Chapter 3 A Review of Vocal Duetting in Birds

Advances in the Study of Behavior

Volumn 40, Issue , 2009, Pages 67-121

  Hall, Michelle L ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR ORNITHOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Birdsong; Communication network; Cooperation; Duet; Interactive signaling; Sexual conflict

Indexed keywords

EID: 68049091110     PISSN: 00653454     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3454(09)40003-2     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Amador A., Trevisan M.A., and Mindlin G.B. Simple neural substrate predicts complex rhythmic structure in duetting birds. Phys. Rev. E 72 (2005) 031905
2. Appleby B.M., Yamaguchi N., Johnson P.J., and MacDonald D.W. Sex specific territorial responses in tawny owls Strix aluco. Ibis 141 (1999) 91-99
3. Armstrong E.A. Bird Display and Behaviour (1947), Lindsay & Drummond Ltd., London
4. Arrowood P.C. Duetting, pair bonding and agonistic display in parakeet pairs. Behaviour 106 (1988) 129-157
5. Bailey W.J. Insect duets: underlying mechanisms and their evolution. Physiol. Entomol. 28 (2003) 157-174
6. Baker M.C. The chorus song of cooperatively breeding laughing kookaburras (Coraciiformes, Halcyonidae: Dacelo novaeguineae): characterization and comparison among groups. Ethology 110 (2004) 21-35
7. Barker F.K., Cibois A., Schikler P., Feinstein J., and acraft J. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 11040-11045
8. Benedict L. Occurrence and life history correlates of vocal duetting in North American passerines. J. Avian. Biol. 39 (2008) 57-65
9. Benedict L. Unusually high levels of extrapair paternity in a duetting songbird with long-term pair bonds. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62 (2008) 983-988
10. Benedict L. Context, structural variability and distinctiveness of California towhee (Pipilo crissalis) vocal duets. Ethology 115 (2009) 77-86
11. Black J.M. Fitness consequences of long-term pair bonds in barnacle geese: monogamy in the extreme. Behav. Ecol. 12 (2001) 640-645
12. Bradley D.W., and Mennill D.J. Strong ungraded responses to playback of solos, duets and choruses in a cooperatively breeding Neotropical songbird. Anim. Behav. 77 (2009) 1321-1327
13. Brenowitz E.A., and Arnold A.P. Interspecific comparisons of the size of neural song control regions and song complexity in duetting birds: evolutionary implications. J. Neurosci. 6 (1986) 2875-2879
14. Brown E.D., and Farabaugh S.M. Song sharing in a group-living songbird, the Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen. 3. Sex specificity and individual specificity of vocal parts in communal chorus and duet songs. Behaviour 118 (1991) 244-274
15. Brown E.D., and Farabaugh S.M. What birds with complex social relationships can tell us about vocal learning: vocal sharing in avian groups. In: Snowdon C.T., and Hausberger M. (Eds). Social Influences on Vocal Development (1997), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 98-127
16. Brown R.N., and Lemon R.E. Structure and evolution of song form in the wrens Thryothorus sinaloa and T. Felix. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 5 (1979) 111-131
17. Brumm H. Signalling through acoustic windows: nightingales avoid interspecific competition by short-term adjustment of song timing. J. Comp. Physiol. A 192 (2006) 1279-1285
18. Brumm H., and Slater P. Animal communication: timing counts. Curr. Biol. 17 (2007) R521-R523
19. Brunton D.H., and Li X.L. The song structure and seasonal patterns of vocal behavior of male and female bellbirds (Anthornis melanura). J. Ethol. 24 (2006) 17-25
20. Busch D.S., Wingfield J.C., and Moore I.T. Territorial aggression of a tropical passerine, Zonotrichia capensis, in response to a variety of conspecific intruders. Behaviour 141 (2004) 1173-1188
21. Catchpole C.K., and Slater P.J.B. Bird Song: Biological Themes and Variations (2008), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
22. Chapman G. Bristlebirds: see how they run. Wingspan (1999) 8-15 March
23. Cheng M.F. For whom does the female dove coo-a case for the role of vocal self-stimulation. Anim. Behav. 43 (1992) 1035-1044
