V.A.C.® Therapy in the management of paediatric wounds: Clinical review and experience

International Wound Journal

Volumn 6, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2009, Pages 1-26

  Baharestani, Mona ^a   Amjad, Ibrahim ^b   Bookout, Kim ^c   Fleck, Tatjana ^d   Gabriel, Allen ^e   Kaufman, David ^f   McCord, Shannon Stone ^g   Moores, Donald C ^h   Olutoye, Oluyinka O ⁱ   Salazar, Jorge D ^j   Song, David H ^k   Teich, Steven ^l   Gupta, Subhas ^e  

^a EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Private Practice   (United States)

^c CHILDREN S MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^e LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^g TEXAS CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^h LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

ⁱ BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j University of Texas Health Science Center   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^l NATIONWIDE CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Abdominal compartment syndrome; Astroschisis; Negative pressure wound therapy; NPWT; Paediatric wound care; V.A.C. Therapy; Vacuum assisted closure

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME; ARTICLE; BURN; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMPARTMENT SYNDROME; DECUBITUS; ENTEROCUTANEOUS FISTULA; GASTROSCHISIS; HUMAN; OMPHALOCELE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PILONIDAL SINUS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VACUUM ASSISTED CLOSURE; WOUND; WOUND CARE; WOUND HEALING; ABDOMINAL INJURY; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; DECOMPRESSION SURGERY; FASCIA; HEART SURGERY; INFANT; INJURY; INTESTINE FISTULA; METHODOLOGY; NEWBORN; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REVIEW; SPINE FUSION; STANDARD;

ABDOMINAL INJURIES; ADOLESCENT; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DECOMPRESSION, SURGICAL; FASCIA; GASTROSCHISIS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; INTESTINAL FISTULA; NEGATIVE-PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY; PILONIDAL SINUS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PRESSURE ULCER; SPINAL FUSION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WOUND HEALING; WOUNDS AND INJURIES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 67651232845     PISSN: 17424801     EISSN: 1742481X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2009.00607.x     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Baharestani MM. Neonatal and pediatric wound care: filling voids in knowledge and practice. Ostomy Wound Manage 2007 53 : 6 7.
2. Baharestani MM. An overview of neonatal and pediatric wound care knowledge and considerations. Ostomy Wound Manage 2007 53 : 34 6.
3. Baharestani MM, Pope E. Chronic wound care in neonates and children. In: Krasner D, Rodeheaver GT, Sibbald RG, editors. Chronic wound care: a clinical source book for healthcare professionals 4th edn. Wayne : HMP Communications, 2007.
4. Baharestani MM. Use of negative pressure wound therapy in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric wounds: a retrospective examination of clinical outcomes. Ostomy Wound Manage 2007 53 : 75 85.
5. Behrman RE, Kliegman R, Jenson HB. Nelson textbook of pediatrics 17th edn. Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders Company, 2003.
6. Caniano DA, Ruth B, Teich S. Wound management with Vacuum Assisted Closure: experience in 51 pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg 2005 40 : 128 32.
7. Ramnarine IR, McLean A, Pollock JC. Vacuum-assisted closure in the paediatric patient with post-cardiotomy Mediastinitis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002 22 : 1029 31.
8. Gabriel A, Gollin G. Management of complicated gastroschisis with porcine small intestinal submucosa and negative pressure wound therapy. J Pediatr Surg 2006 41 : 1836 40.
9. Kilbride KE, Cooney DR, Custer MD. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for treating patients with giant omphalocele. J Pediatr Surg 2006 41 : 212 5.
10. Archer LP, Billmire DA, Falcone RA Jr., Warner BW. Reconstruction of an acquired abdominal wall defect in a neonate using acellular human dermis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006 118 : 163e 6e.
11. Butter A, Emran M, Al-Jazaeri A, Ouimet A. Vacuum-assisted closure for wound management in the pediatric population. J Pediatr Surg 2006 41 : 940 2.
12. Dedmond BT, Kortesis B, Punger K, Simpson J, Argenta J, Kulp B, Morykwas M, Webb LX. Subatmospheric pressure dressings in the temporary treatment of soft tissue injuries associated with type III open tibial shaft fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 2006 26 : 728 32.
