A bottle of gin is dangled before the nose of the natives: The economic uses of imported liquor in southern Nigeria, 1860-1920

African Economic History

Volumn 33, Issue , 2005, Pages 69-85

  Heap, Simon ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 68149160532     PISSN: 01452258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (66)

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2. For other transitional currencies, see G. I. Jones, "Native and Trade Currencies in Southern Nigeria During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Africa, 28, 1 (1958), 43-54;
3. A. H. m. Kirk-Greene, "The major Currencies in Nigerian History," Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 2, 1 (1960), 132-50;
4. A. G. Hopkins, "The Currency Revolution in South-West Nigeria in the Late Nineteenth Century," Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 3 (1966), 471-83;
5. S. O. Johannson, Nigerian Currencies: Manillas, Cowries and Others (Norrkoping, 1967), 48;
6. E. de Negri, "Small Currency: Blue Shells and Manillas," Nigeria Magazine, 102 (1969), 504-11;
7. Hopkins, "The Creation of a monetary System: The Origins of the West African Currency Board," African Historical Studies, 3, 1 (1970), 101-32;
8. M. Johnson, "The Cowrie Currencies of West Africa," Journal of African History, 11, 1 and 11, 3 (1970), 17- 49. 331-53;
9. A.J. H. Latham, "Currency, Credit and Capitalism on the Cross River in the Pre-colonial Era," Journal of African History, 12, 4 (1971), 599-605;
10. Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa (London, 1973), 68-71, 206-9;
11. W. I. Ofonagoro, "From Traditional to British Currency in Southern Nigeria: Analysis of a Currency Revolution, 1880-1948," Journal of Economic History, 39, 3 (1979), 623-54;
12. E. Eyo, Nigeria and the Evolution of money (London, 1979), 68-9;
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14. Guyer, ed., money matters: Instability, Values and Social Payments in the modern History of West African Communities (London, 1995), esp. introduction and chapters 6-7, 9, 12-13;
15. S. Kpone-Tonwe, "Property Reckoning and methods of Accumulating Wealth Among the Ogoni of the Eastern Niger Delta," Africa, 67, 1 (1997), 136.
16. S. Heap, "The Liquor Trade and the Nigerian Economy, 1880-1939" (Ph.D., University of Ibadan, 1995).
17. "Rum and Gin," Lagos Observer, 17.April 1886, 2;
18. "Rum and Gin," Lagos Observer, 17.April 1886, 2;
19. "The Drink Traffic and the Natives," Lagos Observer, 7.May 1897, 2.
20. H. Grey, The Colonial Policy of Lord John Russell's Administration, Volume 2 (London, 1853), 281.
21. Heap, "Living on the Proceeds of a Grog Shop: Liquor Revenue in Nigeria," in D. F. Bryceson, ed., Alcohol in Africa: mixing Business, Pleasure and Politics (Westport, 2002), 139-59;
22. Heap, "Before 'Star': The Import Substitution of Western-style Alcohol in Nigeria, 1870-1970, African Economic History, 24 (1996), 69-89.
23. "The Liquor Traffic," Lagos Weekly Record, 27.May 1911, 3.
24. Public Record Office (PRO) [Now The National Archives], London, Colonial Office (CO) 147/157, Bishop H. Tugwell, CMS Bishop of Western Equatorial Africa, Proceedings of the Lagos Institute, 1901, 29.
25. PRO, CO 520/62, Minute by C. Strachey, Colonial Office, London, 5 August 1908.
26. A. McPhee, The Economic Revolution in British West Africa (London, 1926), 9.
27. E. W. Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury, House of Lords, London, 6 May 1889, Hansard, column 1,208.
28. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Liquor Trade in Southern Nigeria, Part II: Minutes of Evidence (London, 1909), 375.
29. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Liquor Trade in Southern Nigeria, 24, 32, 55.
30. T. Welsh, "Drink in West Africa," Nineteenth Century and After, 1925, 205.
31. Colonel Lord H. Cavendish-Bentinck, member of Parliament, House of Commons, London, 3 August 1916, Hansard, column 556.
32. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Liquor Trade in Southern Nigeria, 47
33. PRO, CO 520/62, Sir W. Egerton, Governor, Southern Nigeria, to Lord Crewe, British Secretary of State for the Colonies, London, 6 July 1908.
34. Nigeria Annual Report, 1906, 16, 22.
35. Nigeria Annual Report, 1908, 8.
36. Nigeria Annual Report, 1909, 10.
37. Nigeria Annual Report, 1909, 10; Nigeria Customs Annual Report, 1909, 3.
38. Nigeria Customs, 1913, 7
39. A. Osuntokun, Nigeria in the First World War (London, 1979).
40. National Archives, Ibadan (NAI), Chief Secretary's Office (CSO) 20/4/NC.169/16, A. A. Cowan, miller Brothers, Lagos, to Sir F. D. Lugard, Governor-General, Lagos, Nigeria, 7.October 1916.
41. PRO, CO 583/67, Lugard, Address to the Nigerian Council, 28 December 1917, 5.
42. PRO, CO 520/66, D. E. Price, District Commissioner, Brass, Report, 4 August 1908, 2-3, in Egerton to Crewe, 26 September 1908.
43. A. E. Blackburn, Report of an Enquiry on the International Convention Relating to the Liquor Traffic During His Tour in South and West Africa, 1920-1921 (London, 1921), 26.
44. Native Races and Liquor Traffic United Committee (NRLTUC), The Liquor Traffic in Southern Nigeria as Set Forth in the Report of the Government Committee of Inquiry of 1909: An Examination and a Reply (London, 1910), 34.
45. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Liquor Trade in Southern Nigeria, 312.
46. Also, "The Native Currency Proclamation," Southern Nigeria Proclamation no. 14 of 1002;
47. "The Importation of Cowries Prohibition Proclamation," Southern Nigeria Proclamation no. 6 of 1904.
48. A.J. MacDonald, Trade, Politics and Christianity in Africa and the East (London, 1916), 91.
49. C. H. Ambler, "Alcohol and Disorder in Precolonial Africa," African Studies Center Working Paper Number 126 (Boston University, 1997), 14-15.
50. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Liquor Trade, 78.
51. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Liquor Trade, 311.
52. NRLTUC, Bishop Tugwell's Speech, 7th May 1908 (London, 1908), 5.
53. PRO, CO 520/62, Egerton to Crewe, 25 June 1908;
54. "Bishop Tugwell and the Liquor Traffic," Lagos Weekly Record, 19 September 1908, 2.
55. PRO, CO 520/66, Price, Report, 4 August 1908, 1-3, in Egerton to Crewe, 26 September 1908.
56. "Liquor Traffic in West Africa," Nigerian Daily Times, 27.August 1926, 1.
57. PRO, CO 657/19, Governor Clifford's Address, 26 February 1923, 23.
58. PRO, CO 520/55, Elgin to L. H. Nott, Secretary, NRLTUC, 15 April 1908.
59. PRO, CO 520/62, Egerton to Crewe, 6 July 1908.
60. Johannson, Nigerian Currencies, 48.
61. Nigeria Customs, 1916, 7
62. Nigeria Annual Report, 1916, 7
63. Lugard, Address to the Nigerian Council, 28 December 1917, 4.
64. "Native Races and the Liquor Traffic," Niger and Yoruba Notes, 1, 1 (1894), 8.
65. "Commercial Success without the Aid of Gin and Rum," Niger and Yoruba Notes, 16, 83 (1911), 197.
66. MacDonald, Trade, Politics and Christianity, 93.