Competitive clientelism in the middle east

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 122-135

  Lust, Ellen ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67651250077     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Jennifer Gandhi and Adam Przeworski, "Dictatorial Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats," Comparative Political Studies, November 2007, 1279-1301;
2. Barbara Geddes, "Authoritarian Breakdown: Empirical Test of a Game Theoretic Argument," paper presented at the American Political Science Association annual meeting, Atlanta, 1999;
3. and Axel Hadenius and Jan Teorell, "Elections as Levers of Democracy? A Global Inquiry," in Staffan I. Lindberg, ed., Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition? (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
4. Jason Brownlee, "Harbinger Toward Democracy: Elections Before the End of Authoritarianism" in Lindberg, Democratization by Elections.
5. See Jennifer Gandhi and Ellen Lust-Okar, "Elections Under Authoritarianism," Annual Review of Political Science 12 (2009): 403-22.
6. The poll was conducted among 320 politically active members of various elites, including doctors, journalists, lawyers, and politicians, with 45.8 percent responding that they would seek wasta before beginning their task, and 19.2 percent looking for it after beginning;
7. see Sa'eda Kilani and Basem Sakijha, Wasta: The Declared Secret A Study on Nepotism and Favouritism in Jordan (Amman: Press Foundation, 2002), 126. Similarly, a 2005 German Development Institute survey found that of 58 businesspeople interviewed, 86 percent believed that wasta was important for doing business with public institutions and 56 percent of the respondents admitted to using wasta themselves. More than threequarters of 180 low- and middle-ranking civil servants surveyed believed that wasta was either "very important" (51 percent) or "somewhat important" (25 percent) for gaining employment in their department;
8. see Markus Loewe et al., The Impact of Favoritism on the Business Climate: A Study on Wasta in Jordan (Bonn: GDI, 2006), 32, 34-35.
9. Kilani and Sakijha, Wasta, 58.
10. Samer Shehata, "Inside an Egyptian Parliamentary Campaign," in Ellen Lust-Okar and Saloua Zerhouni, eds., Political Participation in the Middle East (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2008), 100-101.
11. Khaled cited in Kilani and Sakijha, Wasta, 59.
12. Dag Tuastad, "Local Elections in Gaza," in Lust-Okar and Zerhouni, Political Participation in the Middle East;
13. and Shehata, "Inside an Egyptian Parliamentary Campaign."
14. Shehata, "Inside an Egyptian Parliamentary Campaign."
15. Hani Hourani et al., Who's Who in the Jordanian Parliament: 2003-2007 (Amman: Sindbad, 2004).
16. Haleh Esfandiari, "Is Iran Democratizing? Observations on Election Day," in Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, and Daniel Brumberg, eds., Islam and Democracy in the Middle East (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 124;
17. and Shehata, "Inside an Egyptian Parliamentary Campaign."
18. Amr Hamzawy and Nathan J. Brown, "Can Egypt's Troubled Elections Produce a More Democratic Future?" Policy Outlook, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, December 2005. Available at www.carnegieendowment.org/files/PO24.brown.hamzawy.FINAL1.pdf.
19. Kayhan cited in G.M. Tezcür, "Intra-Elite Struggles in Iranian Elections," in Lust-Okar and Zerhouni, Political Participation in the Middle East.
20. Hourani et al., Who's Who in the Jordanian Parliament, 204.