13. Mooney JF, Argenta LC, Marks MW, Morykwas MJ, DeFranzo AJ. Treatment of soft tissue defects in pediatric patients using the V.A.C. system. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000 376 : 26 31.
14. Shilt JS, Yoder JS, Manuck TA, Jacks L, Rushing J, Paterson SB. Role of vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of pediatric lawnmower injuries. J Pediatr Orthop 2004 24 : 482 7.
15. Schintler M, Marschitz I, Trop M. The use of topical negative pressure in a paediatric patient with extensive burns. Burns 2005 31 : 1050 3.
16. Arca MJ, Somers KK, Derks TE, Goldin AB, Aikken JJ, Sato TT, Shilyansky J, Winthrop A, Oldham KT. Use of vacuum-assisted closure system in the management of complex wounds in the neonate. Pediatr Surg Int 2005 21 : 532 5.
17. Taub PJ, Schulman MR, Sett S, Koch RM. Revisiting vascularized muscle flaps for complicated sternal wounds in children. Ann Plast Surg 2005 55 : 535 7.
18. Contractor D, Amling J, Brandoli C, Tosi LL. Negative pressure wound therapy with reticulated open cell foam in children: an overview. J Orthop Trauma 2008 22 : S167 76.
19. Gabriel A, Heinrich C, Shores J, Cho D, Baqai W, Moores D, Gupta S. Outcomes of vacuum-assisted closure for the treatment of wounds in a paediatric population: case series of 58 patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008 61 : 302 305.
20. Trop M, Schintler M, Spendel S, Stockenhuber A. Unhealed wounds, hypoalbuminaemia and cachexia in a burned child - where is the limit? Ann Burns Fire Disasters 2008 21 : 59 62.
21. Bale S, Jones V. Caring for children with wounds. J Wound Care 1996 5 : 177 80.
22. Alterman DM, Daley BJ, Kennedy AP. Considerations in pediatric trauma. http://www.emedicine.com. [ 2006 LC, Morykwas MJ. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg 1997 38 : 563 76.
23. Ohye RG, Maniker RB, Graves HL, Devaney EJ, Bove EL. Primary closure for postoperative mediastinitis in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004 128 : 480 6.
24. Baharestani, M. Use of negative pressure wound therapy in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric wounds; a retrospective examination of clinical outcomes. Presented at the 20th Annual Symposium on Advanced Wound Care and 17th Annual Wound Healing Society Meeting and Exhibition, 2007 April 28-May 1; Tampa, FL. 4-28-2007. 9-5-2007.
25. Agarwal JP, Ogilvie M, Wu LC, Lohman RF, Gottlieb LJ, Franczyk M, Song DH. Vacuum-assisted closure for sternal wounds: a first-line therapeutic management approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005 116 : 1035 40.
26. Levy I, Ovadia B, Erez E, Rinat S, Ashkenazi S, Birk E, Konisberger H, Vidne B, Dagan O. Nosocomial infections after cardiac surgery in infants and children: incidence and risk factors. J Hosp Infect 2003 53 : 111 6.
27. Thompson JT, Marks MW. Negative pressure wound therapy. Clin Plast Surg 2007 34 : 673 84.
28. Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ, Marks MW, DeFranzo AJ, Molnar JA, David LR. Vacuum-assisted closure: state of clinic art. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006 117 : 127S 42S.
29. Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC, Shelton-Brown EI, McGuirt W. Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: animal studies and basic foundation. Ann Plast Surg 1997 38 : 553 62.
30. Venturi ML, Attinger CE, Mesbahi AN, Hess CL, Graw KS. Mechanisms and clinical applications of the Vacuum-Assisted Closure (VAC) device: a review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2005 6 : 185 94.
31. Kasner D, Rodeheaver G, Sibbald G. (eds). Chronic wound care: a clinical source book for healthcare professionals. 4th edn. Malvern : HMP Communications, 2007.