24. Cheng M.F., Peng J.P., and Johnson P. Hypothalamic neurons preferentially respond to female nest coo stimulation: demonstration of direct acoustic stimulation of luteinizing hormone release. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 5477-5489
25. Cobb N.A. The sheep-fluke. Agric. Gaz. NSW 8 (1897) 470-480
26. Cooney R., and Cockburn A. Territorial defence is the major function of female song in the superb fairy-wren, Malurus cyaneus. Anim. Behav. 49 (1995) 1635-1647
27. Cuthbert J.L., and Mennill D.J. The duetting behavior of Pacific Coast plain wrens. Condor 109 (2007) 686-692
28. Diamond J.M. Further examples of dual singing by southwest Pacific birds. Auk 89 (1972) 180-183
29. Diamond J.M., and Terborgh J.W. Dual singing by New Guinea birds. Auk 85 (1968) 62-82
30. Dilger W.C. Duetting in the crimson-breasted barbet. Condor 55 (1953) 220-221
31. Dingle C., Halfwerk W., and Slabbekoorn H. Habitat-dependent song divergence at subspecies level in the grey-breasted wood-wren. J. Evol. Biol. 21 (2008) 1079-1089
32. Dobler S., Heller K.G., and von Helversen O. Song pattern recognition and an auditory time window in the female bushcricket Ancistrura nigrovittata (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae). J. Comp. Physiol. A 175 (1994) 67-74
33. Donelson N.C., and van Staaden M.J. Alternate tactics in male bladder grasshoppers Bullacris membracioides (Orthoptera: Pneumoridae). Behaviour 142 (2005) 761-778
34. DuVal E.H. Social organization and variation in cooperative alliances among male lance-tailed manakins. Anim. Behav. 73 (2007) 391-401
35. Duval E.H. Adaptive advantages of cooperative courtship for subordinate male lance-tailed manakins. Am. Nat. 169 (2007) 423-432
36. Duval E.H. Cooperative display and lekking behavior of the Lance-tailed Manakin (Chiroxiphia lanceolata). Auk 124 (2007) 1168-1185
37. Farabaugh S.M. The ecological and social significance of duetting. In: Kroodsma D.E., and Miller E.H. (Eds). Acoustic Communication in Birds (1982), Academic Press, New York 85-124
38. Farabaugh S.M., Brown E.D., and Hughes J.M. Cooperative territorial defense in the Australian magpie, Gymnorhina tibicen (Passeriformes, Cracticidae), a group-living songbird. Ethology 92 (1992) 283-292
39. Fedy B.C., and Stutchbury B.J.M. Territory defence in tropical birds: are females as aggressive as males?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 58 (2005) 414-422
40. Ficken R.W., Ficken M.S., and Hailman J.P. Temporal pattern shifts to avoid acoustic interference in singing birds. Science 183 (1974) 762-763
41. Ficken M.S., Rusch K.M., Taylor S.J., and Powers D.R. Blue-throated hummingbird song: a pinnacle of nonoscine vocalizations. Auk 117 (2000) 120-128
42. Fuchs J., Bowie R.C.K., Fjeldsa J., and Pasquet E. Phylogenetic relationships of the African bush-shrikes and helmet-shrikes (Passeriformes: Malaconotidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 33 (2004) 428-439
43. Garamszegi L.Z., Pavlova D.Z., Eens M., and Moller A.P. The evolution of song in female birds in Europe. Behav. Ecol. 18 (2007) 86-96
44. Garamszegi L.Z., Hirschenhauser K., Bokony V., Eens M., Hurtrez-Bousses S., Moller A.P., et al. Latitudinal distribution, migration, and testosterone levels in birds. Am. Nat. 172 (2008) 533-546
45. Gaunt S.L.L., Baptista L.F., Sanchez J.E., and Hernandez D. Song learning as evidenced from song sharing in two hummingbird species (Colibri coruscans and C. Thalassinus). Auk 111 (1994) 87-103
46. Geissmann T. Duet-splitting and the evolution of gibbon songs. Biol. Rev. 77 (2002) 57-76
47. Gill S.A., Vonhof M.J., Stutchbury B.J.M., Morton E.S., and Quinn J.S. No evidence for acoustic mate-guarding in duetting buff-breasted wrens (Thryothorus leucotis). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 57 (2005) 557-565
48. Gill S.A., Alfson E.D., and Hau M. Context matters: female aggression and testosterone in a year-round territorial neotropical songbird (Thryothorus leucotis). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 274 (2007) 2187-2194
49. Gill S.A., Costa L.M., and Hau M. Males of a single-brooded tropical bird species do not show increases in testosterone during social challenges. Horm. Behav. 54 (2008) 115-124
