A comparison of biological trends from four marine ecosystems: Synchronies, differences, and commonalities

Progress in Oceanography

Volumn 81, Issue 1-4, 2009, Pages 29-46

  Link, Jason S ^a   Stockhausen, William T ^b   Skaret, Georg ^c   Overholtz, William ^a   Megrey, Bernard A ^b   Gjøsæter, Harald ^c   Gaichas, Sarah ^b   Dommasnes, Are ^c   Falk Petersen, Jannike ^d   Kane, Joseph ^e   Mueter, Franz J ^f   Friedland, Kevin D ^e   Hare, Jonathan A ^e  

^a NORTHEAST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^b ALASKA FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^c INSTITUTE OF MARINE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^e NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE   (United States)

^f Sigma Plus Consulting   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BERING SEA; CALANOID COPEPODS; COMMERCIAL FISH; COMMON FEATURES; COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS; DATA SETS; FISH ABUNDANCE; GULF OF ALASKA; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN; NORTHERN HEMISPHERES; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; OCEAN SYSTEM; OCEANOGRAPHIC SURVEYS; PACIFIC OCEAN; SMALL PELAGIC FISH;

ATMOSPHERICS; BIOMASS; FISH; MEATS; OCEANOGRAPHY; SURVEYS; TIME SERIES;

ECOSYSTEMS;

ANOMALY; BIOLOGICAL SURVEY; BIOMASS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CRUSTACEAN; FISHERY; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; ZOOPLANKTON;

ARCTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BARENTS SEA; BERING SEA; GEORGES BANK; GULF OF ALASKA; GULF OF MAINE; NORWEGIAN SEA; PACIFIC OCEAN;

CALANOIDA; COPEPODA; GADIDAE; PISCES;