32. Saxena V, Hwang CW, Huang S, Eichbaum Q, Ingber D, Orgill DP. Vacuum-assisted closure: microdeformations of wounds and cell proliferation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004 114 : 1086 96.
33. McNulty AK, Schmidt M, Feeley T, Villaneuva P, Kieswetter K. Effects of negative pressure wound therapy on cellular energetics in fibroblasts grown in a provisional wound (fibrin) matrix. Wound Repair Regen 2009 17 : 192 199.
34. Snyder CL, Spilde TL. Fluid management for the pediatric surgical patient. http://www.emedicine.com. [ 2008 MJ, Faler BJ, Pearce DJ, Argenta LC. Effects of varying levels of subatmospheric pressure on the rate of granulation tissue formation in experimental wounds in swine. Ann Plast Surg 2001 47 : 547 51.
35. Salazard B, Niddam J, Ghez O, Metras D, Magalon G. Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis in the paediatric patient. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008 61 : 302 5.
36. Kadohama T, Akasaka N, Nagamine A, Nakanishi K, Kiyokawa K, Goh K, Sasajima T. Vacuum-assisted closure for pediatric post-sternotomy mediastinitis: are low negative pressures sufficient? Ann Thorac Surg 2008 85 : 1094 6.
37. McCord SS, Naik-Mathuria BJ, Murphy KM, McLane KM, Gay AN, Basu CB, Downey CR, Hollier LH, Olutoye OO. Negative pressure therapy is effective to manage a variety of wounds in infants and children. Wound Repair Regen 2007 15 : 296 301.
38. Bookout K, McCord S, McLane K. Case studies of an infant, a toddler, and an adolescent treated with a negative pressure wound treatment system. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2004 31 : 184 92.
39. Canavese F, Gupta S, Krajbich JI, Emara KM. Vacuum-assisted closure for deep infection after spinal instrumentation for scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008 90 : 377 81.
40. Horn PL, Ruth B, Kean JR. Use of wound V.A.C. therapy in pediatric patients with infected spinal wounds: a retrospective review. Orthop Nurs 2007 26 : 317 22.
41. Trop M, Schintler M, Urban E, Roedl S, Stockenhuber A. Are 1:4 mesh and donor site contraindications for vacuum-assisted closure device? J Trauma 2006 61 : 1267 70.
42. Bonnet F, Paraskevas A, Petit F, Lantieri L. Vacuum-Assisted Closure for the reconstruction of a complex wound of the penis. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2006 51 : 249 52.
43. Bonnet F, Pavy B, Beaudoin S, Dubousset J, Mitrofanoff M. Treatment of a large defect of the chest wall in a child using a negative pressure wound dressing. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 2007 41 : 143 5.
44. Brown KM, Harper FV, Aston WJ, O'Keefe PA, Cameron CR. Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of a 9-year-old child with severe and multiple dog bite injuries of the thorax. Ann Thorac Surg 2001 72 : 1409 10.
45. Chung CJ, David LR, Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC. Case review: management of life-threatening sepsis and wound healing in a Klippel-Trenaunay patient using serial surgical débridements and vacuum-assisted closure. Eur J Plast Surg 2003 26 : 214 6.
46. Fleck T, Simon P, Burda G, Wolner E, Wollenek G. Vacuum assisted closure therapy for the treatment of sternal wound infections in neonates and small infants. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2006 5 : 285 8.
47. van Rhee MA, de Klerk LW, Verhaar JA. Vacuum-assisted wound closure of deep infections after instrumented spinal fusion in six children with neuromuscular scoliosis. Spine J 2007 7 : 596 600.
48. Fleck TM, Fleck M, Moidl R, Czerny M, Koller R, Giovanoli P, Hiesmayer MJ, Zimpfer D, Wolner E, Grabenwoger M. The vacuum-assisted closure system for the treatment of deep sternal wound infections after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2002 74 : 1596 600.
49. Fleck T, Moidl R, Giovanoli P, Wolner E, Grabenwoger M. Early treatment of sternal wound infections with vacuum assisted closure therapy reduces involvement of the mediastinum and further diminishes the need of plastic reconstructive surgery. Zentralbl Chir 2004 129 : S35 7.
