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Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 410-451

Arendt's children: Do today's migrant children have a right to have rights?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD HEALTH; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL LAW; MIGRATORY POPULATION;

EID: 68149167724     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0072     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (111)

References (172)
  • 1
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    • HANNAH ARENDT, THE ORIGINS OF TOTALITARIANISM 291-92, 293 (1966).
    • HANNAH ARENDT, THE ORIGINS OF TOTALITARIANISM 291-92, 293 (1966).
  • 2
    • 68149121318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, adopted 28 Sep. 1954, art. 1(1), 360 U.N.T.S. 117 (entered into force 6 Jun. 1960).
    • Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, adopted 28 Sep. 1954, art. 1(1), 360 U.N.T.S. 117 (entered into force 6 Jun. 1960).
  • 3
    • 68149093448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted 10 Dec. 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. GAOR, 3d Sess. (Resolutions, pt. 1), at 71, art. 15, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948), reprinted in 43 AM. J. INT'L L. 127 (Supp. 1949).
    • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted 10 Dec. 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. GAOR, 3d Sess. (Resolutions, pt. 1), at 71, art. 15, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948), reprinted in 43 AM. J. INT'L L. 127 (Supp. 1949).
  • 4
    • 68149140469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, art. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976).
    • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, art. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976).
  • 5
    • 68149083918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), adopted 20 Nov. 1989, G.A. Res. 44/25, U.N. GAOR, 44th Sess., Supp. No. 49, arts. 6, 7, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989) (entered into force 2 Sept. 1990), reprinted in 28 I.L.M. 1448 (1989).
    • Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), adopted 20 Nov. 1989, G.A. Res. 44/25, U.N. GAOR, 44th Sess., Supp. No. 49, arts. 6, 7, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989) (entered into force 2 Sept. 1990), reprinted in 28 I.L.M. 1448 (1989).
  • 6
    • 68149177644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U. N. HIGH COMM'R FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR), STATISTICAL YEARBOOk 2006: TRENDS IN DISPLACEMENT, PROTECTION AND SOLUTIONS 7 (Dec. 2007), available at http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/STATISTICS/478cda572.html (figures disaggregated for child statelessness are not available).
    • U. N. HIGH COMM'R FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR), STATISTICAL YEARBOOk 2006: TRENDS IN DISPLACEMENT, PROTECTION AND SOLUTIONS 7 (Dec. 2007), available at http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/STATISTICS/478cda572.html (figures disaggregated for child statelessness are not available).
  • 7
    • 68149143436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNHCR, PROTECTING REFUGEES & THE ROLE OF UNHCR 2007-08, at 31 (Sept. 2007), available at http://www.unhcr.org/basics/BASICS/4034b6a34.pdf (emphasis added).
    • UNHCR, PROTECTING REFUGEES & THE ROLE OF UNHCR 2007-08, at 31 (Sept. 2007), available at http://www.unhcr.org/basics/BASICS/4034b6a34.pdf (emphasis added).
  • 8
    • 68149111587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The UNICEF Innocenti Research Center cites an estimate that 36 percent of all births are unregistered. INNOCENTI RESEARCH CTR., UNICEF, BIRTH REGISTRATION AND ARMED CONFLICT 2 (2007), available at http://www.unicef-irc.org/ publications/pdf/insight-br-eng.pdf. In some countries, the figures of unregistered births are even higher; in Bangladesh, for example, only 7-10 percent of children have their birth registered. ASIAN DEV. BANK, LEGAL IDENTITY FOR INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT vii (Caroline Vandenabeele & Christine V. Lao eds., June 2007).
    • The UNICEF Innocenti Research Center cites an estimate that 36 percent of all births are unregistered. INNOCENTI RESEARCH CTR., UNICEF, BIRTH REGISTRATION AND ARMED CONFLICT 2 (2007), available at http://www.unicef-irc.org/ publications/pdf/insight-br-eng.pdf. In some countries, the figures of unregistered births are even higher; in Bangladesh, for example, only 7-10 percent of children have their birth registered. ASIAN DEV. BANK, LEGAL IDENTITY FOR INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT vii (Caroline Vandenabeele & Christine V. Lao eds., June 2007).
  • 9
    • 34547482002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Others have also explored the statelessness of some groups of citizens. Audrey Macklin has an interesting discussion of the internally displaced person (IDP) as the embodiment of the citizen without a state. Audrey Macklin, Who is the Citizen's Other? Considering the Heft of Citizenship, 8 THEORETICAL INQUIRIES IN L. 333, 353 (2007).
    • Others have also explored the statelessness of some groups of citizens. Audrey Macklin has an interesting discussion of the internally displaced person (IDP) as the embodiment of "the citizen without a state." Audrey Macklin, Who is the Citizen's Other? Considering the Heft of Citizenship, 8 THEORETICAL INQUIRIES IN L. 333, 353 (2007).
  • 10
    • 68149090610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What was true for the interwar and postwar periods described by Arendt is still true today: the number of potentially stateless people is continually on the increase. ARENDT, supra note 1, at 279.
    • What was true for the interwar and postwar periods described by Arendt is still true today: "the number of potentially stateless people is continually on the increase." ARENDT, supra note 1, at 279.
  • 11
    • 68149130455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A suggestive and helpful term which I explore below and owe to personal communications with Elena Rozzi.
    • A suggestive and helpful term which I explore below and owe to personal communications with Elena Rozzi.
  • 12
    • 33645660989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cecilia Menjivar, Liminal Legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan Immigrants' Lives in the United States, 111 AM. J. SOC . 999 (2006); Karen Cebulko, Documented, Undocumented and Somewhere In-Between: The Effects of Documentation Status on Children of Brazilian Immigrants (unpublished paper, on file with author).
    • Cecilia Menjivar, Liminal Legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan Immigrants' Lives in the United States, 111 AM. J. SOC . 999 (2006); Karen Cebulko, Documented, Undocumented and Somewhere "In-Between": The Effects of Documentation Status on Children of Brazilian Immigrants (unpublished paper, on file with author).
  • 13
    • 68149127563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MAE NGAI, IMPOSSIBLE SUBJECTS: ILLEGAL ALIENS AND THE MAKING OF MODERN AMERICA 2 (2004).
    • MAE NGAI, IMPOSSIBLE SUBJECTS: ILLEGAL ALIENS AND THE MAKING OF MODERN AMERICA 2 (2004).
  • 14
    • 68149090609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARENDT, supra note 1, at 270
    • ARENDT, supra note 1, at 270.
  • 15
    • 68149129239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I use the term minor interchangeably with the term child, and follow the definition of a child in Article 1 of the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. CRC, supra note 5, art. 1.
    • I use the term "minor" interchangeably with the term "child," and follow the definition of a child in Article 1 of the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: "a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier." CRC, supra note 5, art. 1.
  • 16
    • 68149115177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LAURA VAN WAAS, IS PERMANENT ILLEGALITY INEVITABLE? THE CHALLENGES TO ENSURING BIRTH REGISTRATION AND THE RIGHTTO A NATIONALITY FOR THE CHILDREN OF IRREGULAR MIGRANTS: THAILAND AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (2006), cited in Laura van Waas, The Children of Stateless Migrants: A Stateless Generation?, 25 NETHERLANDS Q. HUM. RTS. 437 (2007).
    • LAURA VAN WAAS, IS PERMANENT ILLEGALITY INEVITABLE? THE CHALLENGES TO ENSURING BIRTH REGISTRATION AND THE RIGHTTO A NATIONALITY FOR THE CHILDREN OF IRREGULAR MIGRANTS: THAILAND AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (2006), cited in Laura van Waas, The Children of Stateless Migrants: A Stateless Generation?, 25 NETHERLANDS Q. HUM. RTS. 437 (2007).
  • 17
    • 27644489707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James R. Hughes, Exit in Deeply Divided Societies: Regimes of Discrimination in Estonia and Latvia and the Potential for Russophone Migration, 43 J. COMMON MARKET STUD. 739 (2005).
    • James R. Hughes, "Exit" in Deeply Divided Societies: Regimes of Discrimination in Estonia and Latvia and the Potential for Russophone Migration, 43 J. COMMON MARKET STUD. 739 (2005).
