Treatment of war wounds: A historical review

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

Volumn 467, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 2168-2191

  Manring, M M ^a   Hawk, Alan ^b   Calhoun, Jason H ^c   Andersen, Romney C ^d  

^a University of Missouri   (United States)

^b ARMED FORCES INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

^c OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BROMINE; HYPOCHLORITE SODIUM; MAFENIDE; MAFENIDE ACETATE; PENICILLIN G; PHENOL; STREPTOMYCIN; SULFADIAZINE SILVER;

AFGHANISTAN; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARMY; ARTHRODESIS; BATTLE INJURY; BLEEDING; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BLOOD VESSEL SHUNT; CAUTERIZATION; DEBRIDEMENT; FEMUR FRACTURE; FRACTURE REDUCTION; GAS GANGRENE; GUNSHOT INJURY; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING; IRAQ; KIRSCHNER WIRE; LIMB AMPUTATION; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MORTALITY; NERVE REGENERATION; NONHUMAN; OCCLUSIVE DRESSING; OSTEOTOMY; PLASTER CAST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SOLDIER; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY; TENDON TRANSFER; TOURNIQUET; TRACTION THERAPY; UNITED STATES; WOUND CARE; WOUND INFECTION; WOUND IRRIGATION; ARTICLE; HISTORY; INJURY; WAR;

HISTORY, 15TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 16TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 17TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HISTORY, MEDIEVAL; WAR; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 67949114266     PISSN: 0009921X     EISSN: 15281132     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-0738-5     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. JA Aldrete GM Marron AJ Wright 1984 The first administration of anesthesia in military surgery: on occasion of the Mexican-American War Anesthesiology. 61 585 588 6388417 1:STN:280:DyaL2M%2FksVOqtA%3D%3D
2. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 1999 Armed Services Blood Program therapeutic guidelines on antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery Am J Health Syst Pharm. 56 1839 1888
3. RC Andersen HM Frisch GL Farber RA Hayda 2006 Definitive treatment of combat casualties at military medical centers J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 14 S24 S31 17003202
4. R Anderson 1934 An automatic method for treatment of fractures of the tibia and the fibula J Bone Joint Surg Am. 58 639 646
5. Artz CP, Bronwell AW, Sako Y. Preoperative and postoperative care of battle casualties. Available at: http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/korea/ recad1/frameindex.html. Accessed Sept. 12, 2008.
6. th . Levels of medical care in the global war on terrorism J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 14 S7 S9 17003212
7. CE Bagwell 1981 Ambroise Pare and the renaissance of surgery Surg Gynecol Obstet. 152 350 354 7008226 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7is1Ogsw%3D%3D
8. Ballard A, Brown PW, Burkhalter WE, Eversmann WW, Feagin JA, Mayfield GW, Omer GE Jr. Orthopedic surgery in Vietnam. Available at: http://history.amedd. army.mil/booksdocs/vietnam/OrthoVietnam/frameindex.html. Accessed September 11, 2008.
9. W Beninati MT Meyer TE Carter 2008 The critical care air transport program Crit Care Med. 36 S370 S376 18594265
10. OS Better 1999 Josep Trueta (1897-1977): military surgeon and pioneer investigator of acute renal failure Am J Nephrol. 19 343 345 10213840 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3jtlCktw%3D%3D
11. CR Blagg 2004 Triage: Napoleon to the present day J Nephrol. 17 629 632 15372431 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvmtFyhug%3D%3D
12. FW Blaisdell 1988 Medical advances during the Civil War Arch Surg. 123 1045 1050 3046560 1:STN:280:DyaL1czisFyqsw%3D%3D
13. FW Blaisdell 2005 Civil War vascular injuries World J Surg. 29 S21 S24 15815836
14. GP Boe TV Chinh 1972 The military blood programs in Vietnam Mil Med. 137 109 112 4621985 1:STN:280:DyaE387isFCqtg%3D%3D
15. Bollet AJ. Civil War Medicine Challenges and Triumphs. Tucson, AZ: Galen Press Ltd; 2002.
16. EA Brav VH Jeffress 1952 Fractures of the femoral shaft; a clinical comparison of treatment by traction suspension and intramedullary nailing Am J Surg. 84 16 25 14924051 1:STN:280:DyaG38%2FlsVWlsw%3D%3D
17. K Brown 2004 The history of penicillin from discovery to the drive to production Pharm Hist (Lond) 34 37 43
18. PW Brown 1989 Recollections of Sterling Bunnell J Hand Surg [Br]. 14 355 356 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FhtVGkuw%3D%3D
19. PW Brown 1995 War wounds of the hand revisited J Hand Surg [Am]. 20 S61 S67 1:STN:280:DyaK2MzntVKhug%3D%3D
20. Bunnell S. Surgery of the Hand. 1st Ed. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 1944.
21. Bunnell S. Hand Surgery. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army; 1955.
22. Burkhalter WE. Orthopedic Surgery in Vietnam. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General and Center of Military History; 1994.
