A review of peripheral refraction techniques

Optometry and Vision Science

Volumn 86, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 429-446

  Fedtke, Cathleen ^a   Ehrmann, Klaus ^b   Holden, Brien A ^b  

^a Institute for Eye Research   (Australia)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Myopia; Off axis fixation; Peripheral refraction; Review

Indexed keywords

AUTOREFRACTOR; FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES; HARTMANN-SHACK WAVEFRONT SENSORS; MYOPIA; MYOPIA DEVELOPMENT; OFF-AXIS; OFF-AXIS FIXATION; OFF-AXIS MEASUREMENT; PERIPHERAL REFRACTION; POTENTIAL PROBLEMS; REFRACTOMETRY; RELIABLE MEASUREMENT; UNDERLYING MECHANISM;

ABERRATIONS; INSTRUMENTS; MEASUREMENTS; RESEARCH;

REFRACTION;

ABERROMETER; ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT; EYE MOVEMENT; EYE REFRACTION; HEAD MOVEMENT; LIGHT REFRACTION; MYOPIA; OPTOMETER; PERIPHERAL VISION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUPIL; REFRACTION ERROR; REFRACTOMETER; REFRACTOMETRY; RETINOSCOPY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ASTIGMATISM; HUMANS; HYPEROPIA; MODELS, ANIMAL; MYOPIA; OPTOMETRY; REFRACTION, OCULAR; REFRACTIVE ERRORS; RETINOSCOPY; VISION TESTS; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 67651151376     PISSN: 10405488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e31819fa727     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Smith EL III, Hung LF. The role of optical defocus in regulating refractive development in infant monkeys. Vision Res 1999;39:1415-1435
2. Smith EL III, Ramamirtham R, Qiao-Grider Y, Hung LF, Huang J, Kee CS, Coats D, Paysse E. Effects of foveal ablation on emmetropization and form-deprivation myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:3914-3922 (Pubitemid 351261009)
3. Schaeffel F, Glasser A, Howland HC. Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens. Vision Res 1988;28:639-657 (Pubitemid 18105483)
4. Zhu X, Park TW, Winawer J, Wallman J. In a matter of minutes, the eye can know which way to grow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:2238-2241
5. Diether S, Schaeffel F. Local changes in eye growth induced by imposed local refractive error despite active accommodation. Vision Res 1997;37:659-668 (Pubitemid 27105696)
6. Wallman J, Gottlieb MD, Rajaram V, Fugate-Wentzek LA. Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. Science 1987; 237:73-77
7. Hodos W, Kuenzel WJ. Retinal-image degradation produces ocular enlargement in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:652-659 (Pubitemid 14082975)
8. Hoogerheide J, Rempt F, Hoogenboom WP. Acquired myopia in young pilots. Ophthalmologica 1971;163:209-215
9. Logan NS, Gilmartin B, Wildsoet CF, Dunne MC. Posterior retinal contour in adult human anisomyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:2152-2162 (Pubitemid 38902583)
10. Lotmar W, Lotmar T. Peripheral astigmatism in the human eye: experimental data and theoretical model predictions. J Opt Soc Am 1974;64:510-513
11. Millodot M. Effect of ametropia on peripheral refraction. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1981;58:691-695
12. Mutti DO, Hayes JR, Mitchell GL, Jones LA, Moeschberger ML, Cotter SA, Kleinstein RN, Manny RE, Twelker JD, Zadnik K. Refractive error, axial length, and relative peripheral refractive error before and after the onset of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:2510-2519 (Pubitemid 351261199)
13. Mutti DO, Sholtz RI, Friedman NE, Zadnik K. Peripheral refraction and ocular shape in children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41:1022-1030 (Pubitemid 30187537)
14. Rempt F, Hoogerheide J, Hoogenboom WP. Peripheral retinoscopy and the skiagram. Ophthalmologica 1971;162:1-10.
15. Schmid GF. Variability of retinal steepness at the posterior pole in children 7-15 years of age. Curr Eye Res 2003;27:61-68
16. Stone RA, Flitcroft DI. Ocular shape and myopia. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004;33:7-15.
17. Millodot M, Lamont A. Letter: Refraction of the periphery of the eye. J Opt Soc Am 1974;64:110-111
18. Atchison DA, Pritchard N, Schmid KL, Scott DH, Jones CE, Pope JM. Shape of the retinal surface in emmetropia and myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:2698-2707 (Pubitemid 43086689)