  • 18
    • 84869581982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Or the European equivalents, minori stranieri non accompagnati in Italy, mineurs etrangers isolés in France, and menores o niños separados in Spain, for example.
    • Or the European equivalents, "minori stranieri non accompagnati" in Italy, "mineurs etrangers isolés" in France, and "menores o niños separados" in Spain, for example.
  • 19
    • 68149175841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indeed, recent research shows that the fact of non-registration does not, per se, preclude access to certain key state services, such as vaccination and primary education. See ASIAN DEV. BANK, supra note 8, at 5-6.
    • Indeed, recent research shows that the fact of non-registration does not, per se, preclude access to certain key state services, such as vaccination and primary education. See ASIAN DEV. BANK, supra note 8, at 5-6.
  • 20
    • 84869563281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mar., available at
    • UNICEF, POVERTY REDUCTION BEGINS WITH CHILDREN 2, 41 (Mar. 2000), available at http://www.unicef.org/ pub-poverty-reduction-en.pdf.
    • (2000) CHILDREN , vol.2 , pp. 41
  • 21
    • 84869581981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the case of armed conflict, it is true that unaccompanied children are more likely to suffer harm than are accompanied children, according to UN reports. See Impact of Armed Conflict on Children, Report of the Expert of the Secretary-General, Ms. Grac'a Machel, U.N. GAOR, 51st Sess, Provisional Agenda Item 108, ¶¶ 67-69, U.N. Doc. A/51/306 1996
    • In the case of armed conflict, it is true that unaccompanied children are more likely to suffer harm than are accompanied children, according to UN reports. See Impact of Armed Conflict on Children, Report of the Expert of the Secretary-General, Ms. Grac'a Machel, U.N. GAOR, 51st Sess., Provisional Agenda Item 108, ¶¶ 67-69, U.N. Doc. A/51/306 (1996).
  • 23
    • 68149123041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Many nouns and adjectives are used to describe individuals who lack a legal migration status: alien, immigrant, migrant, entrant, noncitizen, foreigner, illegal, unlawful, irregular, and undocumented. The term unauthorized migrant will be preferred here, where accurate (undocumented may not be, e.g., for those who overstay visas), over more value-laden alternatives.
    • Many nouns and adjectives are used to describe individuals who lack a legal migration status: alien, immigrant, migrant, entrant, noncitizen, foreigner, illegal, unlawful, irregular, and undocumented. The term "unauthorized migrant" will be preferred here, where accurate ("undocumented" may not be, e.g., for those who overstay visas), over more value-laden alternatives.
  • 24
    • 68149127559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JEFFREY S. PASSEL, THE SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNAUTHORIZED MIGRANT POPULATION IN THE US: ESTIMATES BASED ON THE MARCH 2005 CURRENT POPULATI ON SURVEY 8 (Mar. 2006), available at http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/61.pdf.
    • JEFFREY S. PASSEL, THE SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNAUTHORIZED MIGRANT POPULATION IN THE US: ESTIMATES BASED ON THE MARCH 2005 CURRENT POPULATI ON SURVEY 8 (Mar. 2006), available at http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/61.pdf.
  • 26
    • 68149121314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JAMES C. SCOTT, SEEING LIKE A STATE: HOW CERTAIN SCHEMES TO IMPROVE THE HUMAN CONDITION HAVE FAILED 76-83 (1998).
    • JAMES C. SCOTT, SEEING LIKE A STATE: HOW CERTAIN SCHEMES TO IMPROVE THE HUMAN CONDITION HAVE FAILED 76-83 (1998).
  • 27
    • 84869580727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communication from the Commission: Towards an EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child, ¶ 1.1, COM (2006) 0367 (4 July 2006).
    • Communication from the Commission: Towards an EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child, ¶ 1.1, COM (2006) 0367 (4 July 2006).
  • 28
    • 68149104086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plyer v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982).
    • Plyer v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982).
  • 29
    • 23044530252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jacqueline Bhabha, Minors or Aliens? Inconsistent State Intervention and Separated Child Asylum-Seekers, 3 EUR. J. MIGRATION & L. 283, 295 (2001).
    • Jacqueline Bhabha, Minors or Aliens? Inconsistent State Intervention and Separated Child Asylum-Seekers, 3 EUR. J. MIGRATION & L. 283, 295 (2001).
  • 30
    • 68149177643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brian Padden, Health Care for Illegal Immigrants in USA Remains Point of Contention, VOA NEWS, 28 Apr. 2006.
    • Brian Padden, Health Care for Illegal Immigrants in USA Remains Point of Contention, VOA NEWS, 28 Apr. 2006.
  • 31
    • 68149127560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PETER H. SCHUCK, CITIZENS, STRANGERS AND IN-BETWEENS: ESSAYS ON IMMIGRATI ON AND CITIZENSHIP 212 (1998).
    • PETER H. SCHUCK, CITIZENS, STRANGERS AND IN-BETWEENS: ESSAYS ON IMMIGRATI ON AND CITIZENSHIP 212 (1998).
  • 32
    • 68149111583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LIZ FEKETE, THEY ARE CHILDREN TOO : A STUDY OF EUROPE'S DEPORTATI ON POLICIES 14 (2007).
    • LIZ FEKETE, THEY ARE CHILDREN TOO : A STUDY OF EUROPE'S DEPORTATI ON POLICIES 14 (2007).
  • 33
  • 34
    • 68149083910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thomas Hammerberg, Comm'r for Human Rights, Council of Europe, Address at the Save the Children Sweden Conference (20 Mar. 2007) (emphasis added).
    • Thomas Hammerberg, Comm'r for Human Rights, Council of Europe, Address at the Save the Children Sweden Conference (20 Mar. 2007) (emphasis added).
  • 35
    • 68149097813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Selmouni v. France, App. No. 25803/94, 29 Eur. H.R. Rep. 403 (1999) (emphasis added). Cases before the European Court of Human Rights are available at http://echr.coe.int/echr/en/hudoc.
    • See Selmouni v. France, App. No. 25803/94, 29 Eur. H.R. Rep. 403 (1999) (emphasis added). Cases before the European Court of Human Rights are available at http://echr.coe.int/echr/en/hudoc.
  • 36
    • 68149106908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MARINE VASSORT, PAROLES D'ERRANCE 13 (2006) (author's translation).
    • MARINE VASSORT, PAROLES D'ERRANCE 13 (2006) (author's translation).
  • 37
    • 68149093444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JACQUELINE BHABHA & NADINE FINCH, SEEKING ASYLUM ALONE: UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN AND REFUGEE PROTECTION IN THE U.K. 56 (Nov. 2006), available at http://www.ilpa.org.uk/ seeking%20asylum%20alone.pdf.
    • JACQUELINE BHABHA & NADINE FINCH, SEEKING ASYLUM ALONE: UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN AND REFUGEE PROTECTION IN THE U.K. 56 (Nov. 2006), available at http://www.ilpa.org.uk/ seeking%20asylum%20alone.pdf.
  • 38
    • 84869581976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In response to the Belgian report, the Committee commented: The Committee is concerned at ⋯ the disparities in the enjoyment of economic and social rights, particularly health and education, experienced by ⋯ non-Belgian children, including unaccompanied minors. Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention: Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Belgium, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on Rts. of the Child, 30th Sess, ¶ 18, U.N. Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.178 2002, Regarding Denmark, the Committee notes that all children who have had their asylum requests rejected but who remain in the country have had their rights to health care and education provided de facto but not de jure. Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention: Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Denmark, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on Rts. of the Chil
    • In response to the Belgian report, the Committee commented: "The Committee is concerned at ⋯ the disparities in the enjoyment of economic and social rights, particularly health and education, experienced by ⋯ non-Belgian children, including unaccompanied minors." Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention: Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Belgium, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on Rts. of the Child, 30th Sess., ¶ 18, U.N. Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.178 (2002). Regarding Denmark, "the Committee notes that all children who have had their asylum requests rejected but who remain in the country have had their rights to health care and education provided de facto but not de jure." Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention: Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Denmark, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on Rts. of the Child, 8th Sess., ¶ 14, U.N. Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.33 (1995). Concerning Italy, the Committee criticized the state's "insufficient data in some areas covered by the Convention," and it expressed concern over "the disparities in the enjoyment of economic and social rights, particularly in the fields of health, social welfare, education and housing, experienced by ⋯ Roma Children, non-Italian children, including unaccompanied minors." Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention: Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Italy, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on Rts. of the Child, 32d Sess., ¶¶ 16, 20, U.N. Doc. CRC/C/15/Add.198 (2003).