23. DS Campion LJ Lynch FC Rector Jr N Carter GT Shires 1969 Effect of hemorrhagic shock on transmembrane potential Surgery. 66 1051 1059 5402532 1:STN:280:DyaE3M%2FgtF2lsQ%3D%3D
24. Carrel A, Dehelly G. The Treatment of Infected Wounds. New York, NY: Paul B. Hoeber; 1917.
25. PR Carter 2003 The embryogenesis of the specialty of hand surgery: a story of three great Americans-a politician, a general, and a duck hunter: The 2002 Richard J. Smith memorial lecture J Hand Surg [Am]. 28 185 198
26. NE Christensen 1976 Technique, errors and safeguards in modern Kuntscher nailing Clin Orthop Relat Res. 115 182 188 1253480
27. KK Chung RM Perkins JD Oliver 3rd 2008 Renal replacement therapy in support of combat operations Crit Care Med. 36 S365 S369 18594264
28. ED Churchill 1944 The surgical management of the wounded in the Mediterranean theater at the time of the fall of Rome [Foreword by Brig. Gen'l Fred W. Rankin, M.C.] Ann Surg 120 268 283 17858491 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2srktlGlsw%3D%3D
29. VJ Cirillo 2000 Fever and reform: the typhoid epidemic in the Spanish-American War J Hist Med Allied Sci. 55 363 397 11076458 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2Fls1ChsA%3D%3D
30. VJ Cirillo 2000 The Spanish-American War and military radiology AJR Am J Roentgenol. 174 1233 1239 10789768 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3kvVKgsg%3D%3D
31. Cleveland M. Surgery in World War II Series: Orthopedic Surgery in the European Theater of Operations. Available at: http://history.amedd.army.mil/ booksdocs/wwii/orthoeuropn/. Accessed September 9, 2008.
32. M Cleveland JA Grove 1945 Delayed primary closure of wounds with compound fractures J Bone Joint Surg Am. 27 446 452
33. H Connor 1998 The use of chloroform by British Army surgeons during the Crimean War Med Hist. 42 161 193 9624803 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3oslyquw%3D%3D
34. LN Cozen 1985 Military orthopedic surgery Clin Orthop Relat Res. 200 50 53 3905124
35. JN Cunningham Jr GT Shires Y Wagner 1971 Cellular transport defects in hemorrhagic shock Surgery. 70 215 222 5560182
36. A Depage 1919 General considerations as to the treatment of war wounds Ann Surg. 69 575 588 17864109 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2srkvFWmtw%3D%3D
37. PJ Dougherty 1993 Wartime amputations Mil Med. 158 755 763 8108012 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7ltVyltw%3D%3D
38. PJ Dougherty PR Carter D Seligson DR Benson JM Purvis 2004 Orthopaedic surgery advances resulting from World War II J Bone Joint Surg Am. 86 176 181 14711963
39. RS Driscoll 2001 New York Chapter History of Military Medicine Award. U.S. Army medical helicopters in the Korean War Mil Med. 166 290 296 11315465 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3oslOlug%3D%3D
40. Duncan LC. Medical Men In The American Revolution 1775-1783. Available at: http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/rev/MedMen/MedMenTitle.html. Accessed September. 11, 2008.