50. Fleck T, Gustafsson R, Harding K, Ingemansson R, Lirtzman MD, Meites HL, Moidl R, Price P, Ritchie A, Salazar J, Sjogren J, Song DH, Sumpio BE, Toursarkissian B, Waldenberger F, Wetzel-Roth W. The management of deep sternal wound infections using vacuum assisted closureTM (V.A.C.) therapy. Int Wound J 2006 3 : 273 80.
51. Mehta PA, Cunningham CK, Colella CB, Alferis G, Weiner LB. Risk factors for sternal wound and other infections in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000 19 : 1000 4.
52. Baskett RJ, MacDougall CE, Ross DB. Is mediastinitis a preventable complication? A 10-year review. Ann Thorac Surg 1999 67 : 462 5.
53. Brown IW Jr., Moor GF, Hummel BW, Marshall WG Jr., Collins JP. Toward further reducing wound infections in cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1996 62 : 1783 9.
54. Milano CA, Georgiade G, Muhlbaier LH, Smith PK, Wolfe WG. Comparison of omental and pectoralis flaps for poststernotomy mediastinitis. Ann Thorac Surg 1999 67 : 377 80.
55. Loop FD, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, Mahfood S, McHenry MC, Goormastic M, Stewart RW, Golding LA, Taylor PC. J. Maxwell Chamberlain memorial paper. Sternal wound complications after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting: early and late mortality, morbidity, and cost of care. Ann Thorac Surg 1990 49 : 179 87.
56. Mulholland MW, Lillemore KD, Doherty GM, Maier RV, Upchurch GR. Greenfield's surgery: scientific principles and paractice, 4th edn. Philadelphia : Williams and Wilkins, 2005.
57. Sydorak RM, Nijagal A, Sbragia L, Hirose S, Tsao K, Phibbs RH, Schmitt SK, Lee H, Farmer DL, Harrison MR, Albanese CT. Gastroschisis: small hole, big cost. J Pediatr Surg 2002 37 : 1669 72.
58. Wu Y, Vogel AM, Sailhamer EA, Somme S, Santore MJ, Chwals WJ, Statter MB, Liu DC. Primary insertion of a silastic spring-loaded silo for gastroschisis. Am Surg 2003 69 : 1083 6.
59. Kidd JN, Levy MS, Wagner CW. Staged reduction of gastroschisis: a simple method. Pediatr Surg Int 2001 17 : 242 4.
60. Kidd JN Jr., Jackson RJ, Smith SD, Wagner CW. Evolution of staged versus primary closure of gastroschisis. Ann Surg 2003 237 : 759 65.
61. Schlatter M, Norris K, Uitvlugt N, DeCou J, Connors R. Improved outcomes in the treatment of gastroschisis using a preformed silo and delayed repair approach. J Pediatr Surg 2003 38 : 459 64.
62. Cullen ML. Pulmonary and respiratory complications of pediatric trauma. Respir Care Clin N Am 2001 7 : 59 77.
63. DeCou JM, Abrams RS, Miller RS, Gauderer MW. Abdominal compartment syndrome in children: experience with three cases. J Pediatr Surg 2000 35 : 840 2.
64. Beck R, Halberthal M, Zonis Z, Shoshani G, Havari L, Bar-Joseph G. Abdominal compartment syndrome in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2001 2 : 51 6.
65. Badylak S, Meurling S, Chen M, Spievack A, Simmons-Byrd A. Resorbable bioscaffold for esophageal repair in a dog model. J Pediatr Surg 2000 35 : 1097 103.
66. Matthews BD, Pratt BL, Pollinger HS, Backus CL, Kercher KW, Sing RF, Heniford BT. Assessment of adhesion formation to intra-abdominal polypropylene mesh and polytetrafluoroethylene mesh. J Surg Res 2003 114 : 126 32.
67. Dumitriu S. Polymeric biomaterials. CRC Press, 2001.
68. Kaplan M, Banwell P, Orgill DP, Ivatury RR, Demetriades D, Moore FA, Miller P, Nicholas J, Henry S. Guidelines for the management of the open abdomen. Wounds 2005 17 : S1 S24.