  • 39
    • 68149135589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sylvia da Lomba, quoted in RYSZARD CHOLEWINSKI, IRREGULAR MIGRANTS: ACCESS TO MINIMUM SOCIAL RIGHTS 17 (2005).
    • Sylvia da Lomba, quoted in RYSZARD CHOLEWINSKI, IRREGULAR MIGRANTS: ACCESS TO MINIMUM SOCIAL RIGHTS 17 (2005).
  • 40
    • 68149123042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (HRW), NOWHERE TO TURN: STATE ABUSES OF UNACCOMPANIED MIGRANT CHILDREN BY SPAIN AND MOROCCO (May 2002), available at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/spain-morocco/spnmorc0502. pdf (emphasis added).
    • HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (HRW), NOWHERE TO TURN: STATE ABUSES OF UNACCOMPANIED MIGRANT CHILDREN BY SPAIN AND MOROCCO (May 2002), available at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/spain-morocco/spnmorc0502. pdf (emphasis added).
  • 41
    • 84869580086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Siliadin v. France, App. No. 73316/01, ¶¶ 118-21, 2005-VII Eur. Ct. H.R. 333 (2005).
    • Siliadin v. France, App. No. 73316/01, ¶¶ 118-21, 2005-VII Eur. Ct. H.R. 333 (2005).
  • 42
    • 84869580085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶¶ 126-28
    • Id. ¶¶ 126-28.
  • 43
    • 84869581973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 121
    • Id. ¶ 121.
  • 44
    • 84869580080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • James Scott discusses the tension between these two state approaches to categorizing the complexities of social reality by simplification and what he calls seeing like a state, writing that our ideas about citizenship, public-health programs, social security, transportation, communication, universal public education, and equality before the law are all powerfully influenced by state-created, high-modernist simplifications ⋯ [but, w] hat has proved truly dangerous to us and to our environment ⋯ is the combination of universalist pretensions of epistemic knowledge and authoritarian social engineering. JAMES C. SCOTT, SEEING LIKE A STATE: HOW CERTAIN SCHEMES TO IMPROVE THE HUMAN CONDI TI ON HAVE FAILED 339-40 1999
    • James Scott discusses the tension between these two state approaches to categorizing the complexities of social reality by simplification and what he calls "seeing like a state," writing that "our ideas about citizenship, public-health programs, social security, transportation, communication, universal public education, and equality before the law are all powerfully influenced by state-created, high-modernist simplifications ⋯ [but] [w] hat has proved truly dangerous to us and to our environment ⋯ is the combination of universalist pretensions of epistemic knowledge and authoritarian social engineering." JAMES C. SCOTT, SEEING LIKE A STATE: HOW CERTAIN SCHEMES TO IMPROVE THE HUMAN CONDI TI ON HAVE FAILED 339-40 (1999).
  • 45
    • 84872536924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UDHR, 3, art. 2
    • UDHR, supra note 3, art. 2.
    • supra note
  • 46
    • 68149090604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. art. 3
    • Id. art. 3.
  • 47
    • 68149117030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. art. 5
    • Id. art. 5.
  • 49
    • 68149096059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an example of the careful balancing act between children's and parental rights engaged in by the CRC, see CRC, supra note 5, art. 14(1), (2). Not only are states parties required to respect the child's freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, but also the rights and duties of parents to provide direction to the child.
    • For an example of the careful balancing act between children's and parental rights engaged in by the CRC, see CRC, supra note 5, art. 14(1), (2). Not only are states parties required to respect the child's freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, but also the rights and duties of parents to provide direction to the child.
  • 50
    • 68149174311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child's human dignity. Id. art. 28(2).
    • "States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that school discipline is administered in a manner consistent with the child's human dignity." Id. art. 28(2).
  • 53
    • 68149105148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See MARTIN GUGGENHEIM, WHAT'S WRONG WITH CHILDREN'S RIGHTS xi (2006).
    • See MARTIN GUGGENHEIM, WHAT'S WRONG WITH CHILDREN'S RIGHTS xi (2006).
  • 54
    • 68149146540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, art. 24, 2000 O.J. (C 364) 1.
    • Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, art. 24, 2000 O.J. (C 364) 1.
  • 55
    • 68149102304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communication from the Commission, supra note 27
    • Communication from the Commission, supra note 27.
  • 56
    • 68149093445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See General Comment No. 3: HIV/AIDS and the Rights of the Children, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on the Rts. of the Child, 32d Sess., U.N. Doc. CRC/GC/2003/3 (2003); General Comment No. 4: Adolescent Health and Development in the Context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on the Rts. of the Child, 33d. Sess., U.N. Doc. CRC/GC/2003/4 (2003).
    • See General Comment No. 3: HIV/AIDS and the Rights of the Children, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on the Rts. of the Child, 32d Sess., U.N. Doc. CRC/GC/2003/3 (2003); General Comment No. 4: Adolescent Health and Development in the Context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on the Rts. of the Child, 33d. Sess., U.N. Doc. CRC/GC/2003/4 (2003).
  • 57
    • 68149174310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nsona v. Netherlands, App. No. 23366/94, 1996-V Eur. Ct. H.R. 1979; Mayeka v. Belgium, App. No. 13178/03, 2006-XI Eur. Ct. H.R.
    • Nsona v. Netherlands, App. No. 23366/94, 1996-V Eur. Ct. H.R. 1979; Mayeka v. Belgium, App. No. 13178/03, 2006-XI Eur. Ct. H.R.
  • 58
    • 68149135590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cebulko, supra note 12, at 11-12
    • Cebulko, supra note 12, at 11-12.
  • 59
    • 68149129242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examples include Brunei Darussalam, Djibouti, and Liechtenstein (reservation to Article 7); and Switzerland (reservation to Articles 7 and 10). U.N. High Comm'r for Human Rights, Declarations and Reservations, Convention on the Rights of the Child, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/ treaty15-asp.htm.
    • Examples include Brunei Darussalam, Djibouti, and Liechtenstein (reservation to Article 7); and Switzerland (reservation to Articles 7 and 10). U.N. High Comm'r for Human Rights, Declarations and Reservations, Convention on the Rights of the Child, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/ treaty15-asp.htm.
  • 60
    • 84869564593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific Groups and Individuals: Migrant Workers, Report of the Special Rapporteur Ms. Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 58th Sess., Provisional Agenda Item 14(a), ¶ 47, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2003/85 (2002).
    • Specific Groups and Individuals: Migrant Workers, Report of the Special Rapporteur Ms. Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 58th Sess., Provisional Agenda Item 14(a), ¶ 47, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2003/85 (2002).
  • 61
    • 68149083911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMNESTY INT'L, INVISIBLE CHILDREN: THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF MIGRANT AND ASYLUM-SEEKING MINORS DETAINED UPON ARRIVAL AT THE MARITIME BORDER IN ITALY (Feb. 2006), available at http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ engEUR300012006.
    • AMNESTY INT'L, INVISIBLE CHILDREN: THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF MIGRANT AND ASYLUM-SEEKING MINORS DETAINED UPON ARRIVAL AT THE MARITIME BORDER IN ITALY (Feb. 2006), available at http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ engEUR300012006.
  • 62
    • 68149105147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recall Arendt's reflection on an identical problem in a different historical moment: The full implication of this identification of the rights of man with the rights of peoples in the European nation-state system came to light only when a growing number of people and peoples suddenly appeared whose elementary rights were as little safeguarded by the ordinary functioning of nation-states in the middle of Europe as they would have been in the heart of Africa. ARENDT, supra note 1, at 291.
