Effects of Varying Rate of Signing on ASL Manual Signs and Nonmanual Markers

Language and Speech

Volumn 52, Issue 2-3, 2009, Pages 245-285

  Wilbur, Ronnie B ^a  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

American Sign Language; Facial expressions; Pragmatics; Prosody; Semantics

Indexed keywords

EID: 67949103362     PISSN: 00238309     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0023830909103174     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Aarons, D. (1994). Aspects of the syntax of ASL. Doctoral dissertation, Boston University, U.S.A.
2. Allen, G.D., Wilbur, R.B., & Schick, B.S. (1991). Aspects of rhythm in ASL. Sign Language Studies, 72, 297-320.
3. Anderson, D.E., & Reilly, J.S. (1998). PAH! The acquisition of adverbials in ASL. Sign Language & Linguistics, 1 (2). 117-142.
4. Bahan, B.J. (1996). Nonmanual realization of agreement in ASL. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston University, U.S.A.
5. Baker, C., & Padden, C. (1978). Focusing on the nonmanual components of ASL. In P. Siple (Ed.), Understanding language through sign language research (pp. 27-57). New York: Academic Press.
6. Baker-Shenk, C. (1983). A microanalysis of the nonmanual components of questions in American Sign Language. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.
7. Beckman, M., & Pierrehumbert, J. (1986). Intonational structure in English and Japanese. Phonology, 3, 255-309.
8. Bellugi, U., & Fischer, S.D. (1972). A comparison of sign language and spoken language: Rate and grammatical mechanisms. Cognition, 1, 173-200.
9. Boster, C. (1996). On the quantifier-noun phrase split in American Sign Language and the structure of quantified noun phrases. In W. H. Edmondson & R. B. Wilbur (Eds.), International review of sign linguistics (pp.1 59-208). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Boyes Braem, P., & Sutton-Spence, R. (2001). The hands are the head of the mouth. Hamburg, Germany: Signum.
11. Brentari, D. (1998). A prosodic model of sign language phonology. MIT Press.
12. Brentari, D., & Crossley, L. (2002). Prosody on the hands and face: Evidence from American Sign Language. Sign Language and Linguistics, 5 (2). 105-130.
13. Coulter, G. (1978). Raised eyebrows and wrinkled noses: The grammatical function of facial expression in relative clauses and related constructions. In F. Caccamise & D. Hicks (Eds.), ASL in a bilingual, bicultural context: Proceedings of The Second National Symposium on Sign Language Research and Teaching (pp. 65-74). Coronado, CA: NAD.
14. Coulter, G. (1979). American Sign Language typology. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Diego, U.S.A.
15. Coulter, G. (Ed.). (1993). Current issues in ASL phonology: Vol. 3. Phonetics and phonology. New York: Academic Press.
16. Dachkovsky, S. (2004). Neutral and counterfactual conditionals in Israeli Sign Language. M.A. thesis, University of Haifa, Israel.
17. Frishberg, N. (1975). Arbitrariness and iconicity: Historical change in American Sign Language. Language, 51, 676-710.
18. Goldman-Eisler, F. (1968). Psycholinguistics: Experiments in spontaneous speech. London / New York: Academic Press.
19. Green, K. (1984). Sign boundaries in American Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, 42, 65-91.
20. Grose, D. (2003). A nonmanual perfect marker in ASL: The head nod. M.A. thesis, Purdue University, U.S.A.
21. Grose, D. (2008). A feature-geometry analysis of event structure: Evidence from English and American Sign Language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, U.S.A.
22. Grosjean, F. (1977). The perception of rate in spoken and sign languages. Perception and Psychophysics, 22, 408-413. (Pubitemid 8218699)
23. Grosjean, F. (1978, October). Crosslinguistic research in the perception and production of English and American Sign Language. Paper presented at the National Symposium on Sign Language Research and Teaching, Coronado, CA.
24. Grosjean, F. (1979). A study of timing in a manual and a spoken language: American Sign Language and English. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 8 (4). 379-405.
25. Grosjean, F., & Collins, M. (1978). Breathing, pausing, and reading. Phonetica, 36, 98-114. (Pubitemid 9121971)
26. Grosjean, F., & Deschamps, A. (1975). Analyse contrastive des variables temporelles de l'anglais et de franĉais: Vitesse de parole et variables composantes, phénoménes d'hésitation [Contrastive analysis of temporal variables in English and French: Speech rate and related variables, hesitation phenomena]. Phonetica, 31, 144-184.
27. Grosjean, F., & Lane, H. (1977). Pauses and syntax in American Sign Language. Cognition, 5, 101-117.
28. Jackendoff, R. (2002). Foundations of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
29. Janzen, T. (1998). Topicality in ASL: Information ordering, constituent structure, and the function of topic marking. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico.
30. Janzen, T. (1999). The grammaticization of topics in American Sign Language. Studies in Language. 23, 271-306.
31. Klima, E., & Bellugi, U. (1979). The signs of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32. Krifka, M. (1995). Focus and the interpretation of generic sentences. In G. N. Carlson & F. J. Pelletier (Eds.), The generic book (pp.2 38-264). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