EID: 67651180566     PISSN: 00796611     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.004     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Alheit J., and Eberhard H. Long-term climate forcing of European herring and sardine populations. Fisheries Oceanography 6 (1997) 130-139
2. Anon., 2006. Report of the Arctic Fisheries Working Group, 19-28 April 2006. ICES CM 2006/ACFM:25.
3. Azarovitz T.R. A brief historical review of the Woods Hole Laboratory trawl survey time series. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58 (1981) 62-67
4. Baird, S.F., 1873. Report on the condition of the sea fisheries of the south coast of New England in 1871 and 1872. Report of the United States Fish Commission, vol. 1. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
5. Bartlett M.S. On the theoretical specification and sampling properties of autocorrelated time-series. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Supplement 8 (1946) 27-41
6. Bax N.J. The significance and prediction of predation in marine fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science 55 (1998) 997-1030
7. Beaugrand G. The North Sea regime shift: evidence, causes, mechanisms and consequences. Progress in Oceanography 60 (2004) 245-262
8. Beaugrand G., Reid P.C., Ibañez F., Lindley J.A., and Edwards M. Reorganization of North Atlantic marine copepod biodiversity and climate. Science 296 (2002) 1692-1694
9. Blindheim J. Oceanography and climate. In: Skjoldal H.R. (Ed). The Norwegian Sea Ecosystem (2004), Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim. 65-96
10. Bogstad B., and Gjøsæter H. Predation by cod (Gadus morhua) on capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Barents Sea: implications for capelin stock assessment. Fisheries Research 53 (2001) 197-209
11. Bogstad, B., Mehl, S., 1997. Interactions between Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its prey species in the Barents Sea. In: Proceedings. Forage Fishes in Marine Ecosystems. Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. 97-01, University of Alaska Fairbanks, pp. 591-615.
12. Bogstad B., Haug T., and Mehl S. Who eats whom in the Barents Sea?. NAMMCO Scientific Publication 2 (2000) 65-80
13. Bond N.A., Overland J.E., Spillane M., and Stabeno P. Recent shifts in the North Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters 30 (2003) 2183-2186
14. Brander K.M. Patterns of distribution, spawning, and growth in North Atlantic cod: the utility of inter-regional comparisons. ICES Marine Science Symposium 198 (1994) 406-413
15. Brander K.M. The effects of temperature on growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L). ICES Journal of Marine Science 52 (1995) 1-10
16. Brander K.M. Cod recruitment is strongly affected by climate when stock biomass is low. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62 (2005) 339-343
17. Britt, L.L., Martin, M.H., 2001. Data report: 1999 Gulf of Alaska bottom trawl survey. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-121.
18. Brodeur R.D., Sugisaki H., and Hunt Jr. G.L. Increases in jellyfish biomass in the Bering Sea: implications for the ecosystem. Marine Ecological Progress Series 233 (2002) 89-103
19. Carmack E., Barber D., Christensen J., Macdonald R., Rudels B., and Sakshaug E. Climate variability and physical forcing of the food webs and the carbon budget on panarctic shelves. Progress in Oceanography 71 (2006) 145-181
20. Chai F., Jiang M., Barber R.T., Dugdale R.C., and Chao Y. Interdecadal variation of the transition zone chlorophyll front: a physical-biological model simulation between 1960 and 1990. Journal of Oceanography 59 (2003) 461-475
21. Coachman L.K. Circulation, water masses and fluxes on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf. Continental Shelf Research 5 (1986) 23-108
22. Dalpadado P., and Bogstad B. Diet of juvenile cod (age 0-2) in the Barents Sea in relation to food availability and cod growth. Polar Biology 27 (2004) 140-154
23. Denman K., and Pena M.A. The response of two coupled one-dimensional mixed layer/planktonic ecosystem models to climate change in the NE subarctic Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 49 (2002) 5739-5757
24. Dorn, M., Aydin, K., Barbeaux, S., Guttormsen, M., Megrey, B., Spalinger, K., Wilkins, M., 2006. Chapter 1: Assessment of Walleye Pollock in the Gulf of Alaska. In: Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Gulf of Alaska. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, P.O. Box 103136, Anchorage Alaska 99510, pp. 207-254.
25. Drinkwater K.F. The response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to future climate change. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62 (2005) 1327-1337
