Adapting the Sniffin' Sticks to diagnose Parkinson's disease in Sri Lanka

Movement Disorders

Volumn 24, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 1229-1233

  Silveira Moriyama, Laura ^a   Sirisena, Dharshana ^b   Gamage, Pasan ^b   Gamage, Ranjanie ^b   Silva, Rohande ^a   Lees, Andrew J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL HOSPITAL OF SRI LANKA   (Sri Lanka)

Author keywords

Olfaction; Parkinson's disease; Smell; Sniffin' Sticks; Sri Lanka

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; SNIFFIN STICKS; SRI LANKA;

CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); EQUIPMENT DESIGN; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ODORS; PARKINSON DISEASE; REFERENCE VALUES; SMELL; SRI LANKA;

EID: 67651180872     PISSN: 08853185     EISSN: 15318257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mds.22545     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Doty RL. Odor perception in neurodegenerative diseases. In: Doty RL, editor. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. Philadelphia: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2003. p 479-501.
2. Shah M, Findley L, Muhammed N, Hawkes C. Olfaction is normal in essential tremor and can be used to distinguish it from parkinson disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2007;118:e173.
3. Shah M, Muhammed N, Findley LJ, Hawkes CH. Olfactory tests in the diagnosis of essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008;14:563-568.
4. Quinn N. Parkinsonism - recognition and differential diagnosis. BMJ 1995;310:447-452.
5. Doty RL. Olfaction in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007;13(Suppl 3):S225-S228.
6. The Government of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka in brief. The Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka. Updated 2008. Available at: http://www.priu.gov.lk/TourCountry/Indextc.html. Accessed December 10, 2008.
7. Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G. 'Sniffin' sticks': olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses 1997;22:39-52.
8. Silveira-Moriyama L, Carvalho MD, Katzenschlager R, et al. The use of smell identification tests in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in Brazil. Mov Disord 2008;23:2328-2334.
9. Gibb WR, Lees AJ. The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:745-752.
10. Siddhisena KAP. Socio-economic implications of ageing in Sri Lanka: an overview. Oxford Institute of Ageing Working Paper WP105. Updated 2005. Available at: http://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/publications/working-papers. Accessed December 10, 2008.
11. Katzenschlager R, Zijlmans J, Evans A, Watt H, Lees AJ. Olfactory function distinguishes vascular parkinsonism from Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1749-1752.
12. Hughes AJ, Daniel SE, Ben-Shlomo Y, Lees AJ. The accuracy of diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes in a specialist movement disorder service. Brain 2002;125:861-870.
13. de Rijk MC, Tzourio C, Breteler MM, et al. Prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease in Europe: the EUROPARKINSON Collaborative Study. European Community Concerted Action on the Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;62:10-15.
14. Meara J, Bhowmick BK, Hobson P. Accuracy of diagnosis in patients with presumed Parkinson's disease. Age Ageing 1999; 28:99-102.
15. Benamer HT, Oertel WH, Patterson J, et al. Prospective study of presynaptic dopaminergic imaging in patients with mild parkinsonism and tremor disorders. I. Baseline and 3-month observations. Mov Disord 2003;18:977-984.
16. 123I-Ioflupane on diagnosis and management of patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes. Mov Disord 2004;19:1175-1182.
17. 123I) beta-CIT and single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging vs. clinical evaluation in Parkinsonian syndrome: unmasking an early diagnosis. Arch Neurol 2004; 61:1224-1229.
18. Dodel RC, Hoffken H, Moller JC, et al. Dopamine transporter imaging and SPECT in diagnostic work-up of Parkinson's disease: a decision-analytic approach. Mov Disord 2003;18 (Suppl 7):S52-S62.
19. Silveira-Moriyama L, Petrie A, Williams DR, et al. The use of a colour coded probability scale to interpret smell tests in suspected Parkinsonism. Mov Disord (in press).
20. Boesveldt S, Verbaan D, Knol DL, et al. A comparative study of odor identification and odor discrimination deficits in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2008;23:1984-1990.