33. Krifka, M., Pelletier, F.J., Carlson, G.N., Ter Meulen, A., Chierchia, G., & Link, G. (1995). Genericity: An introduction. In G. N. Carlson & F. J. Pelletier (Eds.), The generic book (pp. 1-124). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34. Ladd, D.R., Jr. (1980). The structure of intonational meaning: Evidence from English. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University.
35. Ladd, D.R., Jr. (1996). Intonational phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Lane, H., & Grosjean, F. (1973). Perception of reading rate by speakers and listeners. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 97, 141-147.
37. Liddell, S.K. (1977). An investigation into the syntax of American Sign Language. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Diego, U.S.A.
38. Liddell, S.K. (1978). Nonmanual signals and relative clauses in American Sign Language. In P. Siple (Ed.), Understanding language through sign language research (pp. 59-90). New York: Academic Press.
39. Liddell, S.K. (1980). American Sign Language syntax. The Hague: Mouton.
40. Liddell, S.K. (1986). Head thrusts in ASL conditional marking. Sign Language Studies, 52, 243-262.
41. Liddell, S.K., & Johnson, R.E. (1989). American Sign Language: the phonological base. Sign Language Studies, 64, 197-277.
42. Lillo-Martin, D. (1986). Two kinds of null arguments in American Sign Language. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 4, 415-444.
43. Lillo-Martin, D., & Fischer, S. (1992). Overt and covert wh-questions in American Sign Language. Paper presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Sign Language Research, Salamanca, Spain.
44. MacFarlane, J. (1998, November). From affect to grammar: Ritualization of facial affect in signed languages. Paper presented at the Sixth International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research, Washington, DC.
45. Mallery-Ruganis, D., & Fischer, S. (1991). Characteristics that contribute to effective simultaneous communication. American Annals of the Deaf, 136 (5). 401-408.
46. Mauk, C. (2003). Undershoot in two modalities: Evidence from fast speech and fast signing. Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, U.S.A.
47. Nadolske, M.A., & Rosenstock, R. (2007). Occurrence of mouthings in American Sign Language: A preliminary study. In P. Perniss, R. Pfau, & M. Steinbach (Eds.), Visible variation: Comparative studies on sign language structure (pp.3 5-62). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
48. Neidle, C., Kegl, J., MacLaughlin, D., Bahan, B., & Lee, R.G. (2000). The syntax of American Sign Language. London / Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
49. Nespor, M., & Sandler, W. (1999). Prosody in Israeli Sign Language. Language & Speech, 42, 143-176.
50. Nespor, M., & Vogel, I. (1986). Prosodic phonology. Dordrecht: Foris.
51. Padden, C.A. (1988). Interaction of morphology and syntax in American Sign Language. New York / London: Garland Publishing.
52. Padden, C.A. (1990). The relation between space and grammar in ASL verb morphology. In C. Lucas (Ed.), Sign language research: Theoretical issues (pp.1 18-132). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
53. Pierrehumbert, J., & Hirschberg, J. (1990). The meaning of intonational contours in the interpretation of discourse. In P. Cohen & M. E. Pollack (Eds.), Intention in communication (pp. 271-311). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
54. Potts, C. (2004). Lexicalized intonational meaning. In S. Kawahara (Ed.), University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers, 30, 129-146.
55. Reilly, J.S., & Bellugi, U. (1996). Competition on the face: Affect and language in ASL motherese. Journal of Child Language, 23, 219-239. (Pubitemid 126407801)
56. Reilly, J.S., Mcintire, M., & Bellugi, U. (1990). The acquisition of conditionals in American Sign Language: Grammaticized facial expressions. Applied Psycholinguistics, 11, 369-392.
57. Sandler, W. (1999) Prosody in Israeli Sign Language. Language and Speech, 42 (2-3). 127-142.
58. Sandler, W., & Lillo-Martin, D. (2006). Sign language and linguistic universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. Šarac, N., Schalber, K., AlibaŠić, T., & Wilbur, R.B. (2007). Crosslinguistic comparison of sign language interrogatives. In P. Perniss, R. Pfau, & M. Steinbach (Eds.), Visible variation: Comparative studies on sign language structure (pp. 207-244). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
60. Schalber, K. (2004). Phonological visibility of event structure in Austrian Sign Language: A comparison of ASL and öGS. M.A. thesis, Purdue University, U.S.A.
61. Schalber, K., & Grose, D. (2006, December). The semantics, syntax and phonology of event related nonmanuals in two sign languages. Paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research, Florianópolis, Brazil.
62. Seidl, A. (2001). Minimal indirect reference: A theory of the syntax-phonology interface. New York: Routledge.
63. Selkirk, E.O. (1984). Phonology and syntax: The relation between sound and structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
64. Selkirk, E. (1986). On derived domains in sentence phonology. Phonology, 3, 371-405.
