The role of RAS modification for primary and secondary stroke prevention

Postgraduate Medicine

Volumn 121, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 115-122

  Fintel, Dan J ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiotensin 2 type 1 receptor blockers; Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; Hypertension; Renin angiotensin system; Stroke

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ATENOLOL; BENAZEPRIL; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CANDESARTAN HEXETIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; EPROSARTAN; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; INDAPAMIDE; LOSARTAN; NITRENDIPINE; PERINDOPRIL; POTASSIUM; RAMIPRIL; RENIN INHIBITOR; TELMISARTAN; VALSARTAN;

ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; COUGHING; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FOLLOW UP; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MICROALBUMINURIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROTEINURIA; RACE DIFFERENCE; RECURRENT DISEASE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; STROKE;

ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; HUMANS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; RISK FACTORS; STROKE;

EID: 68149178348     PISSN: 00325481     EISSN: 19419260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2009.07.2037     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, et al; American Heart Association Statistics (Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2008;117(4):e25-e146.
2. Hankey GJ, Spiesser J, Hakimi Z, Bego G, Carita P, Gabriel S. Rate, degree, and predictors of recovery from disability following ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2007;68(19).1583-1587. (Pubitemid 46717982)
3. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, et al; American Heart Association; American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 2006;113(24):e873-e923. (Pubitemid 44313581)
4. Schrader J, Kulschewski A, Dendorfer A. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system and prevention of stroke. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2007;7(1):25-37. (Pubitemid 46698513)
5. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903-1913. (Pubitemid 35472129)
6. Neal B, MacMahon NB, Chapman N; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet. 2000;356(9246):1955-1964.
7. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet. 2001;358(9287):1033-1041. (Pubitemid 32925123)
8. Nadar SK, Tayebjee MH, Messerli F, Lip GY. Target organ damage in hypertension: pathophysiology and implications for drug therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(13):1581-1592.
9. Magy L, Vincent F, Faure S, et al. The renin-angiotensin systems: evolving pharmacological perspectives for cerebroprotection. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(25):3275-3291. (Pubitemid 41300777)
10. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Coordinating Committee. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560-2572.
11. Van den Meiracker AH, Man in 't Veld AJ, Admiraal PJ, et al. Partial escape of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition during prolonged ACE inhibitor treatment: does it exist and does it affect the antihypertensive response? J Hypertens. 1992;10(8):803-812.
12. Li M, Liu K, Michalicek J, et al. Involvement of chymase-mediated angiotensin II generation in blood pressure regulation. J Clin Invest. 2004;114(1):112-120. (Pubitemid 39071650)
13. Matchar DB, McCrory DC, Orlando LA, et al. Comparative effectiveness of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARBs) for Treating Essential Hypertension. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 10. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2007. Contract no. 290-02-0025. http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq. gov.reports/final.cfm. Accessed November 7, 2008.
14. Dicpinigaitis PV. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough: ACP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006;129(1 Suppl):169S-173S.
15. Sica DA, Black HR. Current concepts of pharmacotherapy in hypertension: ACE inhibitor-related angioedema: can angiotensin-receptor blockers be safely used? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2002;4(5):375-380.
16. Azizi M, Ménard J. Combined blockade of the rennin-angiotensin system with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists. Circulation. 2004;109(21):2492-2499. (Pubitemid 38720545)
17. Van Tassell BW, Munger MA. Aliskiren for renin inhibition: a new class of antihypertensives. Ann Pharmacother. 2007;41(3):456-464. (Pubitemid 46536037)
18. Zhou Y, Yu F, Ene AR, Catanzar DF. Telmisartan ramipril combination therapy reduces strokes and improves cardiac and renal protection in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2007;1:423-432. (Pubitemid 350183000)
19. Takada J, Ibayashi S, Ooboshi H, et al. Valsartan improves the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation in rats. Hypertens Res. 2006;29(8):621-626. (Pubitemid 44430471)
20. Ando H, Zhou J, Macova M, Imboden H, Saavedra JM. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade reverses pathological hypertrophy and inflammation in brain microvessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke. 2004;35(7):1726-1731. (Pubitemid 38823655)
21. Ito T, Yamakawa H, Bregonzio C, Terrón JA, Falcón-Neri A, Saavedra JM. Protection against ischemia and improvement of cerebral blood flow in genetically hypertensive rats by chronic pretreatment with an angiotensin II AT1 antagonist. Stroke. 2002;33(9):2297-2303. (Pubitemid 35014646)
22. Chrysant SG. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms supporting the superior stroke protection of angiotensin receptor blockers compared to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: clinical and experimental evidence. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19(12):923-931.
23. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G; The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):145-153.
24. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288(23):2981-2997.
25. Marre M, Lievre M, Chatellier G, Mann JF, Passa P, Ménard J; DIABHYCAR Study Investigators. Effects of low dose ramipril on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and raised excretion of urinary albumin: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial (the DIABHYCAR study). BMJ. 2004;328(7441):445-500. (Pubitemid 38293609)
26. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE et al; HYVET Study Group. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(18):1887-1898.
27. Dahl̈f B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al; ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering ARM (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9489):895-906.
28. Jamerson KA; ACCOMPLISH Investigators. Avoiding cardiovascular events in combination therapy in patients livin with systolic hypertension. Presented at: American College of Cardiology 57th Annual Scientific Sessions; Chicago, IL: March 29-April 1, 2008.
29. Dahlöf B, Devereux, RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al: LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):995-1003.
30. Kjeldsen SE, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, et al; LIFE (Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction) Study Group. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: a Losanan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA. 2002;288(12):1491-1498.
31. Devereux RB, Dahlöf B. Potential mechanisms of stroke benefit favoring losartan in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(2):443-457. (Pubitemid 46333392)
32. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al; SCOPE Study Group. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE); principal results of a randomized, double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens. 2003;21(5):875-886. (Pubitemid 36677151)
33. Papademetriou V, Farsang C, Elmfeldt D, et al; Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly Study Group. Stroke prevention with the angiotensin II type 1-receptor blocker candesartan in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension: the Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(6):1175-1180.
34. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al; VALUE Trial Group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363(9426):2022-2031.
35. Julius S, Weber MA, Kjeldsen SE, et al. The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation (VALUE) trial: outcomes in patients receiving monotherapy. Hypertension. 2006;48(3):385-391. (Pubitemid 44253730)
36. Mochizuki S, Dahlöf B, Shimizu M, et al; Jikei Heart Study Group. Valsartan in a Japanese population with hypertension and other cardiovascular disease (Jikei Heart Study): a randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint morbidity-mortality study. Lancet. 2007;369(3571):1431-1439.
37. Staessen JA, Richart T. Sum and substance in the Jikei Heart Study. Lancet. 2007;369(9571):1407-1408. (Pubitemid 46635762)
38. Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, et al; Telmisartan Randomised Assessment Study in ACE-Intolerant Subjects With Cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9644):1174- 1183.
39. Ripley TL, Harrison D. The power to TRANSCEND. Lancet. 2008;372(9644):1128-1130.
40. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al: ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(15):1547-1559.
41. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, et al; Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors Study Group. The ACCESS Study: evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke. 2003;34(7):1699-1703.
42. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, et al; MOSES Study Group. Morbidity and Mortality After Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke. 2005;36(6):1218-1226.
43. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, et al; PRoFESS Study Group. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent strokes and cardiac events. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(12):1223- 1237.