Assimilation and contrast effects in the priming of Asian American and African American stereotypes through TV exposure

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 86, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 7-22

  Dalisay, Francis ^a   Tan, Alexis ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; PSYCHOLOGY; TELEVISION;

EID: 67651228923     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900908600102     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Colin Ho and Jay Jackson, "Attitudes Toward Asian Americans: Theory and Measurement", Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31 (August 2001) : 1553-581;
2. Harry H. Kitano and Stanley Sue, "The Model Minorities", Journal of Social Issues 29 (spring 1973) : 1-9;
3. Ki-Young Lee and Sung-Hee Joo, "The Portrayal of Asian Americans in Mainstream Magazine Ads: An Update", Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (autumn 2005) : 654-71;
4. Hye-Jin Paek and Hemant Shah, "Racial Ideology, Model Minorities, and the 'Not-so-Silent Partner': Stereotyping of Asian Americans in U. S. Magazine Advertising", Howard Journal of Communication 14 (October-December 2003) : 225-43;
5. William Petersen, "Success Story, Japanese American Style", New York Times Magazine (January 9, 1966), 19-43;
6. Stanley Sue and Harry H. Kitano, "Stereotypes as a Measure of Success", Journal of Social Issues 29 (spring 1973) : 83-98;
7. Charles R. Taylor and Barbara Stern, "Asian Americans: Television Advertising and the 'Model Minority' Stereotype", Journal of Advertising 26 (summer 1997) : 47-61.
8. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, "America's Immigration Quandary", March 30, 2006, http://people-press.org/report/ pageid=1049 (retrieved June 10, 2008).
9. Lee and Joo, "The Portrayal of Asian Americans in Mainstream Magazine Ads"; Paek and Shah, "Racial Ideology, Model Minorities, and the 'Not-so-Silent Partner.'"
10. Ossei Appiah, "Black and White Viewers' Perception and Recall of Occupational Characters on Television", Journal of Communication 52 (December 2002) : 776-93;
11. Travis L. Dixon, "Psychological Reactions to Crime News Portrayals of Black Criminals: Understanding the Moderating Roles of Prior News Viewing and Stereotype Endorsement", Communication Monographs 73 (June 2006) : 162-87;
12. Yuki Fujioka, "Television Portrayals and African-American Stereotypes: Examination of Television Effects When Direct Contact is Lacking", Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 76 (spring 1999) : 52-74;
13. Mary Beth Oliver, "Caucasian Viewers' Memory of Black and White Criminal Suspects in the News", Journal of Communication 49 (September 1999) : 46-60;
14. Alexis Tan, Yuki Fujioka, and Gerdean Tan, "Television Use, Stereotypes of African Americans and Opinions on Affirmative Action: An Affective Model of Policy Reasoning", Communication Monographs 67 (December 2000) : 362-71.
15. Won Moo Hurh and Kwang Chung Kim, "The 'Success' Image of Asian Americans: Its Validity, and its Practical and Theoretical Implications", Ethnic and Racial Studies 12 (4 1989) : 530.
16. United States Census Bureau, "Annual Estimates of the Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007" (NC-EST2007-03), http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/NC- EST2007-srh.html (accessed December 10, 2008).
17. Lisa Catanzarite, "Occupational Context and Wage Competition of New Immigrant Latinos with Minorities and Whites", Review of Black Political Economy 31 (summer/fall 2003) : 77-94;
18. Roger Waldinger, "Black/Immigrant Competition Re-Assessed: New Evidence from Los Angeles", Sociological Perspectives 40 (fall 1997) : 365-86.
19. Darrell Y. Hamamoto, Monitored Peril: Asian Americans and the Politics of TV Representation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994);
20. Teresa A. Mok, "Getting the Message: Media Images and Stereotypes and Their Effect on Asian Americans", Cultural Diversity and Mental Health 4(1998):185-202;
21. Dennis Wu and Tien-Tsung Lee, "The Submissive, the Calculated, and the American Dream: Analyzing the News Coverage of Three Asian-American Political Candidates in the 1990s", Howard Journal of Communications 16 (July-September 2005) : 225-41.
22. Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (New York: Macmillan, 1936).
23. Gordon Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1954/1979);
24. Patricia G. Devine, "Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (autumn 1989) : 5-18;
25. Henri Tajfel, "Social Stereotypes and Social Groups", in Intergroup Behavior, ed. John C. Turner and Howard Giles (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1981), 144-67.
26. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice.
27. Fujioka, "Television Portrayals and African-American Stereotypes."
28. Travis L. Dixon and Christina L. Azocar, "Priming Crime and Activating Blackness: Understanding the Psychological Impact of Overrepresentation of Blacks as Lawbreakers on Television News", Journal of Communication 57 (June 2007) : 229-53;
29. Oliver, "Caucasian Viewers' Memory of Black and White Criminal Suspects in the News."
30. Linus Abrahams and Ossei Appiah, "Framing News Stories: The Role of Visual Imagery in Priming Racial Stereotypes", Howard Journal of Communication 17 (September 2006) : 183-203;
31. David Domke, "Racial Cues and Political Ideology: An Examination of Associative Priming", Communication Research 28 (December 2001) : 772-801.
32. Nicholas A. Valentino, "Crime News and the Priming of Racial Attitudes During Evaluations of the President", Public Opinion Quarterly 63 (winter 1999) : 293-320;
33. see also Nicholas A. Valentino, Vincent L. Hutchings, and Ismail K. White, "Cues that Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns", American Political Science Review 96 (March 2002) : 75-90.