26. Drinkwater K.F., and Mountain D.G. Climate and oceanography. In: Boreman J., Nakashima B.S., Wilson J.A., and Kendall R.L. (Eds). Northwest Atlantic Groundfish: Perspectives on a Fishery Collapse (1997), American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD 3-25
27. Drinkwater, K.F., Mueter, F.J., Friedland, K.D., Taylor, M., Hunt, G.L., Jr., Hare, J.A., Melle, W., Broms, C., this volume. Comparison of 4 Northern Hemisphere regions: physical oceanographic responses to recent climate variability. Progress in Oceanography (in this issue).
28. Drobysheva S.S. Euphausis of the Barents Sea and its Role in the Formation of Fisheries Production (1994), PINRO Press, Murmansk, Russa 139 pp
29. Dutil J.-D., and Brander K. Comparing productivity of North Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks and limits to growth production. Fisheries Oceanography 12 (2003) 502-512
30. Easterling D.R., and Peterson T.C. A new method for detecting undocumented discontinuities in climatological time series. International Journal of Climatology 15 (1995) 369-377
31. Falk-Petersen S., Hop H., Budgell W.P., Hegseth E.N., Korsnes R., Løyning T.B., Ørbæk J.B., Kawamura T., and Shirasawa K. Physical and ecological processes in the Marginal Ice Zone of the northern Barents Sea during the summer melt periods. Journal of Marine Systems 27 (2000) 131-159
32. Fogarty M.J., and Murawski S.A. Large-scale disturbance and the structure of marine systems: fishery impacts on Georges Bank. Ecological Applications 8 S1 (1998) 6-22
33. Gaichas, S. Skaret, G., Falk-Petersen, J., Link, J.S., Overholtz, W., Megrey, B.A., Gjøsæter, H., Stockhausen, W.T., Dommasnes, A., Friedland, K.D., Aydin, K.Y., this volume. A comparison of community and trophic structure in five marine ecosystems based on energy budgets and system metrics. Progress in Oceanography (in this issue).
34. Garcia, S. M., Zerbi, A., Aliaume, C., Do Chi, T., Lasserre, G., 2003. The ecosystem approach to fisheries: issues, terminology, principles, institutional foundations, implementation and outlook. FAO Technical Paper 443. FAO, Rome. 71 pp.
35. Gjøsæter H. The population biology and exploitation of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Barents Sea. Sarsia 83 (1998) 453-496
36. Grebmeier J.M., Overland J.E., Moore S.E., Farley E.V., Carmack E.C., Cooper L.W., Frey K.E., Helle J.H., McLaughlin F.A., and McNutt S.L. A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea. Science 311 (2006) 1461-1464
37. Hansell D.A., Whitledge T.A., and Goering J.J. Patterns of nitrate utilization and new production over the Bering-Chukchi shelf. Continental Shelf Research 13 (1993) 601-627
38. Hanselman, D. Heifetz, J., Fujioka, J.T., Ianelli, J.N., 2005. Chapter 8: Gulf of Alaska Pacific ocean perch. In: Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Gulf of Alaska. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, P.O. Box 103136, Anchorage Alaska 99510, pp. 525-578.
39. Hare, S.R., 1996. Low frequency climate variability and salmon production. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA, unpublished.
40. Hashioka T., and Yamanaka Y. Ecosystem change in the western North Pacific associated with global warming obtained by 3-D NEMURO. Ecological Modelling 202 (2007) 95-104
41. Hjermann D.O., Stenseth N.C., and Ottersen G. Indirect climate forcing of the Barents Sea capelin: a cohort effect. Marine Ecology Progress Series 273 (2004) 229-238
42. Hunt Jr. G.L., and Megrey B.A. Comparison of the biophysical and trophic characteristics of the Bering and Barents Seas. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62 (2005) 1245-1255
43. Hunt Jr. G.L., Stabeno P., Walters G., Sinclair E., Brodeur R.D., Napp J.M., and Bond N.A. Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep-Sea Research II 49 (2002) 5821-5853
44. Hunter, J.R., Alheit, J. (Eds.)., 1995. International GLOBEC small pelagic fishes and climate change program. Report of the First Planning Meeting, La Paz, Mexico, June 20-24, 1994. GLOBEC Report #8, 72 pp.
45. Hurrell J.W., Kushnir Y., Ottersen G., and Visbeck M. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact (2003), American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C. 279 pp
46. Huse G., Johansen G.O., Bogstad B., and Gjøsæter H. Studying spatial and trophic interactions between capelin and cod using individual-based modelling. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61 (2004) 1201-1213
47. Ingvaldsen R.B., Asplin L., and Loeng H. The seasonal cycle in the Atlantic transport to the Barents Sea during the years 1997-2001. Continental Shelf Research 24 (2004) 1015-1032
48. Johansen G.O. Temporal and spatial variation in predation on juvenile herring (Clupea harengus L.) by northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Barents Sea in 1984-1997. ICES Journal Marine Science 59 27 (2002) 270-292