65. Selkirk, E.O. (1995). Sentence prosody: Intonation, stress, and phrasing. In J. Goldsmith (Ed.), The handbook of phonological theory (pp.5 50-569). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
66. Selkirk, E. (2004). The syntax of intonational phrasing from the standpoint of English. Paper presented at the 35th North Eastern Linguistics Society, University of Connecticut.
67. Stern, J., & Dunham, D. (1990). The ocular system. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.), Principles of psychophysiology: Physical, social, & inferential elements (pp.5 13-553). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
68. Vallduv, E. (1991). The role of plasticity in the association of focus and prominence. In Y. No & M. Libucha (Eds.), ESCOL '90: Proceedings of the Seventh Eastern States Conference on Linguistics (pp.295-306). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
69. Vallduv, E. (1992). The informational component. New York: Garland.
70. Veinberg, S., & Wilbur, R.B. (1990). A linguistic analysis of the negative headshake in American Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, 68, 217-244.
71. Vos, C., van der Kooij, E., & Crasborn, O. (2006). Eyebrow positions in NGT: Combining grammar and affect. Paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research, Florianópolis, Brazil.
72. Weast, T. (2008). Questions in American Sign Language: A quantitative analysis of raised and lowered eyebrows. Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Arlington, U.S.A.
73. Wilbur, R.B. (1991). Intonation and focus in American Sign Language. In Y. No & M. Libucha (Eds.), ESCOL '90: Proceedings of the Seventh Eastern States Conference on Linguistics (pp. 320-331). Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
74. Wilbur, R.B. (1994). Eyeblinks and ASL phrase structure. Sign Language Studies, 84, 221-240.
75. Wilbur, R.B. (1996). Evidence for the function and structure of wh-clefts in ASL. In W. H. Edmondson & R. B. Wilbur (Eds.), International review of sign linguistics (pp.2 09-256). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
76. Wilbur, R.B. (1997). A prosodic/pragmatic explanation for word order variation in ASL with typological implications. In K. Lee, E. Sweetser, & M. Verspoor (Eds.), Lexical and syntactic constructions and the construction of meaning (pp. 89-104). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
77. Wilbur, R.B. (1999 a). A functional journey with a formal ending: What do brow raises do in American Sign Language? In M. Darnell, E. Moravscik, M. Noonan, F. Newmeyer, & K. Wheatly (Eds.), Functionalism and formalism, Volume II: Case studies (pp. 295-313). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
78. Wilbur, R.B. (1999 b). Stress in ASL: Empirical evidence and linguistic issues. Language & Speech, 42, 229-250.
79. Wilbur, R.B. (1999 c). Metrical structure, morphological gaps, and possible grammaticalization in ASL. Sign Language & Linguistics, 2, 217-244.
80. Wilbur, R.B. (2000). Phonological and prosodic layering of non-manuals in American Sign Language. In K. Emmorey & H. Lane (Eds.), The signs of language revisited (pp. 215-244). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
81. Wilbur, R.B. (2003). Modality and the structure of language: Sign languages versus signed systems. In M. Marschark & P. Spencer (Eds.), The handbook of deaf studies, language, and education (pp. 332-346). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
82. Wilbur, R.B. (2005). A reanalysis of reduplication in American Sign Language. In B. Hurch (Ed.), Studies in reduplication (pp. 593-620). Berlin / New York: de Gruyter.
83. Wilbur, R.B. (2009). Productive reduplication in a fundamentally monosyllabic language. Language Sciences, 31, 325-342.
84. Wilbur, R.B. (in press). The semantics-phonology interface. In D. Brentari (Ed.), Cambridge language surveys: Sign languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
85. Wilbur, R.B., & Allen, G.D. (1991). Perceptual evidence against internal structure in American Sign Language syllables. Language and Speech, 34, 27-46.
86. Wilbur, R.B., Klima, E., & Bellugi, U. (1983). Roots: On the search for the origins of signs in ASL. Chicago Linguistic Society, 19, 314-336.
87. Wilbur, R.B., & Nolen, S. (1986). The duration of syllables in American Sign Language. Language and Speech, 29, 263-280.
88. Wilbur, R.B., & Patschke, C. (1998). Body leans and marking contrast in ASL. Journal of Pragmatics, 30, 275-303.
89. Wilbur, R.B., & Patschke, C. (1999). Syntactic correlates of brow raise in ASL. Sign Language & Linguistics, 2, 3-40.
90. Wilbur, R.B., & Petersen, L. (1998). Modality interactions of speech and signing in simultaneous communication. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 41, 200-212. (Pubitemid 28081262)
91. Wilbur, R.B., & Schick, B.S. (1987). The effects of linguistic stress on sign movement in ASL. Language and Speech, 30, 301-323.
92. Woll, B., (2001). The sign that dares to speak its name: Echo phonology in British Sign Language (BSL). In P. Boyes Braem & R. Sutton-Spence (Eds.), The hands are the head of the mouth (pp. 87-98). Hamburg, Germany: Signum.
93. Wood, S.K. (1996, March). Nose wrinkles in ASL: A discourse particle for co-construction. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Applied Linguistics.