41. Ellis H. A History of Surgery. London, England: Greenwich Medical Media Ltd; 2001.
42. F Esmarch 2006 Historical article. On artificial bloodlessness during operations. 1873 J Hand Surg [Br]. 31 390 396 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28zpsFyqsg%3D%3D
43. A Fleming 1915 On the bacteriology of septic wounds Lancet. 2 638 643
44. A Fleming 1919 The action of chemical and physiological antiseptics in a septic wound Brit J Surg. 7 99 129
45. Freeman FR. Microbes and Minie Balls. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Press; 1993.
46. W Furste 1998 A golden opportunity J Trauma. 44 1110 1112 9637175 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3pvFantw%3D%3D
47. D Gajewski R Granville 2006 The United States armed forces amputee patient care program J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 14 S183 S187 17003196
48. CJ Gill GC Gill 2005 Nightingale in Scutari: her legacy reexamined Clin Infect Dis. 40 1799 1805 15909269
49. Goldsmith M. A Report on Hospital Gangrene, Erysipelas and Pyaemia. As Observed in the Departments of the Ohio and the Cumberland, with Cases Appended. Louisville, KY: Bradley & Gilbert; 1863.
50. RC Gordon R Charles 2005 Drew: surgeon, scientist, and educator J Invest Surg. 18 223 225 16249164
51. JD Griffith 1897 Some effects of bullets Proc Assoc Mil Surg U S. 7 505 520
52. A Gross DE Cutright WJ Larson SN Bhaskar WR Posey DM Mulcahy 1972 The effect of antiseptic agents and pulsating jet lavage on contaminated wounds Mil Med. 137 145 147 4622455 1:CAS:528:DyaE38Xkt12lt7Y%3D
53. Gross SD. A Manual of Military Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott & Co; 1861.
54. Haeger H. The Illustrated History of Surgery. London, England: Harold Starke; 1989.
55. M Hagy 2004 "Keeping up with the Joneses"-the story of Sir Robert Jones and Sir Reginald Watson-Jones Iowa Orthop J. 24 133 137 15296220
56. Hamilton FH. A Practical Treatise on Military Surgery. New York, NY: Balleire Bros; 1861.
57. Hampton OP. Orthopedic Surgery in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General; 1957.
58. RM Hardaway 1999 200 years of military surgery Injury. 30 387 397 10645351 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7gvF2ntA%3D%3D
59. RM Hardaway 2004 Wound shock: a history of its study and treatment by military surgeons Mil Med. 169 265 269 15132226
60. RM Hardaway 3rd 1978 Viet Nam wound analysis J Trauma. 18 635 643 731752
61. T Hau 1982 The surgical practice of Dominique Jean Larrey Surg Gynecol Obstet. 154 89 94 7031942 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2FosFSrug%3D%3D
62. A Hawk 2002 An ambulating hospital: or, how the hospital train transformed Army medicine Civil War History. 48 197 219
63. R Hayda RM Harris CD Bass 2004 Blast injury research: modeling injury effects of landmines, bullets, and bombs Clin Orthop Relat Res. 422 97 108 15187840
64. RA Hayda MT Mazurek ET Powell Iv MW Richardson HM Frisch RC Andersen JR Ficke 2008 From Iraq back to Iraq: modern combat orthopaedic care Instr Course Lect. 57 87 99 18399572
65. C Heisterkamp 3rd J Vernick RL Simmons T Motsumoto 1969 Topical antibiotics in war wounds: a re-evaluation Mil Med. 134 13 18 4990703
66. TS Helling E Daon 1998 In Flanders fields: the Great War, Antoine Depage, and the resurgence of debridement Ann Surg. 228 173 181 9712561 1:STN:280:DyaK1czns1CjtA%3D%3D
67. TS Helling WK McNabney 2000 The role of amputation in the management of battlefield casualties: a history of two millennia J Trauma. 49 930 939 11086787 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FjsFyhtA%3D%3D
68. JR Hess MJ Thomas 2003 Blood use in war and disaster: lessons from the past century Transfusion. 43 1622 1633 14617324 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3srjvValsQ%3D%3D
69. JB Holcomb LG Stansbury HR Champion C Wade RF Bellamy 2006 Understanding combat casualty care statistics J Trauma. 60 397 401 16508502
70. Homer. The Iliad. Lombardo S, trans. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co; 1997.
71. DR Hospenthal CK Murray RC Andersen JP Blice JH Calhoun LC Cancio KK Chung NG Conger HK Crouch LC D'Avignon JR Dunne JR Ficke RG Hale DK Hayes EF Hirsch JR Hsu DH Jenkins JJ Keeling RR Martin LE Moores K Petersen JR Saffle JS Solomkin SA Tasker AB Valadka AR Wiesen GW Wortmann JB Holcomb 2008 Guidelines for the prevention of infection after combat-related injuries J Trauma. 64 S211 S220 18316965
72. IT Houghton 2006 Some observations on early military anaesthesia Anaesth Intensive Care 34 suppl 1 6 15 16800222
73. Howard JM. Battle casualties in Korea: Studies of the Surgical Research Team. Vol III. The Battle Wound: Clinical Experiences. Washington, DC: Army Medical Service Graduate School; 1955.