    • Recall Arendt's reflection on an identical problem in a different historical moment: The full implication of this identification of the rights of man with the rights of peoples in the European nation-state system came to light only when a growing number of people and peoples suddenly appeared whose elementary rights were as little safeguarded by the ordinary functioning of nation-states in the middle of Europe as they would have been in the heart of Africa. ARENDT, supra note 1, at 291.
  • 63
    • 68149130454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SEYLA BENHABIB, THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS 52 (2004).
    • SEYLA BENHABIB, THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS 52 (2004).
  • 64
    • 68149106909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 37, at, emphasis added
    • BHABHA & FINCH, supra note 37, at 60 (emphasis added).
    • supra , pp. 60
    • BHABHA1    FINCH2
  • 65
    • 68149085689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TERRY SMITH, SEPARATED CHILDREN IN EUROPE PROGRAMME, SEPARATED CHILDREN IN EUROPE: POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 5 (2003).
    • TERRY SMITH, SEPARATED CHILDREN IN EUROPE PROGRAMME, SEPARATED CHILDREN IN EUROPE: POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 5 (2003).
  • 66
    • 68149175842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sulejmanovic v. Italy, App. Nos. 57574/00, 57575/00 (2002).
    • Sulejmanovic v. Italy, App. Nos. 57574/00, 57575/00 (2002).
  • 68
    • 84869581971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communication No. 1069/2002 (Bakhtiyari v. Australia), U.N. ESCOR, Hum. Rts. Comm., 79th Sess., ¶¶ 9.7, 11, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/79/D/1069/2002 (2003).
    • Communication No. 1069/2002 (Bakhtiyari v. Australia), U.N. ESCOR, Hum. Rts. Comm., 79th Sess., ¶¶ 9.7, 11, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/79/D/1069/2002 (2003).
  • 69
    • 34250304709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detained: Foreign Children in Europe, 49
    • Liz Fekete, Detained: Foreign Children in Europe, 49 RACE & CLASS 93, 100-01 (2007).
    • (2007) RACE & CLASS , vol.93 , pp. 100-101
    • Fekete, L.1
  • 70
    • 68149129246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BENHABIB, supra note 63, at 66
    • BENHABIB, supra note 63, at 66.
  • 71
    • 0347018221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?, 111
    • See generally
    • See generally Oona Hathaway, Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?, 111 YALE L.J. 1935 (2002).
    • (2002) YALE L.J. 1935
    • Oona Hathaway, D.1
  • 72
    • 68149135592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emily Haffner-Burton & James Ron, Can the Human Rights Movement Achieve its Goals, unpublished manuscript, on file with author
    • Kenneth Cmiel, quoted in Emily Haffner-Burton & James Ron, Can the Human Rights Movement Achieve its Goals? (2004) (unpublished manuscript, on file with author).
    • (2004) quoted in
    • Cmiel, K.1
  • 73
    • 68149121315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an interesting critique of the legal approach to rights enforcement, see GERALD N. ROSENBERG, THE HOLLOW HOPE: CAN COURTS BRING ABOUT SOCIAL CHANGE? (2d ed. 1991).
    • For an interesting critique of the legal approach to rights enforcement, see GERALD N. ROSENBERG, THE HOLLOW HOPE: CAN COURTS BRING ABOUT SOCIAL CHANGE? (2d ed. 1991).
  • 74
    • 68149127558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JACK L. GOLDSMITH & ERIC A. POSNER, THE LIMITS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 132 (2005).
    • JACK L. GOLDSMITH & ERIC A. POSNER, THE LIMITS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 132 (2005).
  • 75
    • 68149102299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haffner-Burton & Ron, supra note 72
    • Haffner-Burton & Ron, supra note 72.
  • 76
    • 84923948012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BETH SIMMONS, MOBILIZING FOR HUMAN RIGHTS: INTERNATIONAL LAW IN DOMESTIC POLITICS 2 (2009).
    • BETH SIMMONS, MOBILIZING FOR HUMAN RIGHTS: INTERNATIONAL LAW IN DOMESTIC POLITICS 2 (2009).
  • 77
    • 68149122971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CRC, note 5, arts. 3, 22
    • CRC, supra note 5, arts. 3, 22.
    • supra
  • 78
    • 84869580079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 6: Treatment of Unaccompanied and Separated Children Outside Their Country of Origin, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on the Rts. of the Child
    • General Comment No. 6: Treatment of Unaccompanied and Separated Children Outside Their Country of Origin, U.N. ESCOR, Comm. on the Rts. of the Child, 39th Sess., ¶ 24, U.N. Doc. CRC/GC/2005/6 (2005).
    • (2005) 39th Sess., ¶ 24, U.N. Doc. CRC/GC/2005/6
    • General Comment, N.1
  • 79
    • 84869591866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • th Circuit: Elian Gonzalez v. Reno (1 June 2000), 12 INT'L
    • See
    • th Circuit: Elian Gonzalez v. Reno (1 June 2000), 12 INT'L J. REFUGEE L. 430 (2000).
    • (2000) J. REFUGEE , vol.50 , pp. 430
    • Comment, U.S.1
  • 80
    • 84869581967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daniel Senovilla Hernàndez, Report on Treatment of Unaccompanied Child Asylum Seekers in Europe 40-41 (May 2008) (prepared for Migrinter International Conference) (paper on file with author).
    • Daniel Senovilla Hernàndez, Report on Treatment of Unaccompanied Child Asylum Seekers in Europe 40-41 (May 2008) (prepared for Migrinter International Conference) (paper on file with author).
  • 81
    • 68149111588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JACQUELINE BHABHA & MARY CROCK, SEEKING ASYLUM ALONE: UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN AND REFUGEE PROTECTION IN AUSTRALIA, THE U.K., AND THE U.S. 82-85 (2006).
    • JACQUELINE BHABHA & MARY CROCK, SEEKING ASYLUM ALONE: UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN AND REFUGEE PROTECTION IN AUSTRALIA, THE U.K., AND THE U.S. 82-85 (2006).
  • 82
    • 68149102303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a general discussion of age determination within the UK asylum system, see BHABHA & FINCH, supra note 37, at 55-65
    • For a general discussion of age determination within the UK asylum system, see BHABHA & FINCH, supra note 37, at 55-65.
  • 83
    • 68149177642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R v. London Borough of Merton, [2003] EWHC 1689 (Admin).
    • R v. London Borough of Merton, [2003] EWHC 1689 (Admin).
  • 84
    • 68149106875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CRC, note 5, arts. 3, 12
    • CRC, supra note 5, arts. 3, 12.
    • supra
  • 85
    • 84869564592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ROYAL COLLEGE OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, THE HEALTH OF REFUGEE CHILDREN: GUIDELINES FOR PAEDIATRICIANS ¶¶ 5.6, 5.6.3 (1999).
    • ROYAL COLLEGE OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, THE HEALTH OF REFUGEE CHILDREN: GUIDELINES FOR PAEDIATRICIANS ¶¶ 5.6, 5.6.3 (1999).
  • 86
    • 68149173510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BHABHA & FI NCH, supra note 37, at 56, 57
    • BHABHA & FI NCH, supra note 37, at 56, 57.
  • 87
    • 84869588117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.K, 21 Dec. 2007, available at
    • Andy Tate, X-Ray Verdict Put on Hold, DENTISTRY (U.K.), 21 Dec. 2007, available at http://www.dentistry.co.uk/news/news-detail. php?id=915.
    • X-Ray Verdict Put on Hold, DENTISTRY
    • Tate, A.1
  • 88
    • 68149151404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CRC, note 5, art. 12
    • CRC, supra note 5, art. 12.
    • supra
  • 89
    • 68149095234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., GERISON LANSDOWN, INT'L INST. FOR CHILD RIGHTS & DEV., EVOLVING CAPACITIES AND PARTICIPATION (n.d.), available at http://web.uvic.ca/iicrd/graphics/CIDA%20CAP%20Report%20%20- %20Evolving%20Capacity%20and%20Participation.12.03.pdf (prepared for the Canadian International Development Agency Child Protection Unit).