69. Wainstein DE, Fernandez E, Gonzalez D, Chara O, Berkowski D. Treatment of high-output enterocutaneous fistulas with a vacuum-compaction device. A ten-year experience. World J Surg 2007 32 : 430 435.
70. Gunn LA, Follmar KE, Wong MS, Lettieri SC, Levin LS, Erdmann D. Management of enterocutaneous fistulas using negative-pressure dressings. Ann Plast Surg 2006 57 : 621 5.
71. Erdmann D, Drye C, Heller L, Wong MS, Levin LS. Abdominal wall defect and enterocutaneous fistula treatment with the vacuum-assisted closure (V.A.C.) system. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001 108 : 2066 8.
72. Alvarez AA, Maxwell GL, Rodriguez GC. Vacuum-assisted closure for cutaneous gastrointestinal fistula management. Gynecol Oncol 2001 80 : 413 6.
73. Goverman J, Yelon JA, Platz JJ, Singson RC, Turcinovic M. The "Fistula VAC," a technique for management of enterocutaneous fistulae arising within the open abdomen: report of 5 cases. J Trauma 2006 60 : 428 31.
74. Dumanian GA, Llull R, Ramasastry SS, Greco RJ, Lotze MT, Edington H. Postoperative abdominal wall defects with enterocutaneous fistulae. Am J Surg 1996 172 : 332 4.
75. Cro C, George KJ, Donnelly J, Irwin ST, Gardiner KR. Vacuum assisted closure system in the management of enterocutaneous fistulae. Postgrad Med J 2002 78 : 364 5.
76. Girard S, Sideman M, Spain DA. A novel approach to the problem of intestinal fistulization arising in patients managed with open peritoneal cavities. Am J Surg 2002 184 : 166 7.
77. Subramaniam MH, Liscum KR, Hirshberg A. The floating stoma: a new technique for controlling exposed fistulae in abdominal trauma. J Trauma 2002 53 : 386 8.
78. Draus JM Jr., Huss SA, Harty NJ, Cheadle WG, Larson GM. Enterocutaneous fistula: are treatments improving? Surgery 2006 140 : 570 8.
79. Dionigi G, Dionigi R, Rovera F, Boni L, Padalino P, Minoja G, Cuffari S, Carrafiello G. Treatment of high output entero-cutaneous fistulae associated with large abdominal wall defects: single center experience. Int J Surg 2008 6 : 51 6.
80. de Weerd L, Kjaeve J, Aghajani E, Elvenes OP. The sandwich design: a new method to close a high-output enterocutaneous fistula and an associated abdominal wall defect. Ann Plast Surg 2007 58 : 580 3.
81. Enker WE, Block GE. The operative treatment of Crohn's disease complicated by fistulae. A personal consecutive series. Arch Surg 1969 98 : 493 9.
82. Fischer JE. A cautionary note: the use of vacuum-assisted closure systems in the treatment of gastrointestinal cutaneous fistula may be associated with higher mortality from subsequent fistula development. Am J Surg 2008 196 : 1 2.
83. Szoke G, Lipton G, Miller F, Dabney K. Wound infection after spinal fusion in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1998 18 : 727 33.
84. Wimmer C, Gluch H. Management of postoperative wound infection in posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation. J Spinal Disord 1996 9 : 505 8.
85. Wimmer C, Gluch H, Franzreb M, Ogon M. Predisposing factors for infection in spine surgery: a survey of 850 spinal procedures. J Spinal Disord 1998 11 : 124 8.
86. Tredwell SJ, Reilly CW. Complications of spinal surgery. In: Weinstein SL, editor. Pediatric spine surgery, 2nd edn. Philadelphia : Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2001 : 561 82.
87. Davne SH, Myers DL. Complications of lumbar spinal fusion with transpedicular instrumentation. Spine 1992 17 : S184 9.
88. Massie JB, Heller JG, Abitbol JJ, McPherson D, Garfin SR. Postoperative posterior spinal wound infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992 284 : 99 108.