50. Goymann W., Moore I.T., Scheuerlein A., Hirschenhauser K., Grafen A., and Wingfield J.C. Testosterone in tropical birds: effects of environmental and social factors. Am. Nat. 164 (2004) 327-334
51. Grafe T.U., and Bitz J.H. An acoustic postconflict display in the duetting tropical boubou (Laniarius aethiopicus): a signal of victory?. BMC Ecol. 4 (2004) 1
52. Grafe T.U., and Bitz J.H. Functions of duetting in the tropical boubou, Laniarius aethiopicus: territorial defence and mutual mate guarding. Anim. Behav. 68 (2004) 193-201
53. Grafe T.U., Bitz J.H., and Wink M. Song repertoire and duetting behaviour of the tropical boubou, Laniarius aethiopicus. Anim. Behav. 68 (2004) 181-191
54. Greig E., and Pruett-Jones S. Splendid songs: the vocal behaviour of Splendid Fairy-wrens (Malurus splendens melanotus). Emu 108 (2008) 103-114
55. Grimes L. Antiphonal singing in Laniarius barbarus and the auditory reaction time. Ibis 107 (1965) 101-104
56. Hackett S.J., Kimball R.T., Reddy S., Bowie R.C.K., Braun E.L., Braun M.J., et al. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science 320 (2008) 1763-1768
57. Hale A.M. The structure, context and functions of group singing in black-breasted wood-quail (Odontophorus leucolaemus). Behaviour 143 (2006) 511-533
58. Hall M.L. The importance of pair duration and biparental care to reproductive success in the monogamous Australian magpie-lark. Aust. J. Zool. 47 (1999) 439-454
59. Hall M.L. The function of duetting in magpie-larks: conflict, cooperation, or commitment?. Anim. Behav. 60 (2000) 667-677
60. Hall M.L. A review of hypotheses for the functions of avian duetting. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 55 (2004) 415-430
61. Hall M.L. Convergent vocal strategies of males and females are consistent with a cooperative function of duetting in Australian magpie-larks. Behaviour 143 (2006) 425-449
62. Hall M.L., and Magrath R.D. Duetting and mate-guarding in Australian magpie-larks (Grallina cyanoleuca). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 47 (2000) 180-187
63. Hall M.L., and Magrath R.D. Temporal coordination signals coalition quality. Curr. Biol. 17 (2007) R406-R407
64. Hall M.L., and Peters A. Coordination between the sexes for territorial defence in a duetting fairy-wren. Anim. Behav. 76 (2008) 65-73
65. Hall M.L., and Peters A. Do male paternity guards ensure female fidelity in a duetting fairy-wren?. Behav. Ecol. 20 (2009) 222-228
66. Hall M.L., Illes A., and Vehrencamp S.L. Overlapping signals in banded wrens: long-term effects of prior experience on males and females. Behav. Ecol. 17 (2006) 260-269
67. Hammond T.J., and Bailey W.J. Eavesdropping and defensive auditory masking in an Australian Bushcricket, Caedicia (Phaneropterinae: Tettigoniidae: Orthoptera). Behaviour 140 (2003) 79-95
68. Harcus J.L. The functions of vocal duetting in some African birds. Z. Tierpsychol. 43 (1977) 23-45
69. Harris T., and Franklin K. Shrikes and Bush-Shrikes (2000), A & C Black, London
70. Hau M., Stoddard S.T., and Soma K.K. Territorial aggression and hormones during the non-breeding season in a tropical bird. Horm. Behav. 45 (2004) 40-49
71. Hultsch H., and Todt D. Temporal performance roles during vocal interactions in nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos B). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 11 (1982) 253-260
72. Hultsch H., and Todt D. Spatial proximity between allies: a territorial signal tested in the monogamous duet singer Cossypha heuglini. Behaviour 91 (1984) 286-293
73. Hultch H., and Todt D. Learning to sing. In: Slabbekoorn H. (Ed). Nature's Music: The Science of Birdsong (2004), Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford 80-107
74. Illes A.E., and Yunes-Jimenez L. A female bird out-sings male conspecifics during simulated territorial intrusions. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 276 (2009) 981-986
75. Immelmann K. Beitrage zur biologie u. Ethologie australischer honigfresser (Meliphagidae). J. Ornithol. 102 (1961) 164-207
76. Jeschke J.M., and Kokko H. Mortality and other determinants of bird divorce rate. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63 (2008) 1-9
