1995)).
    • Id. at 116 (Souter, J., dissenting) (quoting U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES MANUAL § 5H1.4 (1995)).
  • 72
    • 68249147279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Begay v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 1581, 1592-97 (2008) (Alito, J., dissenting) (arguing that driving under the influence of alcohol counts as a serious crime); Hubbard v. United States, 514 U.S. 695, 718-24 (1995) (Rehn-quist, C.J., dissenting) (arguing that the petitioner's conviction under the Federal False Claims Act should have been upheld).
    • Begay v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 1581, 1592-97 (2008) (Alito, J., dissenting) (arguing that driving under the influence of alcohol counts as a "serious" crime); Hubbard v. United States, 514 U.S. 695, 718-24 (1995) (Rehn-quist, C.J., dissenting) (arguing that the petitioner's conviction under the Federal False Claims Act should have been upheld).
  • 73
    • 68249139630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stringer v. Black, 503 U.S. 222, 238-48 (1992) (Souter, J., dissenting); Lankford v. Ohio, 500 U.S. 110, 128-35 (1991) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 302-06 (1991) (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting). I say more or less because Stringer could possibly be characterized as a nonconsti-tutional decision, depending on how one interprets Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989).
    • Stringer v. Black, 503 U.S. 222, 238-48 (1992) (Souter, J., dissenting); Lankford v. Ohio, 500 U.S. 110, 128-35 (1991) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 302-06 (1991) (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting). I say "more or less" because Stringer could possibly be characterized as a nonconsti-tutional decision, depending on how one interprets Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989).
  • 74
    • 68249138040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stringer, 503 U.S. at 224-25 (majority opinion).
    • Stringer, 503 U.S. at 224-25 (majority opinion).
  • 75
    • 68249153120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teague, 489 U.S. at 288.
    • Teague, 489 U.S. at 288.
  • 76
    • 68249138038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 302-06 (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting).
    • Fulminante, 499 U.S. at 302-06 (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting).
  • 77
    • 68249159310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lankford, 500 U.S. at 128-35 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
    • Lankford, 500 U.S. at 128-35 (Scalia, J., dissenting).
  • 78
    • 37749013683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ideological Drift Among Supreme Court Justices: Who, When, and How Important, 101
    • See
    • See Lee Epstein et al., Ideological Drift Among Supreme Court Justices: Who, When, and How Important, 101 Nw. U. L. REV. 1483, 1504-10 (2007).
    • (2007) Nw. U. L. REV , vol.1483 , pp. 1504-1510
    • Epstein, L.1
  • 79
    • 41849104186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the Perils of Drawing Inferences About Supreme Court Justices from Their First Few Years of Service, 91
    • See
    • See Lee Epstein et al., On the Perils of Drawing Inferences About Supreme Court Justices from Their First Few Years of Service, 91 JUDICATURE 168, 168-79 (2008).
    • (2008) JUDICATURE , vol.168 , pp. 168-179
    • Epstein, L.1
  • 80
    • 68249153119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270, 295-311 (2007) (Kennedy, J., dissenting); Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 328-47 (2004) (Breyer, J., dissenting); Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 555-66 (2000) (Breyer, J., dissenting); Jones v. United States, 526 U.S. 227, 254-74 (1999) (Kennedy, J., dissenting).
    • Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270, 295-311 (2007) (Kennedy, J., dissenting); Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 328-47 (2004) (Breyer, J., dissenting); Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 555-66 (2000) (Breyer, J., dissenting); Jones v. United States, 526 U.S. 227, 254-74 (1999) (Kennedy, J., dissenting).
  • 81
    • 68249150426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 28-39 (2005) (O'Connor, J., dissenting); Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 118-19 (1996) (Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
    • Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 28-39 (2005) (O'Connor, J., dissenting); Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 118-19 (1996) (Breyer, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).
  • 82
    • 68249147280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smith v. Massachusetts, 543 U.S. 462, 475-80 (2005) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
    • Smith v. Massachusetts, 543 U.S. 462, 475-80 (2005) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
  • 83
    • 68249145806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 128 S. Ct. 2020, 2035-45 (2008) (Alito, J., dissenting).
    • 128 S. Ct. 2020, 2035-45 (2008) (Alito, J., dissenting).
  • 84
    • 68249161768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nguyen v. United States, 539 U.S. 69, 83-89 (2003) (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting).
    • Nguyen v. United States, 539 U.S. 69, 83-89 (2003) (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting).
  • 85
    • 68249138039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150, 169-76 (1995) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
    • Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150, 169-76 (1995) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
  • 86
    • 68249160538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 87
    • 68249161769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 128 S. Ct. 2678, 2695-709 (2008) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
    • 128 S. Ct. 2678, 2695-709 (2008) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
  • 88
    • 68249156339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id
    • Id.
  • 89
    • 68249141111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 529 U.S. 334, 339-43 (2000) (Breyer, J., dissenting).
    • 529 U.S. 334, 339-43 (2000) (Breyer, J., dissenting).


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