19. Seidemann A, Schaeffel F, Guirao A, Lopez-Gil N, Artal P. Peripheral refractive errors in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic young subjects. J Opt Soc Am (A) 2002;19:2363-2373
20. Atchison DA, Pritchard N, Schmid KL. Peripheral refraction along the horizontal and vertical visual fields in myopia. Vision Res 2006; 46:1450-1458 (Pubitemid 43075320)
21. Gustafsson J, Terenius E, Buchheister J, Unsbo P. Peripheral astig- matism in emmetropic eyes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2001;21: 393-400. (Pubitemid 32680938)
22. Wang YZ, Thibos LN, Lopez N, Salmon T, Bradley A. Subjective refraction of the peripheral field using contrast detection acuity. J Am Optom Assoc 1996;67:584-589
23. Jackson DW, Paysse EA, Wilhelmus KR, Hussein MA, Rosby G, Coats DK. The effect of off-the-visual-axis retinoscopy on objective refractive measurement. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:1101-1104 (Pubitemid 38759360)
24. Atchison DA. Comparison of peripheral refractions determined by different instruments. Optom Vis Sci 2003;80:655-660 (Pubitemid 37174327)
25. Atchison DA, Pritchard N, White SD, Griffiths AM. Influence of age on peripheral refraction. Vision Res 2005;45:715-720
26. Atchison DA, Scott DH. Monochromatic aberrations of human eyes in the horizontal visual field. J Opt Soc Am (A) 2002;19: 2180-2184
27. Atchison DA, Scott DH, Charman WN. Hartmann-Shack technique and refraction across the horizontal visual field. J Opt Soc Am (A) 2003;20:965-973
28. Berntsen DA, Mutti DO, Zadnik K. Validation of aberrometrybased relative peripheral refraction measurements. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008;28:83-90.
29. Calver R, Radhakrishnan H, Osuobeni E, O'Leary D. Peripheral refraction for distance and near vision in emmetropes and myopes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2007;27:584-593 (Pubitemid 47621769)
30. Charman WN, Jennings JA. Longitudinal changes in peripheral refraction with age. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2006;26:447-455
31. Charman WN, Mountford J, Atchison DA, Markwell EL. Peripheral refraction in orthokeratology patients. Optom Vis Sci 2006;83: 641-648
32. Dunne MC, Misson GP, White EK, Barnes DA. Peripheral astigmatic asymmetry and angle alpha. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1993; 13:303-305
33. Jennings JA, Charman WN. Optical image quality in the peripheral retina. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1978;55:582-590
34. Love J, Gilmartin B, Dunne MC. Relative peripheral refractive error in adult myopia and emmetropia. Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2000;41: S302.
35. Ma L, Atchison DA, Charman WN. Off-axis refraction and aberrations following conventional laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2005;31:489-498 (Pubitemid 40469800)
36. Millodot M. Peripheral refraction in aphakic eyes. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1984;61:586-589
37. Cheng HM, Singh OS, Kwong KK, Xiong J, Woods BT, Brady TJ. Shape of the myopic eye as seen with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Optom Vis Sci 1992;69:698-701.
38. Salchow DJ, Zirm ME, Stieldorf C, Parisi A. Comparison of objective and subjective refraction before and after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999;25:827-835 (Pubitemid 29272779)
39. Montes-Mico R, Charman WN. Image quality and visual performance in the peripheral visual field following photorefractive keratectomy. J Refract Surg 2002;18:14-22. (Pubitemid 34098015)
40. Gustafsson J, Unsbo P. Eccentric correction for off-axis vision in central visual field loss. Optom Vis Sci 2003;80:535-541 (Pubitemid 36870550)
41. LundströmL, Gustafsson J, Unsbo P. Vision evaluation of eccentric refractive correction. Optom Vis Sci 2007;84:1046-1052 (Pubitemid 350196972)
42. Lundström L, Unsbo P, Gustafsson J. Off-axis wave front measurements for optical correction in eccentric viewing. J Biomed Opt 2005;10:034002. (Pubitemid 41236396)
43. Lotmar W. Theoretical eye model with aspherics. J Opt Soc Am 1971;61:1522-9. Available at: http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ abstract.cfm?id=54516. Accessed February 3, 2009.
44. Scialfa CT, Leibowitz HW, Gish KW. Age differences in peripheral refractive error. Psychol Aging 1989;4:372-375