77. King B.R. Social organisation and behaviour of the grey-crowned babbler Pomatostomus temporalis. Emu 80 (1980) 59
78. Klenova A.V., Volodin I.A., and Volodina E.V. Duet structure provides information about pair identity in the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis). J. Ethol. 26 (2008) 317-325
79. Kraaijeveld K., and Mulder R.A. The function of triumph ceremonies in the black swan. Behaviour 139 (2002) 45-54
80. Kroodsma D.E. The diversity and plasticity of birdsong. In: Marler P., and Slabbekoorn H. (Eds). Nature's Music: The Science of Birdsong (2004), Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford 108-131
81. Kroodsma D.E., Ingalls V.A., Sherry T.W., and Werner T.K. Songs of the Cocos flycatcher: vocal behaviour of a suboscine on an isolated oceanic island. Condor 89 (1987) 75-84
82. Kunkel P. Mating systems of tropical birds: the effects of weakness or absence of external reproduction-timing factors with special reference to prolonged pair bonds. Z. Tierpsychol. 34 (1974) 265-307
83. Laje R., and Mindlin G.B. Highly structured duets in the song of the South American Hornero. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 258104
84. Lamprecht J., Kaiser A., Peters A., and Kirchgessner C. Distance call duets in bar-headed geese (Anser indicus): co-operation through visual relief of the partner?. Z. Tierpsychol. 70 (1985) 211-218
85. Langmore N.E. Functions of duet and solo songs of female birds. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13 (1998) 136-140
86. Levin R.N. Song behaviour and reproductive strategies in a duetting wren, Thryothorus nigricapillus: I. Removal experiments. Anim. Behav. 52 (1996) 1093-1106
87. Levin R.N. Song behaviour and reproductive strategies in a duetting wren, Thryothorus nigricapillus: II. Playback experiments. Anim. Behav. 52 (1996) 1107-1117
88. Levin R.N., Paris T.I., and Bester J.K. Social versus innate influences on the development of sex-specific song in a tropical duetting wren. Am. Zool. 36 (1996) 92A
89. Logue D.M. Cooperative defence in duet singing birds. Cogn. Brain Behav. 9 (2005) 497-510
90. Logue D.M. The duet code of the female black-bellied wren. Condor 108 (2006) 326-335
91. Logue D.M. How do they duet? Sexually dimorphic behavioural mechanisms structure duet songs in the black-bellied wren. Anim. Behav. 73 (2007) 105-113
92. Logue D.M. Duetting in space: a radio-telemetry study of the black-bellied wren. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 274 (2007) 3005-3010
93. Logue D.M., and Forstmeier W. Constrained performance in a communication network: implications for the function of song-type matching and for the evolution of multiple ornaments. Am. Nat. 172 (2008) 34-41
94. Logue D.M., and Gammon D.E. Duet song and sex roles during territory defence in a tropical bird, the black-bellied wren, Thryothorus fasciatoventris. Anim. Behav. 68 (2004) 721-731
95. Logue D.M., Chalmers C., and Gowland A.H. The behavioural mechanisms underlying temporal coordination in black-bellied wren duets. Anim. Behav. 75 (2008) 1803-1808
96. Low M. Laying gaps in the New Zealand Stitchbird are correlated with female harassment by extra-pair males. Emu 108 (2008) 28-34
97. MacDougall-Shackleton S.A., and Ball G.F. Comparative studies of sex differences in the song-control system of songbirds. Trends Neurosci. 22 (1999) 432-436
98. Malacarne G., Cucco M., and Camanni S. Coordinated visual displays and vocal duetting in different ecological situations among Western Palearctic non-passerine birds. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 3 (1991) 207-219
99. Maney D.L., Goode C.T., Lake J.I., Lange H.S., and O'Brien S. Rapid neuroendocrine responses to auditory courtship signals. Endocrinology 148 (2007) 5614-5623
100. Mann N.I., Marshall-Ball L., and Slater P.J.B. The complex song duet of the plain wren. Condor 105 (2003) 672-682
101. Mann N.I., Dingess K.A., and Slater P.J.B. Antiphonal four-part synchronized chorusing in a neotropical wren. Biol. Lett. 2 (2005) 1-4