49. Johansen G.O. Size-dependent predation on juvenile herring (Clupea harengus L.) by northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Barents Sea. Sarsia 88 (2003) 136-153
50. Johansen G.O., Bogstad B., Mehl S., and Ulltang Ø. Consumption of juvenile herring (Clupea harengus) by cod (Gadus morhua) in the Barents Sea: a new approach to estimating consumption in piscivorous fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61 (2004) 343-359
51. Jones P.D., Jonsson T., and Wheeler D. Extension of the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibralter and southwest Iceland. International Journal of Climatology 17 (1997) 1433-1450
52. Kane J. Variability of zooplankton biomass and dominant species abundance on Georges Bank, 1977-1986. Fishery Bulletin US 91 (1993) 464-474
53. Kane J. Zooplankton abundance trends on Georges Bank, 1977-2004. ICES Journal of Marine Science 64 (2007) 909-919
54. Kim S., and Kang S. Ecological variations and El Niño effects off the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula during the last three decades. Fisheries Oceanography 9 (2000) 239-247
55. Kinder T.H., and Schumacher J.D. Hydrographic structure over the continental shelf of the southeastern Bering Sea. In: Hood D.W., and Calder J.A. (Eds). The Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources (1981), Univ. Washington Press, Seattle, WA 31-52
56. Kowalik Z. Bering Sea tides. Dynamics of the Bering Sea (1999), Univ. Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks, AK 93-128
57. Lanzante J.R. Resistant, robust and nonparametric techniques for the analysis of climate data: theory and examples, including application to historical radiosonde station data. International Journal of Climatology 16 (1996) 1197-1226
58. Lauth, R.R., Acuna, E., 2007. Results of the 2006 eastern Bering Sea continental shelf bottom trawl survey of groundfish and invertebrates resources. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOA A Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-176, 175 p.
59. Link J.S. Translation of ecosystem indicators into decision criteria. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62 (2005) 569-576
60. Link, J., Brodziak, J., 2002. Report on the Status of the NE US Continental Shelf Ecosystem. NEFSC Ecosystem Status Working Group. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document, 02--11, 245 pp.
61. Litzow M.A. Climate regime shifts and community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska: how do recent shifts compare with 1976/1977?. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63 (2006) 1386-1396
62. Loeng H. Features of the physical oceanographic conditions in the central parts of the Barents Sea. Polar Research 10 (1991) 5-18
63. Loeng H., Ozhigin V., and Ådlandsvik B. Water fluxes through the Barents Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54 (1997) 310-317
64. Loughlin T.R., Sukhanova I.N., Sinclair E.H., and Ferrero R.C. Summary of biology and ecosystem dynamics in the Bering Sea. Dynamics of the Bering Sea (1999), Univ. Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks, AK 387-407
65. Mantua N.J., and Hare S.R. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Journal of Oceanography 58 (2002) 35-44
66. Mantua N.J., Hare S.R., Zhang Y., Wallace J.M., and Francis R.C. A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78 (1997) 1069-1079
67. Megrey B.A., Ito S., Hay D.E., Klumb R.A., Rose K.A., and Werner F.E. Basin-scale differences in lower and higher trophic level marine ecosystem response to climate impacts using a coupled biogeochemical-fisheries bioenergetics model. Ecological Modelling 202 (2007) 196-210
68. Megrey, B.A., Hare, J.A, Stockhausen, W.T., Dommasnes, A., Gjøsæter, H., Overholtz, W. Gaichas, S., Skaret, G., Falk-Petersen, J., Link, J.S., Friedland, K.D., this volume. A cross-ecosystem comparison of temporal variability in recruitment of functionally analogous fish stocks. Progress in Oceanography (in this issue).
69. Mehlum F., and Gabrielsen G.W. The diet of high-arctic seabirds in coastal and ice-covered, pelagic areas near the Svalbard archipelago. Polar Research 12 (1993) 1-20
70. Melle W., and Skjoldal H.R. Reproduction and development of Calanus finmarchicus, C. Glacialis and C. hyperboreus in the Barents Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 169 (1998) 211-228
71. Melle W., Ellertsen B., and Skjoldal H.R. Zooplankton: the link to higher trophic levels. In: Skjoldal H.R. (Ed). The Norwegian Sea Ecosystem (2004), Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim. 137-202