45. Hung LF, Ramamirtham R, Huang J, Qiao-Grider Y, Smith EL III. Peripheral refraction in normal infant rhesus monkeys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:3747-3757
46. Smith G, Millodot M, McBrien N. The effect of accommodation on oblique astigmatism and field curvature of the human eye. Clin Exp Optom 1988;71:119-125 (Pubitemid 18272334)
47. Smith G, Lu CW. Peripheral power errors and astigmatism of eyes corrected with intraocular lenses. Optom Vis Sci 1991;68:12-21.
48. Young T. The Bakerian Lecture: on the mechanism of the eye. Phils Trans Roy Soc Lond (Biol) 1801;91:23-88.
49. Clarke FJ. A study of Troxler's effect. J Mod Optics 1960;7:219-236
50. Troxler IP. Über das Verschwinden gegebener Gegenstände innerhalb unseres Gesichtskreises. Ophthalmologische Bibliothek 1804; 2:1-53.
51. Read SA, Collins MJ, Carney LG. The influence of eyelid morphology on normal corneal shape. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48: 112-119
52. Kame RT, Jue TS, Shigekuni DM. A longitudinal study of corneal astigmatism changes in Asian eyes. J Am Optom Assoc 1993;64: 215-219
53. Buehren T, Collins MJ, Carney LG. Near work induced wavefront aberrations in myopia. Vision Res 2005;45:1297-1312 (Pubitemid 40331888)
54. Read SA, Collins MJ, Carney LG. A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis. Clin Exp Optom 2007;90:5-19.
55. Campbell FW, Gubisch RW. Optical quality of the human eye. J Physiol (Lond) 1966;186:558-578
56. Artal P, Derrington AM, Colombo E. Refraction, aliasing, and the absence of motion reversals in peripheral vision. Vision Res 1995; 35:939-947
57. Wang YZ, Thibos LN, Bradley A. Effects of refractive error on detection acuity and resolution acuity in peripheral vision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38:2134-2143 (Pubitemid 27407532)
58. Millodot M, Johnson CA, Lamont A, Leibowitz HW. Effect of dioptrics on peripheral visual acuity. Vision Res 1975;15:1357-1362
59. Frisen L, Nikolajeff F. Properties of high-pass resolution perimetry targets. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1993;71:320-326 (Pubitemid 23219681)
60. Leibowitz HW, Johnson CA, Isabelle E. Peripheral motion detection and refractive error. Science 1972;177:1207-1208
61. Johnson CA, Leibowitz HW. Practice, refractive error, and feedback as factors influencing peripheral motion thresholds. Percept Psychophys 1974;15:276-280
62. Lundström L, Gustafsson J, Svensson I, Unsbo P. Assessment of objective and subjective eccentric refraction. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82:298-306. (Pubitemid 40546187)
63. Anderson RS, Thibos LN. Relationship between acuity for gratings and for tumbling-E letters in peripheral vision. J Opt Soc Am (A) 1999;16:2321-2333
64. Thibos LN, Still DL, Bradley A. Characterization of spatial aliasing and contrast sensitivity in peripheral vision. Vision Res 1996;36: 249-258 (Pubitemid 126755369)
65. Rovamo J, Virsu V, Laurinen P, Hyvarinen L. Resolution of gratings oriented along and across meridians in peripheral vision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982;23:666-670 (Pubitemid 13236105)
66. Chui TY, Yap MK, Chan HH, Thibos LN. Retinal stretching limits peripheral visual acuity in myopia. Vision Res 2005;45:593-605.
67. Lundström L, Manzanera S, Prieto PM, Ayala DB, Gorceix N, Gustafsson J, Unsbo P, Artal P. Effect of optical correction and remaining aberrations on peripheral resolution acuity in the human eye. Opt Express 2007;15:12654-61. Available at: http://lo.um.es/ publications/PDFs-main/2007-OpEx-Lunstrom-Artal. pdf. Accessed February 3, 2009. (Pubitemid 47538377)
68. Rempt F, Hoogerheide J, Hoogenboom WP. Influence of correc- tion of peripheral refractive errors on peripheral static vision. Ophthalmologica 1976;173:128-135
69. Jennings JA, Charman WN. Off-axis image quality in the human eye. Vision Res 1981;21:445-455
70. Navarro R, Artal P, Williams DR. Modulation transfer of the human eye as a function of retinal eccentricity. J Opt Soc Am (A) 1993;10:201-212 (Pubitemid 23677113)
71. Guirao A, Artal P. Off-axis monochromatic aberrations estimated from double pass measurements in the human eye. Vision Res 1999; 39:207-217 (Pubitemid 29052369)
72. Williams DR, Artal P, Navarro R, McMahon MJ, Brainard DH. Off-axis optical quality and retinal sampling in the human eye. Vision Res 1996;36:1103-1114 (Pubitemid 26117284)