102. Mann N.I., Barker F.K., Graves J.A., Dingess-Mann K.A., and Slater P.J.B. Molecular data delineate four genera of "Thryothorus" wrens. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 40 (2006) 750-759
103. Mann N.I., Dingess K.A., Barker F.K., Graves G.R., and Slater P.J.B. A comparative study of song form and duetting in neotropical Thryothorus wrens. Behaviour 146 (2009) 1-43
104. Maples E.G., Haraway M.M., and Hutto C.W. Development of coordinated singing in a newly formed siamang pair (Hylobates syndactylus). Zoo Biol. 8 (1989) 367-378
105. Marshall-Ball L., and Slater P.J.B. Duet singing and repertoire use in threat signalling of individuals and pairs. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271 (2004) S440-S443
106. Marshall-Ball L., and Slater P.J.B. Repertoire sharing by the individual and the pair: insights into duet function and development in the plain wren Thryothorus modestus. J. Avian. Biol. 39 (2008) 293-299
107. Marshall-Ball L., Mann N., and Slater P.J.B. Multiple functions to duet singing: hidden conflicts and apparent cooperation. Anim. Behav. 71 (2006) 823-831
108. Martin T.E. Life history evolution in tropical and south temperate birds-what do we really know?. J. Avian. Biol. 27 (1996) 263-272
109. Maurer G., Smith C., Susser M., and Magrath R.D. Solo and duet calling in the pheasant coucal: sex and individual call differences in a nesting cuckoo with reversed size dimorphism. Aust. J. Zool. 56 (2008) 143-149
110. Mays H.L., Yao C.T., and Yuan H.W. Antiphonal duetting in Steere's liocichla (Liocichla steerii): male song individuality and correlation between habitat and duetting behavior. Ecol. Res. 21 (2006) 311-314
111. McElroy D.B., and Ritchison G. Effect of mate removal on singing behavior and movement patterns of female northern cardinals. Wilson Bull. 108 (1996) 550-555
112. Mennill D.J. Aggressive responses of male and female rufous-and-white wrens to stereo duet playback. Anim. Behav. 71 (2006) 219-226
113. Mennill D.J., and Rogers A.C. Whip it good! Geographic consistency in male songs and variability in female songs of the duetting eastern whipbird Psophodes olivaceus. J. Avian. Biol. 37 (2006) 93-100
114. Mennill D.J., and Vehrencamp S.L. Sex differences in singing and duetting behavior of neotropical rufous-and-white wrens (Thryothorus rufalbus). Auk 122 (2005) 175-186
115. Mennill D.J., and Vehrencamp S.L. Context-dependent functions of avian duets revealed by microphone-array recordings and multispeaker playback. Curr. Biol. 18 (2008) 1314-1319
116. Mennill D.J., Ratcliffe L.M., and Boag P.T. Female eavesdropping on male song contests in songbirds. Science 296 (2002) 873 873
117. Merkle T.F.C. Territoriality, breeding biology and vocalisations of the crimson-breasted shrike. Ostrich 77 (2006) 136-141
118. Mitani J.C. Territoriality and monogamy among agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 20 (1987) 265-269
119. Molles L.E., and Waas J.R. Are two heads better than one? Responses of the duetting kokako to one- and two-speaker playback. Anim. Behav. 72 (2006) 131-138
120. Molles L.E., Hudson J.D., and Waas J.R. The mechanics of duetting in a New Zealand endemic, the kokako (Callaeas cinerea wilsoni): song at a snail's pace. Ethology 112 (2006) 424-436
121. Moore I.T., Bonier F., and Wingfield J.C. Reproductive asynchrony and population divergence between two tropical bird populations. Behav. Ecol. 16 (2005) 755-762
122. Morton E.S. A comparison of vocal behavior among tropical and temperate passerine birds. In: Kroodsma D.E., and Miller E.H. (Eds). Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Birds (1996), Cornell University Press, Ithaca 258-268
123. Morton E.S., and Stutchbury B.J.M. Demography and reproductive success in the dusky antbird, a sedentary tropical passerine. J. Field Ornithol. 71 (2000) 493-500
124. Morton E.S., Derrickson K.C., and Stutchbury B.J.M. Territory switching behavior in a sedentary tropical passerine, the dusky antbird (Cercomacra tyrannina). Behav. Ecol. 11 (2000) 648-653
125. Moyle R.G. Phylogenetics of barbets (Aves: Piciformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 30 (2004) 187-200
126. Naguib M. Effects of song overlapping and alternating on nocturnally singing nightingales. Anim. Behav. 58 (1999) 1061-1067