74. JM Howard FK Inui 1954 Clostridial myositis; gas gangrene; observations of battle casualties in Korea Surgery. 36 1115 1118 13216500 1:STN:280:DyaG2M%2FivVWrsw%3D%3D
75. Hunter J. A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation and Gunshot Wounds. London, England: John Richardson; 1794.
76. G Hutchinson 1997 Words to the wise: poison arrows BMJ. 314 7082
77. KV Iserson JC Moskop 2007 Triage in medicine, part I: concept, history, and types Ann Emerg Med. 49 275 281 17141139
78. EN Johnson TC Burns RA Hayda DR Hospenthal CK Murray 2007 Infectious complications of open type III tibial fractures among combat casualties Clin Infect Dis. 45 409 415 17638186
79. PC Johnson 1989 Guy de Chauliac and the grand surgery Surg Gynecol Obstet. 169 172 176 2667178 1:STN:280:DyaL1Mzjt1KhtQ%3D%3D
80. DJ Keblish M DeMaio 1998 Early pulsatile lavage for the decontamination of combat wounds: historical review and point proposal Mil Med. 163 844 846 9866365 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FotlGqtQ%3D%3D
81. TM Keller 1997 A roentgen centennial legacy: the first use of the X-ray by the U.S. military in the Spanish-American War Mil Med. 162 551 554 9271908 1:STN:280:DyaK2svhslymsg%3D%3D
82. Kendrick DB. Blood Program in World War II. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General; 1964.
83. F Kiel 1966 Development of a blood program in Vietnam Mil Med. 131 1469 1482 4962998 1:STN:280:DyaF2s3lsVCktg%3D%3D
84. NT Kirk 1944 The development of amputation Bull Med Libr Assoc. 32 132 163 16016639 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28%2Flt1Kisw%3D%3D
85. NT Kirk 1989 Amputations. 1943 Clin Orthop Relat Res. 243 3 16 2656030
86. JJ Kovaric T Matsumoto AS Dobek HF Hamit 1968 Bacterial flora of one hundred and twelve combat wounds Mil Med. 133 622 624 4977089 1:STN:280:DyaF1M7ptFaqsA%3D%3D
87. JE Kuz 2004 The ABJS Presidential Lecture, June 2004: Our orthopaedic heritage: the American Civil War Clin Orthop Relat Res. 429 306 315 15577503
88. Long AP. Tetanus in the U.S. Army during World War II. Bull US Army Med Dept. 1947:371-385.
89. CE Lucas 1976 The renal response to acute injury and sepsis Surg Clin North Am. 56 953 975 785637 1:STN:280:DyaE283ntFCmtg%3D%3D
90. Macleod GHB. Notes On The Surgery Of The War In The Crimea, With Remarks On The Treatment Of Gunshot Wounds. London, England: John Churchill; 1858.
91. R Magee 1998 Amputation through the ages: the oldest major surgical operation Aust N Z J Surg. 68 675 678 9737268 1:STN:280:DyaK1cvgslartA%3D%3D
92. A Mavroforou S Koutsias F Fafoulakis I Balogiannis G Stamatiou AD Giannoukas 2007 The evolution of lower limb amputation through the ages: historical note Int Angiol. 26 385 389 18091708 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2sjltlaitw%3D%3D
93. KJ McDonnell TP Sculco 1997 Dakin's solution revisited Am J Orthop. 26 471 473 9247653 1:STN:280:DyaK2szptVyiug%3D%3D
94. JA Mendelson 1960 Topical therapy as an expedient treatment of massive open wounds: experimental study Surgery. 48 1035 1047 13769357 1:STN:280:DyaF3c%2FovFekuw%3D%3D
95. NH Metcalfe 2005 The influence of the military on civilian uncertainty about modern anaesthesia between its origins in 1846 and the end of the Crimean War in 1856 Anaesthesia. 60 594 601 15918831 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M3nsF2ntg%3D%3D
96. CK Murray MK Hinkle HC Yun 2008 History of infections associated with combat-related injuries J Trauma 64 3 suppl S221 S231 18316966
97. CK Murray SA Roop DR Hospenthal DP Dooley K Wenner J Hammock N Taufen E Gourdine 2006 Bacteriology of war wounds at the time of injury Mil Med. 171 826 829 17036599
98. KB Nakhgevany JE Rhoads Jr 1984 Ankle-level amputation Surgery. 95 549 552 6710352 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7nt1OjtA%3D%3D
99. Neel S. Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam, 1965-1970. Available at: http://history.amedd.army.mil/default-index2.html. Accessed March 5, 2008.