    • See, e.g., GERISON LANSDOWN, INT'L INST. FOR CHILD RIGHTS & DEV., EVOLVING CAPACITIES AND PARTICIPATION (n.d.), available at http://web.uvic.ca/iicrd/graphics/CIDA%20CAP%20Report%20%20- %20Evolving%20Capacity%20and%20Participation.12.03.pdf (prepared for the Canadian International Development Agency Child Protection Unit).
  • 90
    • 68149086745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WOMEN'S COMM'N FOR REFUGEE WOMEN & CHILDREN, PRISON GUARD OR PARENT?: INS TREATMENT OF UNACCOMPANIED REFUGEE CHILDREN (May 2002), available at http://www.womenscommission.org/pdf/ins-det. pdf; AUSTL. HUMAN RIGHTS COMM'N, A LAST RESORT? NATIONAL INQUIRY INTO CHILDREN IN IMMIGRATION DETENTION (2004), available at http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human-rights/children-detention- report/index.html.
    • WOMEN'S COMM'N FOR REFUGEE WOMEN & CHILDREN, PRISON GUARD OR PARENT?: INS TREATMENT OF UNACCOMPANIED REFUGEE CHILDREN (May 2002), available at http://www.womenscommission.org/pdf/ins-det. pdf; AUSTL. HUMAN RIGHTS COMM'N, A LAST RESORT? NATIONAL INQUIRY INTO CHILDREN IN IMMIGRATION DETENTION (2004), available at http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human-rights/children-detention- report/index.html.
  • 91
    • 68149083915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BHABHA & CROCK, supra note 81, at 159
    • BHABHA & CROCK, supra note 81, at 159.
  • 92
    • 68149104089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, supra note 2
    • Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, supra note 2.
  • 93
    • 68149090606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BHABHA & FINCH, supra note 37, at 127
    • BHABHA & FINCH, supra note 37, at 127.
  • 94
    • 68149095233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 136-37
    • Id. at 136-37.
  • 95
    • 68149118290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JACQUELINE BHABHA & SUSAN SCHMIDT, SEEKING ASYLUM ALONE: UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN AND REFUGEE PROTECTION IN THE U.S. 88 (2006).
    • JACQUELINE BHABHA & SUSAN SCHMIDT, SEEKING ASYLUM ALONE: UNACCOMPANIED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN AND REFUGEE PROTECTION IN THE U.S. 88 (2006).
  • 96
    • 68149109357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HRW, supra note 40, at 15
    • HRW, supra note 40, at 15.
  • 97
    • 68149135597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GIORGIO AGAMBEN, HOMO SACER: SOVEREIGN POWER AND BARE LIFE 169-70 (Daniel Heller-Roazen trans., 1998).
    • GIORGIO AGAMBEN, HOMO SACER: SOVEREIGN POWER AND BARE LIFE 169-70 (Daniel Heller-Roazen trans., 1998).
  • 98
    • 68149135594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is a category that applies to a very diverse group of children whose parents leave home in search of work or safety, often planning to reunify by returning home or sending for their children to join them. As stated above, not all left behind children are functionally stateless; those whose parents are migrant workers sending back remittances and eventually planning to return may be in a relatively satisfactory situation, The picture is complex, and the evidence on the impact of parental migration on children left behind shows that while some groups benefit from the enhanced income and related opportunities, others suffer from isolation, lack of supervision, and other difficulties, However, children whose parents are refugees and who are left behind pending family reunification are likely to be marginalized by the home state and to lack access to protection and fundamental rights. In this sense, they too can be considered Arendt's children
    • This is a category that applies to a very diverse group of children whose parents leave home in search of work or safety, often planning to reunify by returning home or sending for their children to join them. As stated above, not all "left behind" children are functionally stateless; those whose parents are migrant workers sending back remittances and eventually planning to return may be in a relatively satisfactory situation. (The picture is complex, and the evidence on the impact of parental migration on children left behind shows that while some groups benefit from the enhanced income and related opportunities, others suffer from isolation, lack of supervision, and other difficulties.) However, children whose parents are refugees and who are left behind pending family reunification are likely to be marginalized by the home state and to lack access to protection and fundamental rights. In this sense, they too can be considered "Arendt's children."
  • 99
    • 68149104090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mayeka v. Belgium, App. No. 13178/03, 2006-XI Eur. Ct. H.R.
    • Mayeka v. Belgium, App. No. 13178/03, 2006-XI Eur. Ct. H.R.
  • 100
    • 84869580721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶¶ 87, 105, 114. See European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, opened for signature 4 Nov. 1950, arts. 3, 5(1), 5(4), 8, 213 U.N.T.S. 221, Europ. T.S. No. 5 (entered into force 3 Sept. 1953).
    • Id. ¶¶ 87, 105, 114. See European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, opened for signature 4 Nov. 1950, arts. 3, 5(1), 5(4), 8, 213 U.N.T.S. 221, Europ. T.S. No. 5 (entered into force 3 Sept. 1953).
  • 101
    • 68149113376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Programmawet of 24 Dec. 2002, Voogdij over niet-begeleide minderjarige vreemdelingen [Program Law of 24 Dec. 2002, Guardianship on the Unaccompanied Foreign Minors], Title XIII, Ch. 6 (Belg.). Belgian law allows undocumented migrants to be detained for five months without charge or other legal procedures. Each time the migrant resists removal or deportation, the clock restarts. As a result, many migrants endure long periods in this state of exception, including the 1,000 to 2,000 unaccompanied minors who arrive in Belgium each year. See Platforme Mineurs en Exile, available at http://www.mena.be.
    • Programmawet of 24 Dec. 2002, Voogdij over niet-begeleide minderjarige vreemdelingen [Program Law of 24 Dec. 2002, Guardianship on the Unaccompanied Foreign Minors], Title XIII, Ch. 6 (Belg.). Belgian law allows undocumented migrants to be detained for five months without charge or other legal procedures. Each time the migrant resists removal or deportation, the clock restarts. As a result, many migrants endure long periods in this state of exception, including the 1,000 to 2,000 unaccompanied minors who arrive in Belgium each year. See Platforme Mineurs en Exile, available at http://www.mena.be.
  • 102
    • 68149130453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nsona v. Netherlands, App. No. 23366/94, 1996-V Eur. Ct. H.R. 1979
    • Nsona v. Netherlands, App. No. 23366/94, 1996-V Eur. Ct. H.R. 1979
  • 103
    • 84869580078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. ¶ 103
    • Id. ¶ 103.
  • 104
    • 68149121317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nsona v. the Netherlands: The Treatment of Minors and the European Convention on Human Rights, 8 INT'L
    • Ursula Kilkelly, Nsona v. the Netherlands: The Treatment of Minors and the European Convention on Human Rights, 8 INT'L J. REFUGEE L. 640, 646 (1996).
    • (1996) J. REFUGEE , vol.50 , Issue.640 , pp. 646
    • Kilkelly, U.1
  • 105
    • 68149135596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canary Islands face Migrant Crisis, AL JAZEERA , 26 July 2007, available at http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ 14F3FEC3-052C-4D6B-B969-0AE7059A9D3F.htm.
    • Canary Islands face Migrant Crisis, AL JAZEERA , 26 July 2007, available at http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ 14F3FEC3-052C-4D6B-B969-0AE7059A9D3F.htm.
  • 106
    • 33144476698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., Rutvica Andrijasevic, Lampedusa in Focus: Migrants Caught Between the Libyan Desert and the Deep Sea, 82 FEMINIST REV. 120 (2006).
    • See, e.g., Rutvica Andrijasevic, Lampedusa in Focus: Migrants Caught Between the Libyan Desert and the Deep Sea, 82 FEMINIST REV. 120 (2006).
  • 107
    • 84869564591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pretty v. U.K., App. No. 2346/02, 35 Eur. H.R. Rep. 1, ¶ 52 (2002) (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
    • Pretty v. U.K., App. No. 2346/02, 35 Eur. H.R. Rep. 1, ¶ 52 (2002) (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
  • 108
    • 84869564588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example in February 1995, the CRC Committee commented, in its final observations on the report submitted by Denmark, that rejected child asylum seekers still in the country had their rights to health care and education provided de facto but not de jure. Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Denmark, supra note 38, ¶ 18. The Committee considered this situation not fully compatible with the provisions and principles of articles 2 and 3 of the Convention. Id. ¶ 14.