127. Naguib M., and Todt D. Effects of dyadic vocal interactions on other conspecific receivers in nightingales. Anim. Behav. 54 (1997) 1535-1543
128. Naguib M., Fichtel C., and Todt D. Nightingales respond more strongly to vocal leaders of simulated dyadic interactions. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 266 (1999) 537-542
129. Nealen P.M., and Perkel D.J. Sexual dimorphism in the song system of the Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus. J. Comp. Neurol. 418 (2000) 346-360
130. Nguembock B., Fjeldsa J., Couioux A., and Pasquet E. Phylogeny of Laniarius: molecular data reveal L. liberatus synonymous with L. erlangeri and "plumage coloration" as unreliable morphological characters for defining species and species groups. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 48 (2008) 396-407
131. Nottebohm F. The origins of vocal learning. Am. Nat. 106 (1972) 116-140
132. Nottebohm F., and Arnold A.P. Sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of songbird brain. Science 194 (1976) 211-213
133. Payne R.B. Duetting and chorus singing in African birds. Ostrich Suppl. 9 (1971) 125-146
134. Payne R.B., and Skinner N.J. Temporal patterns of duetting in African barbets. Ibis 112 (1970) 173-183
135. Peach W.J., Hanmer D.B., and Oatley T.B. Do southern African songbirds live longer than their European counterparts?. Oikos 93 (2001) 235-249
136. Power D.M. Antiphonal duetting and evidence for auditory reaction time in the orange-chinned parakeet. Auk 83 (1966) 314-319
137. Price, J.J., 2009. Evolution and life history correlates of female song in the New World blackbirds. Behav. Ecol. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arp085
138. Price J.J., Yunes-Jimenez L., Osorio-Beristain M., Omland K.E., and Murphy T.G. Sex-role reversal in song? Females sing more frequently than males in the streak-backed oriole. Condor 110 (2008) 387-392
139. Price J.J., Lanyon S.M., and Omland K.E. Losses of female song with changes from tropical to temperate breeding in the New World blackbirds. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 276 (2009) 1971-1980
140. Reyer H.U., and Schmidl D. Helpers have little to laugh about: group structure and vocalisation in the laughing kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae. Emu 88 (1988) 150-160
141. Riebel K. The "mute" sex revisited: vocal production and perception learning in female songbirds. Adv. Study Behav. 33 (2003) 49-86
142. Riebel K., Hall M.L., and Langmore N.E. Female songbirds still struggling to be heard. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20 (2005) 419-420
143. Ritchison G. The singing behaviour of female northern cardinals. Condor 88 (1986) 156-159
144. Robinson A. The biological significance of bird song in Australia. Emu 48 (1949) 291-315
145. Rogers A.C. Male and female song structure and singing behaviour in the duetting eastern whipbird, Psophodes olivaceus. Aust. J. Zool. 53 (2005) 157-166
146. Rogers A.C., and Mulder R.A. Breeding ecology and social behaviour of an antiphonal duetter, the eastern whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus). Aust. J. Zool. 52 (2004) 417-435
147. Rogers A.C., Ferguson J.E., Harrington H.M., McDowell S., Miller A., and Panagos J. Use of stereo duet playback to investigate traditional duet playback methods and mechanisms of cooperative territorial defence in magpie-larks. Behaviour 141 (2004) 741-753
148. Rogers A.C., Mulder R.A., and Langmore N.E. Duet duels: sex differences in song matching in duetting eastern whipbirds. Anim. Behav. 72 (2006) 53-61
149. Rogers A.C., Langmore N.E., and Mulder R.A. Function of pair duets in the eastern whipbird: cooperative defense or sexual conflict?. Behav. Ecol. 18 (2007) 182-188
150. Russell E., and Rowley I. Partnerships in promiscuous splendid fairy-wrens. In: Black J.M. (Ed). Partnerships in Birds: The Study of Monogamy (1996), Oxford University Press, Oxford 162-173
151. Russell E.M., Yom-Tov Y., and Geffen E. Extended parental care and delayed dispersal: northern, tropical, and southern passerines compared. Behav. Ecol. 15 (2004) 831-838