100. Nessen SC, Lounsbury DE, Hetz SP, eds. War Surgery in Afghanistan and Iraq: A Series of Cases, 2003-2007. Washington, DC: Borden Institute; 2008.
101. WL Newmeyer 3rd 2003 Sterling Bunnell, MD: the founding father J Hand Surg [Am]. 28 161 164
102. Notes on Care of Battle Casualties: Washington, DC: U.S. War Department; March 1945.
103. Ortiz JM. The revolutionary flying ambulance of Napoleon's surgeon. US Army Medical Department Journal. 1998(October-December):17-25.
104. Otis GA, Huntington DL. The medical and surgical history of the War of the Rebellion. Part III, Vol. II. Surgical History. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1883.
105. Orthopaedic Trauma Research Program 2006 Funded Proposals. Fort Sam Houston, TX: U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research; Fall 2006.
106. Orthopaedic Trauma Research Program 2007 Funded Proposals. Fort Sam Houston, TX: U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research; Fall 2007.
107. BD Owens JF Kragh Jr J Macaitis SJ Svoboda JC Wenke 2007 Characterization of extremity wounds in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom J Orthop Trauma. 21 254 257 17414553
108. BD Owens JF Kragh Jr JC Wenke J Macaitis CE Wade JB Holcomb 2008 Combat wounds in operation Iraqi Freedom and operation Enduring Freedom J Trauma. 64 295 299 18301189
109. LT Peterson 1944 The army amputation program J Bone Joint Surg Am. 26 635 638
110. EA Pikoulis JC Petropoulos C Tsigris N Pikoulis AK Leppaniemi E Pavlakis E Gavrielatou D Burris E Bastounis NM Rich 2004 Trauma management in ancient Greece: value of surgical principles through the years World J Surg. 28 425 430 14994140
111. AN Pollak JH Calhoun 2006 Extremity war injuries: state of the art and future directions. Prioritized future research objectives J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 14 S212 S214 17003201
112. AN Pollak JH Calhoun 2006 Extremity war injuries: state of the art and future directions. Introduction J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 14 viii ix 17003221
113. Porter R. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind. New York, NY: Norton; 1997.
114. BK Potter CR Scoville 2006 Amputation Is Not Isolated: An overview of the US Army Amputee Patient Care Program and associated amputee injuries J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 14 S188 S190 17003197
115. BA Price 1999 The influence of military surgeons in the development of vascular surgery J R Army Med Corps. 145 148 152 10579173 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3c%2Fks1Wgtw%3D%3D
116. BA Pruitt Jr 2006 Combat casualty care and surgical progress Ann Surg. 243 715 729 16772775
117. RW Quan ED Adams MW Cox MJ Eagleton MA Weber CJ Fox DL Gillespie 2006 The management of trauma venous injury: civilian and wartime experiences Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 18 149 156 17060235
118. FW Rankin 1949 Mission accomplished: the task ahead Ann Surg. 130 289 309
119. TE Rasmussen WD Clouse DH Jenkins MA Peck JL Eliason DL Smith 2006 Echelons of care and the management of wartime vascular injury: a report from the 332nd EMDG/Air Force Theater Hospital, Balad Air Base, Iraq Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 18 91 99 17060224
120. Reister FA. Battle casualties and medical statistics: U.S. Army experience in the Korea War. Available at: http://history.amedd.army.mil/ booksdocs/korea/reister/default.htm. Accessed March 4, 2008.