    • For example in February 1995, the CRC Committee commented, in its final observations on the report submitted by Denmark, that rejected child asylum seekers still in the country had "their rights to health care and education provided de facto but not de jure." Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Denmark, supra note 38, ¶ 18. The Committee considered this situation "not fully compatible with the provisions and principles of articles 2 and 3 of the Convention." Id. ¶ 14.
  • 109
    • 68149177641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maria Ahmed, Peers Want Equal Status for Asylum-Seeking Children, Communitycare.co.uk, 6 Dec. 2007, available at http://www.communitycare. co.uk/Articles/2007/12/06/106693/peers-want-equal-status-for-asylum-seeking- children.html.
    • Maria Ahmed, Peers Want Equal Status for Asylum-Seeking Children, Communitycare.co.uk, 6 Dec. 2007, available at http://www.communitycare. co.uk/Articles/2007/12/06/106693/peers-want-equal-status-for-asylum-seeking- children.html.
  • 110
    • 68149115176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Save the Children Italia, L'Identificazione dei minori vittime di tratta e sfruttamento [The identification of child victims of trafficking and exploitation] (draft report, on file with author).
    • Save the Children Italia, L'Identificazione dei minori vittime di tratta e sfruttamento [The identification of child victims of trafficking and exploitation] (draft report, on file with author).
  • 111
    • 68149083916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an excellent collection of first person narratives by children in these circumstances in France, see VASSORT, supra note 36
    • For an excellent collection of first person narratives by children in these circumstances in France, see VASSORT, supra note 36.
  • 112
    • 68149088533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I am grateful to Elena Rozzi for drawing my attention to this issue and usefully illuminating it in her unpublished article, La valutazione dell'interesse del minore nella scelta tra accoglienza in Italia e rimpatrio [The evaluation of the best interests of the child in the choice between residence in Italy and removal] (May 2008).
    • I am grateful to Elena Rozzi for drawing my attention to this issue and usefully illuminating it in her unpublished article, La valutazione dell'interesse del minore nella scelta tra accoglienza in Italia e rimpatrio [The evaluation of the best interests of the child in the choice between residence in Italy and removal] (May 2008).
  • 113
    • 68149151480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARENDT, supra note 1, at 279
    • ARENDT, supra note 1, at 279.
  • 114
    • 68149143435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VASSORT, supra note 36, at 11 (author's translation).
    • VASSORT, supra note 36, at 11 (author's translation).
  • 115
    • 68149153964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tu vas rester ici comme un paysan? Ors un peu. Va voir d'authres pays. Mets de l'air dans ta tete. Meme si on n'arrive pas la premiere fois, on va arriver un jour.
    • "Tu vas rester ici comme un paysan? Ors un peu. Va voir d'authres pays. Mets de l'air dans ta tete. Meme si on n'arrive pas la premiere fois, on va arriver un jour." Id.
  • 116
    • 84869564589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Mirador De Tànger, A los niños les mataron los pàjaros (19 Dec. 2007), available at http://blogs.20minutos.es/ oriente-occidente/post/2007/12/19/a-niaaos-les-mataronpaajaros(author's translation, with thanks to Ana Colbert). See generally Col.lectiu DRARI d'Investigació Acció Participativa pels Drets de l'Infant, available at http://www.DRARI-Col-lectiu-IAP-Drets-Infant.blogspot.com.
    • El Mirador De Tànger, A los niños les mataron los pàjaros (19 Dec. 2007), available at http://blogs.20minutos.es/ oriente-occidente/post/2007/12/19/a-niaaos-les-mataronpaajaros(author's translation, with thanks to Ana Colbert). See generally Col.lectiu DRARI d'Investigació Acció Participativa pels Drets de l'Infant, available at http://www.DRARI-Col-lectiu-IAP-Drets-Infant.blogspot.com.
  • 118
    • 68149113377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • French patois abbreviation of adolescents
    • French patois abbreviation of "adolescents."
  • 119
    • 84869564590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Il y a eu la première vague des migrants dans les années 60, des hommes seuls. Puis, les femmes ont rejoint les hommes, c'est la 2ème vague. Voici aujourd'hui la 3ème vague, les jeunes, enfants ou ados. Ils sont toujours plus nombreux à s'exiler seuls vers une vie qu'ils imaginent meilleure. Ils ont le plus souvent entre 15 et 18 ans, mais ils sont aussi âgés parfois d'à peine 10 ou 12 ans, There was the first wave of migrants during the sixties, single men. Then, women joined the men, that was the second wave. Today we have the third wave: young people, children or adoloscents. There are always more of them, exiling themselves towards a life they imagine will be better. They are usually between 15 and 18, but sometimes they are only 10 or 12, Television Suisse Romande, L'Exil a 15 Ans, 21 Dec. 2007, available at author's translation
    • "Il y a eu la première vague des migrants dans les années 60, des hommes seuls. Puis, les femmes ont rejoint les hommes, c'est la 2ème vague. Voici aujourd'hui la 3ème vague : les jeunes, enfants ou ados. Ils sont toujours plus nombreux à s'exiler seuls vers une vie qu'ils imaginent meilleure. Ils ont le plus souvent entre 15 et 18 ans, mais ils sont aussi âgés parfois d'à peine 10 ou 12 ans." ["There was the first wave of migrants during the sixties, single men. Then, women joined the men, that was the second wave. Today we have the third wave: young people, children or adoloscents. There are always more of them, exiling themselves towards a life they imagine will be better. They are usually between 15 and 18, but sometimes they are only 10 or 12".] Television Suisse Romande, L'Exil a 15 Ans, 21 Dec. 2007, available at http://www.DRARI-Col-lectiu-IAPDrets-Infant.blogspot.com (author's translation).
  • 120
    • 68149102301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PROGETTO EQUAL PALMS, PERCORSI DI ACCOMPAGNAMENTO ALLAVORO PER MINORI STRANIERI NON ACCOMPAGNATI, PRATICHE DI ACCOGLIENZA I: AGGANCIO, INSERIMENTO, MEDI AZI ONE E RIMPATRIO 7 (author's translation).
    • PROGETTO EQUAL PALMS, "PERCORSI DI ACCOMPAGNAMENTO ALLAVORO PER MINORI STRANIERI NON ACCOMPAGNATI," PRATICHE DI ACCOGLIENZA I: AGGANCIO, INSERIMENTO, MEDI AZI ONE E RIMPATRIO 7 (author's translation).
  • 121
    • 84869580720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An interesting comparison, from a quite different time and place, can be made with Filipino migrants to the United States in the 1920s: Despite official efforts to discourage Filipinos from traveling to the United States, migration increased dramatically in the late 1920s⋯. In California, Filipinos, along with Mexicans, became the mainstay of migratory agricultural labor. NGAI, supra note 13, at 103-04
    • An interesting comparison, from a quite different time and place, can be made with Filipino migrants to the United States in the 1920s: "Despite official efforts to discourage Filipinos from traveling to the United States, migration increased dramatically in the late 1920s⋯. In California, Filipinos, along with Mexicans, became the mainstay of migratory agricultural labor." NGAI, supra note 13, at 103-04.
  • 122
    • 68149102302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 13
    • Id. at 13.
  • 123
    • 68149133782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SALVATORE FACHILE, SAVE THE CHILDREN ITALIA, L'IDENTIFICAZIONE DEI MINORI VITTIME DI TRATTA E SFRUTTAMENTO (2007); SAVE THE CHI LDREN ITALIA, PROGRAMMA AGIS 2005-DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD RIGHTS METHODOLOGY TO IDENTIFY AND SUPPORT CHILD VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING, JLS/2005/AGIS/045, at 31-32 (2007).
    • SALVATORE FACHILE, SAVE THE CHILDREN ITALIA, L'IDENTIFICAZIONE DEI MINORI VITTIME DI TRATTA E SFRUTTAMENTO (2007); SAVE THE CHI LDREN ITALIA, PROGRAMMA AGIS 2005-DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD RIGHTS METHODOLOGY TO IDENTIFY AND SUPPORT CHILD VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING, JLS/2005/AGIS/045, at 31-32 (2007).