152. Schwabl H. Winter and breeding territorial behavior and levels of reproductive hormones of migratory European robins. Orn. Scand. 23 (1992) 271-276
153. Schwabl H., and Sonnenschein E. Antiphonal duetting and sex hormones in the tropical bush shrike Laniarius funebris. Horm. Behav. 26 (1992) 295-307
154. Seddon N. The structure, context and possible functions of solos, duets and choruses in the subdesert mesite (Monias benschi). Behaviour 139 (2002) 645-676
155. Seddon N., and Tobias J.A. Communal singing in the cooperatively breeding subdesert mesite Monias benschi: evidence of numerical assessment?. J. Avian. Biol. 34 (2003) 72-80
156. Seddon N., and Tobias J.A. Duets defend mates in a suboscine passerine, the warbling antbird (Hypocnemis cantator). Behav. Ecol. 17 (2006) 73-83
157. Seddon N., Butchart S.H.M., and Odling-Smee L. Duetting in the subdesert mesite Monias benschi: evidence for acoustic mate defence?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52 (2002) 7-16
158. Seddon N., Merrill R.M., and Tobias J.A. Sexually selected traits predict patterns of species richness in a diverse clade of suboscine birds. Am. Nat. 171 (2008) 620-631
159. Seibt U., and Wickler W. Ein stimmfuhlungs-duett beim hornraben, Bucorvus leadbeateri (Vigors). J. Orn. 118 (1977) 195-198
160. Seibt U., and Wickler W. "Sympathetic song": the silent and the overt vocal repertoire, exemplified with a dueting pair of the African slate-coloured boubou, Laniarius funebris. Ethology 106 (2000) 795-809
161. Seibt U., Wickler W., Kleindienst H.U., and Sonnenschein E. Structure, geography and origin of dialects in the traditive song of the forest weaver Ploceus bicolor sclateri in Natal, S. Africa. Behaviour 139 (2002) 1237-1265
162. Short L.L., and Horne J.F.M. A review of duetting, sociality and speciation in some African barbets (Capitonidae). Condor 85 (1983) 323-332
163. Sibley C.G., and Ahlquist J.E. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution (1990), Yale University Press, London
164. Slabbekoorn H., and den Boer-Visser A. Cities change the songs of birds. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) 2326-2331
165. Slater P.J.B., and Mann N.I. Why do the females of many bird species sing in the tropics?. J. Avian. Biol. 35 (2004) 289-294
166. Slater P.J.B., Gil D., Barlow C.R., and Graves J.A. Male-led duets in the moho, Hypergerus atriceps, and yellow-crowned gonolek, Laniarius barbarus. Ostrich 73 (2002) 49-51
167. Smith G.T. Observations on the biology of the western bristlebird Dasyornis longirostris. Emu 87 (1987) 111-118
168. Smith G.T. Ecology of the western whipbird Psophodes nigrogularis in Western Australia. Emu 91 (1991) 145-157
169. Smith W.J. Animal duets: forcing a mate to be attentive. J. Theor. Biol. 166 (1994) 221-223
170. Snow D.W. Duetting and other synchronised displays of the blue-backed manakins, Chiroxiphia spp. In: Stonehouse B., and Perrins C.M. (Eds). Evolutionary Ecology (1977), Macmillan, London 239-251
171. Sonnenschein E., and Reyer H.U. Mate-guarding and other functions of antiphonal duets in the slate-coloured boubou (Laniarius funebris). Z. Tierpsychol. 63 (1983) 112-140
172. Stiles F.G., and Skutch A.F. A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica (1989), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
173. Thorpe W.H. Antiphonal singing in birds as evidence for avian auditory reaction time. Nature 197 (1963) 774-776
174. Thorpe W.H. Duetting and antiphonal song in birds: its extent and significance. Behaviour Suppl. 18 (1972) 1-197
175. Thorpe W.H., and North M.E.W. Vocal imitation in the tropical bou-bou shrike Laniarius aethopicus major as a means of establishing and maintaining social bonds. Ibis 108 (1966) 432-435
176. Tingay S.R. Antiphonal song in the magpie-lark. Emu 74 (1974) 11-17
177. Tobias J.A., and Seddon N. Signal jamming mediates sexual conflict in a duetting bird. Curr. Biol. 19 (2009) 577-582
178. Tobias M.L., Viswanathan S.S., and Kelley D.B. Rapping, a female receptive call, initiates male-female duets in the South African clawed frog. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 1870-1875