89. Malamo-Lada H, Zarkotou O, Nikolaides N, Kanellopoulou M, Demetriades D. Wound infections following posterior spinal instrumentation for paralytic scoliosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999 5 : 135 9.
90. Soultanis K, Mantelos G, Pagiatakis A, Soucacos PN. Late infection in patients with scoliosis treated with spinal instrumentation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003 17 : 116 23.
91. Weinstein MA, McCabe JP, Cammisa FP Jr. Postoperative spinal wound infection: a review of 2,391 consecutive index procedures. J Spinal Disord 2000 13 : 422 6.
92. Prothero SR, Parkes JC, Stinchfield FE. Complications after low-back fusion in 1000 patients. A comparison of two series one decade apart. 1966. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1994 306 : 5 11.
93. Steffee AD, Biscup RS, Sitkowski DJ. Segmental spine plates with pedicle screw fixation. A new internal fixation device for disorders of the lumbar and thoracolumbar spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986 203 : 45 53.
94. Faraj AA, Webb JK. Spinal instrumentation for primary pyogenic infection report of 31 patients. Acta Orthop Belg 2000 66 : 242 7.
95. Roberts FJ, Walsh A, Wing P, Dvorak M, Schweigel J. The influence of surveillance methods on surgical wound infection rates in a tertiary care spinal surgery service. Spine 1998 23 : 366 70.
96. Wendt JR, Gardner VO, White JI. Treatment of complex postoperative lumbosacral wounds in nonparalyzed patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998 101 : 1248 53.
97. Thalgott JS, Cotler HB, Sasso RC, LaRocca H, Gardner V. Postoperative infections in spinal implants. Classification and analysis-a multicenter study. Spine 1991 16 : 981 4.
98. Levi AD, Dickman CA, Sonntag VK. Management of postoperative infections after spinal instrumentation. J Neurosurg 1997 86 : 975 80.
99. Calderone RR, Garland DE, Capen DA, Oster H. Cost of medical care for postoperative spinal infections. Orthop Clin North Am 1996 27 : 171 82.
100. Richards BR, Emara KM. Delayed infections after posterior TSRH spinal instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis: revisited. Spine 2001 26 : 1990 6.
101. Lonstein J, Winter R, Moe J, Gaines D. Wound infection with Harrington instrumentation and spine fusion for scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1973 96 : 222 233.
102. Perry JW, Montgomerie JZ, Swank S, Gilmore DS, Maeder K. Wound infections following spinal fusion with posterior segmental spinal instrumentation. Clin Infect Dis 1997 24 : 558 61.
103. Labler L, Keel M, Trentz O, Heinzelmann M. Wound conditioning by vacuum assisted closure (V.A.C.) in postoperative infections after dorsal spine surgery. Eur Spine J 2006 15 : 1388 96.
104. Mehbod AA, Ogilvie JW, Pinto MR, Schwender JD, Transfeldt EE, Wood KB, LeHuec JC, Dressel T. Postoperative deep wound infections in adults after spinal fusion: management with vacuum-assisted wound closure. J Spinal Disord Tech 2005 18 : 14 17.
105. Yuan-Innes MJ, Temple CL, Lacey MS. Vacuum-assisted wound closure: a new approach to spinal wounds with exposed hardware. Spine 2001 26 : E30 3.
106. Klin B, Heller ON, Kaplan I. The use of the CO2 laser in pilonidal sinus disease: preliminary results of an ambulatory prospective study. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1990 8 : 31 7.
107. Solla JA, Rothenberger DA. Chronic pilonidal disease. An assessment of 150 cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1990 33 : 758 61.
108. McGuinness JG, Winter DC, O'Connell PR. Vacuum-assisted closure of a complex pilonidal sinus. Dis Colon Rectum 2003 46 : 274 6.
109. Lynch JB, Laing AJ, Regan PJ. Vacuum-assisted closure therapy: a new treatment option for recurrent pilonidal sinus disease. Report of three cases. Dis Colon Rectum 2004 47 : 929 31.
110. Duxbury MS, Finlay IG, Butcher M, Lambert AW. Use of a vacuum assisted closure device in pilonidal disease. J Wound Care 2003 12 : 355.