  • 124
    • 68149123043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal communication with Gaelle Buysschaert, Belgian Representative, Belgium UNICEF National Committee Meeting: Children on the Move (29-30 Nov. 2007). UNICEF Belgium, personal communication, Zurich meeting.
    • Personal communication with Gaelle Buysschaert, Belgian Representative, Belgium UNICEF National Committee Meeting: Children on the Move (29-30 Nov. 2007). UNICEF Belgium, personal communication, Zurich meeting.
  • 125
    • 68149105149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ireland has faced a similar problem. Over the last seven years, 388 children placed in the care of the Irish authorities as suspected victims of trafficking have gone missing and have never been traced. Stanislaus Kennedy, Who cares about the disappeared children?, IRISH TIMES, 23 May 2008, available at http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/ 2008/0523/1211461644896.html.
    • Ireland has faced a similar problem. Over the last seven years, 388 children placed in the care of the Irish authorities as suspected victims of trafficking have gone missing and have never been traced. Stanislaus Kennedy, Who cares about the disappeared children?, IRISH TIMES, 23 May 2008, available at http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/ 2008/0523/1211461644896.html.
  • 127
    • 68149115174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, arts. 13(2)(a), 12(1), U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 3 Jan. 1976); CRC, supra note 5, art. 24.
    • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, arts. 13(2)(a), 12(1), U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 3 Jan. 1976); CRC, supra note 5, art. 24.
  • 128
    • 68149123044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ICESCR, supra note 127, arts. 2(2), 13; CRC, supra note 5, art. 28.
    • ICESCR, supra note 127, arts. 2(2), 13; CRC, supra note 5, art. 28.
  • 129
    • 84869559180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a survey of six EU member states, see Daniel Senovilla Hernàndez, supra note 80, at 38
    • For a survey of six EU member states, see Daniel Senovilla Hernàndez, supra note 80, at 38.
  • 130
    • 84869580073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consolidated Text 286/98 on Immigration, art. 19, § 2(a) (Italy).
    • Consolidated Text 286/98 on Immigration, art. 19, § 2(a) (Italy).
  • 131
    • 68149153963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fachile, supra note 123, at 15
    • Fachile, supra note 123, at 15.
  • 132
    • 68149104088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VASSORT, supra note 36, at 46-47 (author's translation).
    • VASSORT, supra note 36, at 46-47 (author's translation).
  • 133
    • 84869580718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ZORANA MEDARIČ & ANDREJA KOPITAR (DAPHNE/EUROPEAN COMM'NJ, THE RISK GROUP OF UNACCOMPANIED MI NORS: PROTECTION MEASURES IN AN ENLARGED EUROPEAN UNION, COUNTRY REPORT: POLAND 18 (2007). This follows Council Framework Decision 629/JHA, 2002 O.J. (L 203) 1, and Council Directive 2004/81/EC, 2004 O.J. (L 261) 19. See also Polskie Forum Migracyjne, available at http://www.forummigracyjne.org/ pl/aktualnosci.php?news=78&wid=26.
    • ZORANA MEDARIČ & ANDREJA KOPITAR (DAPHNE/EUROPEAN COMM'NJ, THE RISK GROUP OF UNACCOMPANIED MI NORS: PROTECTION MEASURES IN AN ENLARGED EUROPEAN UNION, COUNTRY REPORT: POLAND 18 (2007). This follows Council Framework Decision 629/JHA, 2002 O.J. (L 203) 1, and Council Directive 2004/81/EC, 2004 O.J. (L 261) 19. See also Polskie Forum Migracyjne, available at http://www.forummigracyjne.org/ pl/aktualnosci.php?news=78&wid=26.
  • 134
    • 68149105145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The US Supreme Court held in 1973, in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973), that education was not a human right. Following this ruling, the Texas education code was amended to allow school districts to charge tuition for undocumented children in primary and secondary schools. Michael A. Olivas, Plyler v. Doe, the Education of Undocumented Children, and the Polity, in IMMIGRATION STORIES 197, 198-202 (David A. Martin & Peter H. Schuck eds., 2005). Nine years later, the Supreme Court revisited the question and reversed in the key case of Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982).
    • The US Supreme Court held in 1973, in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973), that education was not a human right. Following this ruling, the Texas education code was amended to allow school districts to charge tuition for undocumented children in primary and secondary schools. Michael A. Olivas, Plyler v. Doe, the Education of Undocumented Children, and the Polity, in IMMIGRATION STORIES 197, 198-202 (David A. Martin & Peter H. Schuck eds., 2005). Nine years later, the Supreme Court revisited the question and reversed in the key case of Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982).
  • 135
    • 68149083913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PLYLER, 457 U.S. at 230.
    • PLYLER, 457 U.S. at 230.
  • 136
    • 68149177640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 228
    • Id. at 228.
  • 137
    • 68149111584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The current undocumented population is estimated at an all time high of between 11.5 and 12 million, of which an estimated 1.8 million are under eighteen. PASSEL, supra note 24, at 2, 8.
    • The current undocumented population is estimated at an all time high of between 11.5 and 12 million, of which an estimated 1.8 million are under eighteen. PASSEL, supra note 24, at 2, 8.
  • 138
    • 68149143433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A March 2006 survey by the Pew Research Center found that 71 percent of Americans support allowing the children of illegal immigrants to attend public schools. PEW RESEARCH CTR. FOR THE PEOPLE & THE PRESS, AMERICA'S IMMIGRATI ON QUANDARY 26 (2006), quoted in Note, Federal Funding for Newcomer Schools: A Bipartisan Immigrant Education Initiative, 120 HARV. L. REV. 799, 813 (2007).
    • A March 2006 survey by the Pew Research Center found that 71 percent of Americans support allowing the children of illegal immigrants to attend public schools. PEW RESEARCH CTR. FOR THE PEOPLE & THE PRESS, AMERICA'S IMMIGRATI ON QUANDARY 26 (2006), quoted in Note, Federal Funding for Newcomer Schools: A Bipartisan Immigrant Education Initiative, 120 HARV. L. REV. 799, 813 (2007).
  • 139
    • 84869559181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Center for Refugee and Immigrant Children, available at
    • National Center for Refugee and Immigrant Children, available at http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=1260.
  • 140
    • 68149129243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arrests have risen from 445 in FY 2003 to over 5000 in FY 2008. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Security, Fact Sheet: Worksite Enforcement (25 Nov. 2008), available at http://www.ice.gov/pi/ news/factsheets/worksite.htm.
    • Arrests have risen from 445 in FY 2003 to over 5000 in FY 2008. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Dep't of Homeland Security, Fact Sheet: Worksite Enforcement (25 Nov. 2008), available at http://www.ice.gov/pi/ news/factsheets/worksite.htm.
  • 141
    • 84869575729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immigrants Feel the Shadow of Fear
    • See generally, 30 Oct, available at
    • See generally Elizabeth de Ornellas, Immigrants Feel the "Shadow of Fear," DAILY TAR HEEL, 30 Oct. 2007, available at http://www.dailytarheel.com/2.3568/1.160005.
    • (2007) DAILY TAR HEEL
    • Elizabeth de Ornellas1
  • 142
    • 68149127561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I am extremely grateful to Dr. Natalie Mooten for her meticulous research assistance with this section
    • I am extremely grateful to Dr. Natalie Mooten for her meticulous research assistance with this section.
  • 143
    • 68149130422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CRC, note 5, art. 24
    • CRC, supra note 5, art. 24.
    • supra
  • 144
    • 84869580075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pretty v. U.K., App. No. 2346/02, 35 Eur. H.R. Rep. 1, ¶ 52 (2002) (emphasis added).
    • Pretty v. U.K., App. No. 2346/02, 35 Eur. H.R. Rep. 1, ¶ 52 (2002) (emphasis added).
  • 145
    • 68149135593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HRW, supra note 40, at 2
    • HRW, supra note 40, at 2.
  • 146
    • 68149097817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verkaik, supra note 67
    • Verkaik, supra note 67.