72. Moloney C.L., Jarre A., Arancibia H., Bozec Y.M., Neira S., Roux J.P., and Shannon L.J. Comparing the Benguela and Humboldt marine upwelling ecosystems with indicators derived from inter-calibrated models. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62 (2005) 493-502
73. Mountain, D.G., 1989. TEMPEST: a Computer Program for Estimating Temperature on the Northeast Continental Shelf. NEFSC Center Reference Document 89-02.
74. Mueter F.J., and Norcross B.L. Spatial and temporal patterns in the demersal fish community on the shelf and upper slope regions of the Gulf of Alaska. Fishery Bulletin 100 (2002) 559-581
75. Mueter F.J., Boldt J.L., Megrey B.A., and Peterman R.M. Recruitment and survival of Northeast Pacific Ocean fish stocks: temporal trends, covariation, and regime shifts. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64 (2007) 911-927
76. Mueter, F.J., Broms, C., Drinkwater, K.F., Friedland, K.D., Hare, J.A., Hunt, G.L, Jr.,, Melle, W., Taylor, M., this volume. Ecosystem responses to recent oceanographic variability in high-latitude Northern Hemisphere ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography.
77. Mullon C., Fréon P., Parada C., Van Der Lingen C., and Huggett J. From particles to individuals: modelling the early stages of anchovy (Engraulis capensis/encrasicolus) in the southern Benguela. Fisheries Oceanography 12 (2003) 396-406
78. Murawski S.A., Maguire J.J., Mayo R.K., and Serchuk F.M. Groundfish stocks and the fishing industry. In: Boreman J., Nakashima B.S., Wilson J.A., and Kendall R.L. (Eds). Northwest Atlantic Groundfish: Perspectives on a Fishery Collapse (1997), American Fisheries Society, Berlin
79. Napp J.M., and Hunt Jr. G.L. Anomalous conditions in the south-eastern Bering Sea 1997: linkages among climate, weather, ocean and Biology. Fisheries Oceanography 10 (2001) 61-68
80. NEFC, 1988. National Marine Fisheries Service. An evaluation of the Bottom Trawl Survey Program of the Northeast Fisheries Center. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/NEC-52. 83p.
81. NEFSC, 2001. 36th Northeast Regional Stock Assessment Workshop (36th SAW) Public Review Workshop C. Northern Shrimp advisory report. NEFSC Center Reference Document 03-04, 42-47.
82. NEFSC, 2002. Final Report of the Working Group on Re-Evaluation of Biological Reference Points for New England Groundfish. NEFSC Center Reference Document 02-04, 249 pp.
83. NMFS, 2005. Fisheries of the United States, 2004. Current Fishery Statistics No. 2004. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS. Silver Spring, MD. 110 pp.
84. NPFMC, 2002. Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for the groundfish resource of the Gulf of Alaska. North Pacific Fisheries Management Council, 605 W. 4th Ave., Suite 306, Anchorage, AK 99501.
85. NPFMC, 2004. Appendix C: Ecosystem Considerations for 2005. In: Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Regions. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, P.O. Box 103136, Anchorage, AK.
86. NRC [National Research Council], 1996. The Bering Sea Ecosystem: Report of the Committee on the Bering Sea Ecosystem. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
87. O'Reilly, J.E., Zetlin, C., 1998. Seasonal, horizontal, and vertical distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll a in the northeast U.S. continental shelf ecosystem. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS 139.
88. Ottersen G., Ådlandsvik B., and Loeng H. Predicting the temperature of the Barents Sea. Fisheries Oceanography 9 (2000) 121-135
89. Overholtz W.J. The Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus): spatial pattern analysis of the collapse and recovery of a large marine fish complex. Fisheries Research 57 (2002) 237-254
90. Perry AL., Low P.J., Ellis J.R., and Reynolds J.D. Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes. Science 308 (2005) 1912-1915
91. Planque B., and Frédou T. Temperature and the recruitment of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56 (1999) 2069-2077
92. Rätz H.-J., and Lloret J. Variation in fish condition between Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks, the effect on their productivity and management implications. Fisheries Research 60 (2003) 369-380
93. Reed R.K., and Stabeno P.J. The Aleutian North Slope Current. Dynamics of the Bering Sea (1999), Univ. Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks, AK 177-191
94. Rodionov S. A sequential algorithm for testing climate regime shifts. Geophysical Research Letters 31 (2004) L09204
95. Rodionov S., and Overland J.E. Application of a sequential regime shift detection method to the Bering Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62 (2005) 328-332
96. Rose G.A., and O'Driscoll R.L. Capelin are good for cod: can the northern stock rebuild without them?. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Journal du Conseil 59 (2002) 1018-1026