34. Muzafer Sherif and Carl I. Hovland, Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961).
35. Herbert Bless, Norbert Schwarz, and Michaela Wanke, "The Size of Context Effects in Social Judgment", in Social Judgments: Implicit and Explicit Processes, ed. Joseph P. Forgas, Kipling Williams, and Willian von Hippel (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 180.
36. Dixon, "Psychological Reactions to Crime News Portrayals of Black Criminals";
37. Fujioka, "Television Portrayals and African-American Stereotypes";
38. Oliver, "Caucasian Viewers' Memory of Black and White Criminal Suspects in the News."
39. J. Gerard Power, Sheila T. Murphy, and Gail Coover, "Priming Prejudice: How Stereotypes and Counterstereotypes Influence Attribution of Responsibility and Credibility Among Ingroups and Outgroups", Human Communication Research 23 (September 1996) : 36-58.
40. Note that our study was fundamentally built upon the assumptions that American stereotypes perceived to be "positive" are traits that are valued by the American dominant culture, and American stereotypes perceived to be "negative" are traits that are not valued. These are assumptions inherent in predominant social psychological perspectives on racial attitude formation and reinforcement, such as McConahay's modern racism (John B. McConahay, "Modern Racism and Modern Discrimination: The Effects of Race, Racial Attitudes, and Context on Simulated Hiring Decisions", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 9 [1983]: 551-58). The stereotype of Asians as the "model minority" could conjure up traits that are valued by the American dominant culture, such as wealth, intelligence, and hard work ethic.
41. Zakary L. Tormala and Richard E. Petty, "Contextual Contrast and Perceived Knowledge: Exploring the Implications for Persuasion", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (January 2007) : 18.
42. Bless, Schwarz, and Wanke, "The Size of Context Effects in Social Judgment", 80-81.
43. Diederik A. Stapel and Norbert Schwarz, "The Republican Who Did Not Want to Become President: Colin Powell's Impact on Evaluations of the Republican Party and Bob Dole", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 (July 1998) : 690-98.
44. See Monica Biernat and Diane Kobrynowicz, "Gender-and Race-Based Standards of Competence: Lower Minimum Standards but Higher Ability Standards for Devalued Groups", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (March 1997) : 544-57;
45. Melvin Manis, Monica Biernat, and Thomas F. Nelson, "Comparison and Expectancy Processes in Human Judgment", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (August 1991) : 203-11.
46. Hurh and Kim, "The 'Success' Image of Asian Americans."
47. Ho and Jackson, "Attitudes Toward Asian Americans."
48. Srividya Ramasubramanian and Mary Beth Oliver, "Activating and Suppressing Hostile and Benevolent Racism: Evidence for Comparative Media Stereotyping", Media Psychology 9 (May 2007) : 623-46.
49. Martin Gilens, Why Americans Hate Welfare: Race, Media and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999);
50. Tan, Fujioka, and Tan, "Television Use, Stereotypes of African Americans and Opinions on Affirmative Action. "
51. Ho and Jackson, "Attitudes Toward Asian Americans."
52. Devine, "Stereotypes and Prejudice."
53. The Asianization of America, videocassette, produced by Michael Rosenblum and directed by Tony Marshall (Princeton, NJ: Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 1993).
54. Better Luck Tomorrow, motion picture, directed by Justin Lin (United States: Paramount Pictures, 2002).
55. On the Edge of Extinction: Panthers & Cheetahs, videorecording, produced and directed by Larry Engel and Thomas Lucas (co-production of National Audubon Society, Turner Broadcasting System, and WETA: Washington, D. C., 1991).
56. The scales were adapted from Tom Smith, "Ethnic Images in the United States", The Polling Report 7(1991):1-5;
57. A. Tan, Fujioka, and G. Tan, "Television Use, Stereotypes of African Americans and Opinions on Affirmative Action. "
58. To aid in the interpretation of the results for the ANOVAs and post hoc comparisons, effect sizes using Cohen's f are reported. See Jacob Cohen, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2d ed. (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988);
59. Jacob Cohen, "Quantitative Methods in Psychology: A Power Primer", Psychological Bulletin 112 (July 1992) : 157. Cohen suggested that an/in the range of.10 is indicative of a small effect, an f in the range of.25 indicates a medium effect, and an f in the range of.40 indicates a large effect. Although Cohen cautioned about the use of these guidelines as rigid standards, they are still widely accepted by researchers in the social and behavioral sciences.
60. Hamamoto, Monitored Peril: Asian Americans and the Politics of TV Representation; Mok, "Getting the Message."
61. Ho and Jackson, "Attitudes Toward Asian Americans"; Ramasubramanian and Oliver, "Activating and Suppressing Hostile and Benevolent Racism."
62. See Biernat and Kobrynowicz, "Gender-and Race-Based Standards of Competence."
63. Dixon and Azocar, "Priming Crime and Activating Blackness"; Oliver, "Caucasian Viewers' Memory of Black and White Criminal Suspects in the News."
64. Thomas Sowell, Markets and Minorities (New York: Basic Books, 1981);
65. Thomas Sowell, Black Rednecks and White Liberals (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005).
66. Tan, Fujioka, and Tan, "Television Use, Stereotypes of African Americans and Opinions on Affirmative Action. "
67. Wu and Lee noted the limited research pertaining to Asian-American politicians. See Wu and Lee, "The Submissive, the Calculated, and the American Dream."