  • 147
    • 68149085691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EVE GEDDIE, CHRISTINA OIKONOMOU & MICHELE LEVOY , PICUM, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE FOR UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS IN EUROPE 7 (Nov. 2007).
    • EVE GEDDIE, CHRISTINA OIKONOMOU & MICHELE LEVOY , PICUM, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE FOR UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS IN EUROPE 7 (Nov. 2007).
  • 148
    • 68149083914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HRW, supra note 40, at 20
    • HRW, supra note 40, at 20.
  • 149
    • 68149129244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 52
    • Id. at 52.
  • 150
    • 68149127562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Id. at 55
    • Id. at 55.
  • 152
    • 68149177638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ryszard Cholewinski, Protection of the Human Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families Under the UN Migrant Workers Convention as a Tool to Enhance Development in the Country of Employment 14 (2005), available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/docs/cholewinski.doc (emphasis added).
    • Ryszard Cholewinski, Protection of the Human Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families Under the UN Migrant Workers Convention as a Tool to Enhance Development in the Country of Employment 14 (2005), available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cmw/docs/cholewinski.doc (emphasis added).
  • 153
    • 84869580076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Resolution 1509, Human Rights of Irregular Migrants, ¶¶ 5, 13.2 (2006).
    • Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Resolution 1509, Human Rights of Irregular Migrants, ¶¶ 5, 13.2 (2006).
  • 154
    • 84869560342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PICUM, Council of Europe on Health Care for Undocumented Migrants Mar., available at
    • PICUM, Council of Europe on Health Care for Undocumented Migrants (Mar. 2005), available at http://www.picum.org/HOMEPAGE/BreakingNews1.htm.
    • (2005)
  • 155
    • 84869560337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Int'l Fed'n of Human Rights v. France, Complaint No. 14/2003, ¶ 32, available at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ socialcharter/complaints/cc14merits-en.pdf.
    • See Int'l Fed'n of Human Rights v. France, Complaint No. 14/2003, ¶ 32, available at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ socialcharter/complaints/cc14merits-en.pdf.
  • 156
    • 84869582440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In the United States, The Nation's Food Bank Network provides emergency service for 24 to 27 million people each year. About 36 percent of them are under the age of eighteen. Almost all recipients are US citizens. America's Second Harvest, Hunger Study 2006, available at
    • In the United States, The Nation's Food Bank Network provides "emergency" service for 24 to 27 million people each year. About 36 percent of them are under the age of eighteen. Almost all recipients are US citizens. America's Second Harvest, Hunger Study 2006, available at http://www.hungerinamerica.org/key-findings/.
  • 157
    • 68149106913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See generally David B. Thronson, Choiceless Choices: Deportation and the Parent-Child Relationship, 6 NEVADA L.J. 1165 (2006).
    • See generally David B. Thronson, Choiceless Choices: Deportation and the Parent-Child Relationship, 6 NEVADA L.J. 1165 (2006).
  • 158
    • 68149106912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jacqueline Bhabha, The Mere Fortuity of Birth? Children, Mothers, Borders, and the Meaning of Citizenship, in MIGRATIONS AND MOBILITIES: CITIZENSHIP, BORDERS, AND GENDER 187 (Seyla Benhabib & Judith Resnick eds., 2008).
    • Jacqueline Bhabha, "The Mere Fortuity of Birth?" Children, Mothers, Borders, and the Meaning of Citizenship, in MIGRATIONS AND MOBILITIES: CITIZENSHIP, BORDERS, AND GENDER 187 (Seyla Benhabib & Judith Resnick eds., 2008).
  • 159
    • 68149121316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LINDA BOSNIAK, THE CITIZEN AND THE ALIEN: DILEMMAS OF CONTEMPORARY MEMBERSHIP 14, 30, 37, 38 (2006).
    • LINDA BOSNIAK, THE CITIZEN AND THE ALIEN: DILEMMAS OF CONTEMPORARY MEMBERSHIP 14, 30, 37, 38 (2006).
  • 160
    • 68149153962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Technically, of course, citizen children are not deportable, any more than any other citizen, but the deportability of noncitizen parents nullifies this important protection for affected children
    • Technically, of course, citizen children are not deportable, any more than any other citizen, but the deportability of noncitizen parents nullifies this important protection for affected children.
  • 161
    • 68149088532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thronson, supra note 157
    • Thronson, supra note 157.
  • 162
    • 68149118289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PASSEL, supra note 24, at 8
    • PASSEL, supra note 24, at 8.
  • 163
    • 68149177639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See generally THE URBAN INST., PAYING THE PRICE: THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRATI ON RAIDS ON AMERICA'S CHILDREN (2007).
    • See generally THE URBAN INST., PAYING THE PRICE: THE IMPACT OF IMMIGRATI ON RAIDS ON AMERICA'S CHILDREN (2007).
  • 164
    • 84869576303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 1229b(b)(1)D, 2006
    • 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(D) (2006).
    • 8 U.S.C
  • 165
    • 68149086744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition of the severity of the US test and its devastating fallout for US citizen children led to the proposal of the Child Citizen Protection Act, introduced in Congress in March 2006 by Congressman Jose Serrano
    • Recognition of the severity of the US test and its devastating fallout for US citizen children led to the proposal of the Child Citizen Protection Act, introduced in Congress in March 2006 by Congressman Jose Serrano.
  • 167
    • 68149173509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See e.g., Berrehab v. Netherlands, App. No. 10730/84, 11 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) 322 (1988).
    • See e.g., Berrehab v. Netherlands, App. No. 10730/84, 11 Eur. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) 322 (1988).
  • 168
    • 68149104087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I am completely indebted to Elena Rozzi for the thoughts and material set out in this paragraph
    • I am completely indebted to Elena Rozzi for the thoughts and material set out in this paragraph.
  • 169
    • 68149120078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal communication from Elena Rozzi 5 May 2008, on file with the author
    • Personal communication from Elena Rozzi (5 May 2008) (on file with the author).
  • 170
    • 68149146539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PROGETTO EQUAL PALMS, supra note 120
    • PROGETTO EQUAL PALMS, supra note 120.
  • 171
    • 84869590510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CRC, supra note 5, art. 24; ICESCR; supra note 127; Convention Against Discrimination in Education, adopted 14 Dec. 1960, 429 U.N.T.S. 93 (entered into force 22 May 1962). The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural rights has interpreted the principle of non-discrimination to extend to all persons residing in the territory of a State part, including non-nationals, and irrespective of their legal status. General Comment No. 13: The Right to Education, U.N. ESCOR, Econ., Soc. & Cult. Rts. Comm., 21st Sess., ¶ 34, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/1999/10 (1999). For domestic Spanish law, see Organic Law 4/2000 of Jan. 11, Regarding the Rights and Freedoms of Foreign Nationals Living in Spain and Their Social Integration, as amended by Organic Law 8/2000 of 22 Dec.
    • CRC, supra note 5, art. 24; ICESCR; supra note 127; Convention Against Discrimination in Education, adopted 14 Dec. 1960, 429 U.N.T.S. 93 (entered into force 22 May 1962). The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural rights has interpreted the principle of non-discrimination to extend "to all persons residing in the territory of a State part, including non-nationals, and irrespective of their legal status." General Comment No. 13: The Right to Education, U.N. ESCOR, Econ., Soc. & Cult. Rts. Comm., 21st Sess., ¶ 34, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/1999/10 (1999). For domestic Spanish law, see Organic Law 4/2000 of Jan. 11, Regarding the Rights and Freedoms of Foreign Nationals Living in Spain and Their Social Integration, as amended by Organic Law 8/2000 of 22 Dec.
  • 172
    • 68149120077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, e.g., David Kennedy, When Renewal Repeats: Thinking Against the Box, in LEFT LEGALISM/LEFT CRITIQUE 373 (Janet Halley & Wendy Brown eds., 2002).
    • See, e.g., David Kennedy, When Renewal Repeats: Thinking Against the Box, in LEFT LEGALISM/LEFT CRITIQUE 373 (Janet Halley & Wendy Brown eds., 2002).


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