97. Rose K.A., Werner F.E., Megrey B.A., Aita M.N., Yamanaka Y., and Hay D. Simulated herring growth responses in the Northeastern Pacific to historic temperature and zooplankton conditions generated by the 3-dimensional NEMURO nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model. Ecological Modelling 202 (2007) 184-195
98. Sakshaug E. Primary and secondary production in the Arctic seas. In: Stein R., and Macdonald R.W. (Eds). The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean (2004), Springer, New York, NY 57-81
99. Sakshaug E., and Skjoldal H.R. Life at the ice edge. Ambio 18 (1989) 60-67
100. Sakshaug E., and Walsh J.M. Marine biology: biomass, productivity distributions and their variability in the Barents and Bering Seas. In: Nuttall M., and Callaghan T.V. (Eds). The Arctic: Environment, People, Policy (2000), Harwood Academic Press, Australia 163-196 647 pp
101. Santos A.M.P., Chicharo A., Santos A.D., Moita T., Oliveira P.B., Peliz A., and Ré P. Physical-biological interactions in the life history of small pelagic fish in the Western Iberia Upwelling Ecosystem. Progress in Oceanography 74 (2007) 192-209
102. Schumacher J.D., and Reed R.K. Characteristics of currents over the continental slope of the eastern Bering Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 97 (1992) 9423-9433
103. Serchuk F.M., Grosslein, M.D., Lough, R.G., Mountain, D.G., O'Brien, L., 1994. Fishery and environmental factors affecting trends and fluctuations in the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod stocks: an overview. ICES Marine Science Symposia 198, 77-109.
104. Sherman K. The large marine ecosystem concept: research and management strategy for living marine resources. Ecological Applications 1 (1991) 349-360
105. Sissenwine M.P., Cohen E.B., and Grosslein M.D. Structure of the Georges Bank ecosystem. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 183 (1984) 243-254
106. In: Skjoldal H.R. (Ed). The Norwegian Sea Ecosystem (2004), Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim 559
107. Skjoldal, H.R., Rey, F., 1989. Pelagic production and variability of the Barents Sea ecosystem. In: Sherman, K., Alexander, L.M. (Eds.), Biomass Yields and Geography of Large Marine Ecosystems, AAAS Selected Symposium, vol. 111. Westview Press, pp. 241-286.
108. Skjoldal H.R., Gjøsæter H., and Loeng H. The Barents Sea ecosystem in the 1980s: ocean climate, plankton and capelin growth. ICES Marine Science Symposia 195 (1992) 278-290
109. Spencer, P., Ianelli, J., 2006. Chapter 3: Pacific Ocean Perch. In: Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Regions. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, P.O. Box 103136, Anchorage, AK 99510, pp. 781-838.
110. Stabeno P.J., Kachel D.G., Kachel N.B., and Sullivan M.E. Observations from moorings in the Aleutian passes: temperature, salinity and transport. Fisheries Oceanography 14 S1 (2005) 39-54
111. Stenseth N.C., Mysterud A., Ottersen G., Hurrell J.W., Chan K.-S., and Lima M. Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science 297 (2002) 1292-1296
112. Stiansen, J.E., Filin, A.A. (Eds.), 2007. Joint PINRO/IMR report on the State of the Barents Sea Ecosystem in 2006 with expected situation and considerations for management. IMR/PINRO Report No. 2/2007. 209 pp.
113. Tande K.S. Calanus in North Norwegian fjords and in the Barents Sea. Polar Research 10 (1991) 389-407
114. Taylor, M.H., Bascunán, C., 2001. Description of the 2000 Oceanographic Conditions on the Northeast Continental Shelf. NEFSC CRD 01-01.
115. Thompson, G., Dorn, M.,2005. Chapter 2: Assessment of the Pacific Cod Stock in the Gulf of Alaska. In: Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Groundfish Resources of the Gulf of Alaska. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, P.O. Box 103136, Anchorage, AK 99510, pp. 155-244.
116. Waring, G.T., Pace, R.M., Quintal, J.M., Fairfield, C.P., Maze-Foley, K., 2004. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments - 2003. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-182.
117. Wassmann P., Reigstad M., Haug T., Rudels B., Carroll M.L., Hop H., Gabrielsen G.W., Falk-Petersen S., Denisenko S.G., Arashkevich E., Slagstad D., and Pavlova O. Food webs and carbon flux in the Barents Sea. Progress in Oceanography 71 (2006) 232-287
118. Weingartner. T.J. and 18 other authors. 2002. The Northeast Pacific GLOBEC Program: Coastal Gulf of Alaska. Oceanography 15, 48-63.
119. Zenkevich L.A. Biology of the Seas of the USSR (1963), George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London
120. Zuur A.F., Tuck I.D., and Bailey N. Dynamic factor analysis to estimate common trends in fisheries time series. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60 (2003) 542-552