111. Bendewald FP, Cima RR, Metcalf DR, Hassan I. Using negative pressure wound therapy following surgery for complex pilonidal disease: a case series. Ostomy Wound Manage 2007 53 : 40 6.
112. Okamoto GA, Lamers JV, Shurtleff DB. Skin breakdown in patients with myelomeningocele. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1983 64 : 20 23.
113. Schmidt JE, Berens RJ, Zollo MB, Weisner M, Weigle CG. Skin breakdown in children and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998 79 : 1565 9.
114. Waterlow JA. Pressure sore risk assessment in children. Paediatr Nurs 1997 9 : 21 4.
115. Curley MA, Quigley SM, Lin M. Pressure ulcers in pediatric intensive care: incidence and associated factors. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003 4 : 284 90.
116. Weststrate JT, Hop WC, Aalbers AG, Vreeling AW, Bruining HA. The clinical relevance of the Waterlow pressure sore risk scale in the ICU. Intensive Care Med 1998 24 : 815 20.
117. Baharestani, M. A neonatal and pediatric evidence-linked pressure ulcer and skin care performance improvement initiative. Presented at the Symposium on Advanced Wound Care and Medical Research Forum on Wound Repair; 2005 April 21-24, San Diego.
118. Baldwin KM. Incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers in children. Adv Skin Wound Care 2002 15 : 121 4.
119. Groeneveld A, Anderson M, Allen S, Bressmer S, Goldberg M, Magee B, Milner M, Young S. The prevalence of pressure ulcers in a tertiary care pediatric and adult hospital. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2004 31 : 108 20.
120. Baynham SA, Kohlman P, Katner HP. Treating stage IV pressure ulcers with negative pressure therapy: a case report. Ostomy Wound Manage 1999 45 : 28 5.
121. Deva AK, Buckland GH, Fisher E, Liew SC, Merten S, McGlynn M, Gianoutsos MP, Baldwin MAR, Lendvay PG. Topical negative pressure in wound management. Med J Aust 2000 173 : 128 31.
122. Ford CN, Reinhard ER, Yeh D, Syrek D, De Las Morenas A, Bergman SB, Williams S, Hamori CA. Interim analysis of a prospective, randomized trial of vacuum-assisted closure versus the healthpoint system in the management of pressure ulcers. Ann Plast Surg 2002 49 : 55 61.
123. Greer SE, Duthie E, Cartolano B, Koehler KM, Maydick-Youngberg D, Longaker MT. Techniques for applying subatmospheric pressure dressing to wounds in difficult regions of anatomy. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1999 26 : 250 3.
124. Hartnett JM. Use of vacuum-assisted wound closure in three chronic wounds. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1998 25 : 281 90.
125. Isago T, Nozaki M, Kikuchi Y, Honda T, Nakazawa H. Negative-pressure dressings in the treatment of pressure ulcers. J Dermatol 2003 30 : 299 305.
126. Mendez-Eastman S. Negative pressure wound therapy. Plast Surg Nurs 1998 18 27-9, 33-7.
127. Voinchet V, Magalon G. Vacuum assisted closure. Wound healing by negative pressure. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 1996 41 : 583 9.
128. Wanner MB, Schwarzl F, Strub B, Zaech GA, Pierer G. Vacuum-assisted wound closure for cheaper and more comfortable healing of pressure sores: a prospective study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 2003 37 : 28 33.
129. Black J, Baharestani MM, Cuddigan J, Dorner B, Edsberg L, Langemo D, Posthauer ME, Ratliff C, Taler G. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel's updated pressure ulcer staging system. Adv Skin Wound Care 2007 20 : 269 74.
130. Gupta S, Baharestani M, Baranoski S, de Leon J, Engel SJ, Mendez-Eastman S, Niezgoda JA, Pompeo MQ. Guidelines for managing pressure ulcers with negative pressure wound therapy. Adv Skin Wound Care 2004 17 : 1 16.