179. Todt D., and Fiebelkorn A. Display, timing and function of wing movements accompanying antiphonal duets of Cichladusa guttata. Behaviour 72 (1980) 82-106
180. Todt D., and Hultsch H. Impairment of vocal signal exchange in the monogamous duet-singer Cossypha heuglini (Turdidae): effects on pair bond maintenance. Z. Tierpsychol. 60 (1982) 265-274
181. Todt D., and Naguib M. Vocal interactions in birds: the use of song as a model in communication. Adv. Study Behav. 29 (2000) 247-296
182. Todt D., Hultch H., and Duvall F.P. Behavioural significance and social function of vocal and non-vocal displays in the monogamous duet-singer Cossypha heuglini H. Zool. Beitr. 27 (1981) 421-448
183. Topp S.M., and Mennill D.J. Seasonal variation in the duetting behaviour of rufous-and-white wrens (Thryothorus rufalbus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62 (2008) 1107-1117
184. Trainer J.M., and McDonald D.B. Singing performance, frequency matching and courtship success of long-tailed manakins (Chiroxiphia linearis). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 37 (1995) 249-254
185. Trainer J.M., McDonald D.B., and Learn W.A. The development of coordinated singing in cooperatively displaying long-tailed manakins. Behav. Ecol. 13 (2002) 65-69
186. Vehrencamp S.L. Handicap, index, and conventional signal elements of bird song. In: Espmark Y.O., Amundsen T., and Rosenqvist G. (Eds). Animal Signals: Signalling and Signal Design in Animal Communication (2000), Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim 277-300
187. Vehrencamp S.L., Hall M.L., Bohman E.R., Depeine C.D., and Dalziell A.H. Song matching, overlapping, and switching in the banded wren: the sender's perspective. Behav. Ecol. 18 (2007) 849-859
188. Vencl F., and Soucek B. Structure and control of duet singing in white-crested laughing thrush, (Garrulax leucolophus). Behaviour 57 (1976) 206-226
189. Voigt C., Leitner S., and Gahr M. Repertoire and structure of duet and solo songs in cooperatively breeding white-browed sparrow weavers. Behaviour 143 (2006) 159-182
190. von Helversen D. Structure and function of antiphonal duets. Acta XVIII Int. Orn. Congr. Berlin 17 (1980) 682-688
191. von Helversen D., and Wickler W. Uber den duettgesang des afrikanischen drongo Dicrurus adsimilis Bechstein. Z. Tierpsychol. 29 (1971) 301-321
192. Watson M. Significance of antiphonal song in the Eastern whipbird, Psophodes olivaceus. Behaviour 35 (1969) 157-178
193. Whitford P.C. Temporal alternation and coordination of calls by paired Canada geese in duetted calling of aggression, territorial and triumph behavior. Passenger Pigeon 58 (1996) 249-258
194. Whittingham L.A., Kirkconnell A., and Ratcliffe L.M. The context and function of duet and solo songs in the red-shouldered blackbird. Wilson Bull. 109 (1997) 279-289
195. Wickler W. Aufbau und paarspezifitat des gesangsduetters von Laniarius funebris (Aves, Passeriformes, Laniidae). Z. Tierpsychol. 30 (1972) 464-476
196. Wickler W. Duetting songs in birds: biological significance of stationary and non-stationary processes. J. Theor. Biol. 61 (1976) 493-497
197. Wickler W. Vocal duetting and the pair bond. I. Coyness and partner commitment. A hypothesis. Z. Tierpsychol. 52 (1980) 201-209
198. Wickler W., and Seibt U. Song splitting in the evolution of duetting. Z. Tierpsychol. 59 (1982) 127-140
199. Wickler W., and Sonnenschein E. Ontogeny of song in captive duet-singing slate coloured boubous (Laniarius funebris). A study in birdsong epigenesis. Behaviour 111 (1989) 220-233
200. Wiley R.H., and Wiley M.S. Recognition of neighbours' duets by stripe-backed wrens Campylorhynchus nuchalis. Behaviour 62 (1977) 10-34
201. Wright T.F., and Dahlin C.R. Pair duets in the yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata): phonology and syntax. Behaviour 144 (2007) 207-228
202. Wright T.F., and Dorin M. Pair duets in the yellow-naped amazon (Psittaciformes: Amazona auropalliata): responses to playbacks of different dialects. Ethology 107 (2001) 111-124
203. Zimmer K.J., Whittaker A., and Oren D.C. A cryptic new species of flycatcher (Tyrannidae: Suiriri) from the cerrado region of central South America. Auk 118 (2001) 56-78