121. NM Rich 1970 Vascular trauma in Vietnam J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 11 368 377 1:STN:280:DyaE3M%2FotVGnsA%3D%3D
122. NM Rich P Rhee 2001 An historical tour of vascular injury management: from its inception to the new millennium Surg Clin North Am. 81 1199 1215 11766173 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FktVGlsA%3D%3D
123. IM Rutkow 1999 Amputation vs nonamputation: a Civil War surgical dilemma Arch Surg. 134 1284 10555647 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2Fit1GksQ%3D%3D
124. Rutkow IM. Bleeding Blue and Gray. New York, NY: Random House; 2005.
125. M Sachs J Bojunga A Encke 1999 Historical evolution of limb amputation World J Surg. 23 1088 1093 10512952 1:STN:280:DyaK1MvksVWrtA%3D%3D
126. MA Schreiber B Tieu 2007 Hemostasis in Operation Iraqi Freedom III Surgery. 142 S61 S66 17925234
127. EM Schwechter KG Swan 2007 Raoul Hoffmann and his external fixator J Bone Joint Surg Am. 89 672 678 17332118
128. Scott R. Care of the battle casualty in advance of the aid station. Available at: http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/korea/recad1/frameindex. html. Accessed September 12, 2008.
129. CM Shaar FP Kreuz DT Jones 1944 End results of treatment of fresh fractures by the use of the Stader apparatus J Bone Joint Surg Am. 26 471 474
130. TD Sisk 1983 External fixation: historic review, advantages, disadvantages, complications, and indications Clin Orthop Relat Res. 180 15 22 6354542
131. PN Skandalakis P Lainas O Zoras JE Skandalakis P Mirilas 2006 "To afford the wounded speedy assistance": Dominique Jean Larrey and Napoleon World J Surg. 30 1392 1399 16850154
132. MR Smallman-Raynor AD Cliff 2004 Impact of infectious diseases on war Infect Dis Clin North Am. 18 341 368 15145384
133. TS Sorokina 1995 Russian nursing in the Crimean war J R Coll Physicians Lond. 29 57 63 7738882 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3lslahsw%3D%3D
134. PG Teichman Y Donchin RJ Kot 2007 International aeromedical evacuation N Engl J Med. 356 262 270 17229953 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnslWqsA%3D%3D
135. PE Teschan 1992 Acute renal failure during the Korean War Ren Fail. 14 237 239 1509154 1:STN:280:DyaK38zns1eisg%3D%3D
136. MJ Tong 1972 Septic complications of war wounds Jama. 219 1044 1047 4621762 1:STN:280:DyaE387gvVyhug%3D%3D
137. J Trueta 1976 Reflections on the past and present treatment of war wounds and fractures Mil Med. 141 255 258 817231 1:STN:280:DyaE287nsVOrsg%3D%3D
138. J Trueta 1981 The classic: The treatment of war fractures by the closed method. J. Trueta, M.D Clin Orthop Relat Res. 156 8 15
139. U.S. Army Medical Department Medical Science Publication No. 4. Recent Advances In Medicine And Surgery. Vol 19. Washington, DC: U. S. Army Medical Service Graduate School; 1954.
140. TJ van Rens 1987 The history of treatment using plaster of Paris Acta Orthop Belg. 53 34 39 3300145
141. GT Wannamaker EJ Pulaski 1958 Pyogenic neurosurgical infections in Korean battle casualties J Neurosurg. 15 512 518 13576194 1:STN:280: DyaG1M%2FgsFGhtA%3D%3D
142. S Weller 1993 Internal fixation of fractures by intramedullary nailing: introduction, historical review and present status Injury 24 suppl 3 S1 S6 8168871
143. A Whelton JV Donadiq Jr 1969 Post-traumatic acute renal failure in Vietnam: a comparison with the Korean war experience Johns Hopkins Med J. 124 95 105 5766384 1:STN:280:DyaF1M7hslersg%3D%3D
144. Whitman W. Complete Prose Works. New York, NY: Appleton & Co; 1910.
145. MC Wilber LV Willett Jr F Buono 1970 Combat amputees Clin Orthop Relat Res. 68 10 13 5414707 1:STN:280:DyaE3c7ht1Ojsw%3D%3D
146. Winslow GR. Triage and Justice. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1982.
147. EB Woodward WD Clouse JL Eliason MA Peck AN Bowser MW Cox WT Jones TE Rasmussen 2008 Penetrating femoropopliteal injury during modern warfare: experience of the Balad Vascular Registry J Vasc Surg. 47 1259 1264 18407450 discussion 1264-1255
148. HC Yun CK Murray SA Roop DR Hospenthal E Gourdine DP Dooley 2006 Bacteria recovered from patients admitted to a deployed U.S. military hospital in Baghdad, Iraq Mil Med. 171 821 825 17036598
149. R Zetterstrom 2007 The Nobel Prize for the discovery of human blood groups: start of the prevention of haemolytic disease of the newborn Acta Paediatr. 96 1707 1709 17937696