131. Baharestani M, De Leon J, Mendez-Eastman S, Powell G, Weir D, Niezgoda J, Payne W, Nanney LB, Pelham F, Gupta S. Consensus statement: a practical guide for managing pressure ulcers with negative pressure wound therapy utilizing vacuum-assisted closure- understanding the treatment algorithm. Adv Skin Wound Care 2008 21 : 1 20.
132. Parrett BM, Matros E, Pribaz JJ, Orgill DP. Lower extremity trauma: trends in the management of soft-tissue reconstruction of open tibia-fibula fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006 117 : 1315 22.
133. Hope PG, Cole WG. Open fractures of the tibia in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992 74 : 546 53.
134. Dedmond BT, Kortesis B, Punger K, Simpson J, Argenta J, Kulp B, Morykwas M, Webb LX. The use of negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the temporary treatment of soft-tissue injuries associated with high-energy open tibial shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2007 21 : 11 7.
135. DeFranzo AJ, Argenta LC, Marks MW, Molnar JA, David LR, Webb LX, Ward WG, Teasdall RG. The use of vacuum-assisted closure therapy for the treatment of lower-extremity wounds with exposed bone. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001 108 : 1184 91.
136. Paula R. Compartment syndrome, extremity. http://www.emedicine.com. [ 2008 CC, Chang DS, Webb LX. Vacuum-assisted closure for fasciotomy wounds following compartment syndrome of the leg. J Surg Orthop Adv 2006 15 : 19 23.
137. Tarkin IS. The versatility of negative pressure wound therapy with reticulated open cell foam for soft tissue management after severe musculoskeletal trauma. J Orthop Trauma 2008 22 : S146 51.
138. Stone P, Prigozen J, Hofeldt M, Hass S, DeLuca J, Flaherty S. Bolster versus negative pressure wound therapy for securing split-thickness skin grafts in trauma patients. Wounds 2004 16 : 219 23.
139. Barret JP, Desai MH, Herndon DN. Survival in paediatric burns involving 100% total body surface area. Ann Burns Fire Disasters 1999 12 : 139 41.
140. Molnar JA, DeFranzo AJ, Marks MW. Single-stage approach to skin grafting the exposed skull. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000 105 : 174 7.
141. Genecov DG, Schneider AM, Morykwas MJ, Parker D, White WL, Argenta LC. A controlled subatmospheric pressure dressing increases the rate of skin graft donor site reepithelialization. Ann Plast Surg 1998 40 : 219 25.
142. Sposato G, Molea G, Di Caprio G, Scioli M, La Rusca I, Ziccardi P. Ambulant vacuum-assisted closure of skin-graft dressing in the lower limbs using a portable mini-VAC device. Br J Plast Surg 2001 54 : 235 7.
143. Blackburn JH, Boemi L, Hall WW, Jeffords K, Hauck RM, Banducci DR, Graham WP. Negative pressure dressings as a bolster for skin grafts. Ann Plast Surg 1998 40 : 453 7.
144. Johansson PI, Eriksen K, Alsbjorn B. Rescue treatment with recombinant factor VIIa is effective in patients with life-threatening bleedings secondary to major wound excision: a report of four cases. J Trauma 2006 61 : 1016 8.
145. Schneider AM, Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC. A new and reliable method of securing skin grafts to the difficult recipient bed. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998 102 : 1195 8.
146. Deva AK, Moisidis E, Heath T, Boorer C, Ho K. A prospective blinded randomized controlled clinical trial of topical negative pressure (TNP) use in skin grafting. Presented at the European Tissue Repair Society, Focus Group Meeting, Topical Negative Pressure (TN) Therapy, Museum of London 2003;December 4-6.
147. Chang KP, Tsai CC, Lin TM, Lai CS, Lin SD. An alternative dressing for skin graft immobilization: negative pressure dressing. Burns 2001 27 : 839 42.
148. Scherer LA, Shiver S, Chang M, Meredith JW, Owings JT. The vacuum assisted closure device: a method of securing skin grafts and improving graft survival. Arch Surg 2002 137 : 930 4.
149. Moisidis E, Heath T, Boorer C, Ho K, Deva AK. A prospective, blinded, randomized, controlled clinical trial of topical negative pressure use in skin grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004 114 : 917 22.