73. Atchison DA. Effect of defocus on visual field measurement. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1987;7:259-265
74. Ferree CE, Rand G, Hardy C. Refraction for the peripheral field of vision. Arch Ophthalmol 1931;5:717-731
75. Ferree CE, Rand G, Hardy C. Refractive asymmetry in the temporal and nasal halves of the visual field. Am J Ophthalmol 1932;15:513-522
76. Ferree CE, Rand G. Interpretation of refractive conditions in the peripheral field of vision. Arch Ophthalmol 1933;9:925-938
77. Ronchi L. Absolute threshold before and after correction of obliqueray astigmatism. J Opt Soc Am 1971;61:1705-1709
78. Jennings JA, Charman WN. The effects of central and peripheral refraction on critical fusion frequency. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1981;1:91-96
79. Dunne MC, Barnes DA. Modelling oblique astigmatism in eyes with known peripheral refraction and optical dimensions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1990;10:46-48
80. Artal P, Marcos S, Navarro R, Williams DR. Odd aberrations and double-pass measurements of retinal image quality. J Opt Soc Am (A) 1995;12:195-201.
81. Navarro R, Moreno E, Dorronsoro C. Monochromatic aberrations and point-spread functions of the human eye across the visual field. J Opt Soc Am (A) 1998;15:2522-2529 (Pubitemid 128577245)
82. Gustafsson J. The first successful eccentric correction. Visual Impair Res 2001;3:147-155
83. Atchison DA. Anterior corneal and internal contributions to peripheral aberrations of human eyes. J Opt Soc Am (A) 2004;21:355-359
84. Atchison DA, Lucas SD, Ashman R, Huynh MA, Schilt DW, Ngo PQ. Refraction and aberration across the horizontal central 10 degrees of the visual field. Optom Vis Sci 2006;83:213-221
85. Atchison DA. Higher order aberrations across the horizontal visual field. J Biomed Opt 2006;11:34026.
86. Radhakrishnan H, Charman WN. Refractive changes associated with oblique viewing and reading in myopes and emmetropes. J Vis 2007;7:5.
87. Radhakrishnan H, Charman WN. Peripheral refraction measurement: does it matter if one turns the eye or the head? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008;28:73-82.
88. Mathur A, Atchison DA, Scott DH. Ocular aberrations in the peripheral visual field. Opt Lett 2008;33:863-865 (Pubitemid 351656677)
89. Goss DA, Grosvenor T. Reliability of refraction-a literature review. J Am Optom Assoc 1996;67:619-630
90. Zadnik K, Mutti DO, Adams AJ. The repeatability of measurement of the ocular components. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33: 2325-2333
91. Scheiner CO. Sive Fundamentum Opticum. Austria: Innspruk; 1619.
92. Flamant F. Étude de la répartition de lumière dans l'image rétinienne d'une fente. Rev Opt 1955;34:433-459
93. Santamaria J, Artal P, Bescos J. Determination of the point-spread function of human eyes using a hybrid optical-digital method. J Opt Soc Am (A) 1987;4:1109-1114
94. Mallen EA, Wolffsohn JS, Gilmartin B, Tsujimura S. Clinical evaluation of the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor in adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2001;21:101-107 (Pubitemid 32118198)
95. Bullimore MA, Fusaro RE, Adams CW. The repeatability of automated and clinician refraction. Optom Vis Sci 1998;75:617-622
96. Davies LN, Mallen EA, Wolffsohn JS, Gilmartin B. Clinical evaluation of the Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001/Grand Seiko WR- 5100K autorefractor. Optom Vis Sci 2003;80:320-324 (Pubitemid 36523534)
97. Wolffsohn JS, Gilmartin B, Mallen EA, Tsujimura S. Continuous recording of accommodation and pupil size using the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2001;21:108-113 (Pubitemid 32118199)
98. Chat SW, Edwards MH. Clinical evaluation of the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor in children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2001;21:87-100. (Pubitemid 32118197)
99. McBrien NA, Millodot M. Clinical evaluation of the Canon Autoref R-1. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1985;62:786-792 (Pubitemid 16214399)
100. Steele G, Ireland D, Block S. Cycloplegic autorefraction results in pre-school children using the Nikon Retinomax Plus and the Welch Allyn SureSight. Optom Vis Sci 2003;80:573-577 (Pubitemid 36999421)
101. Farook M, Venkatramani J, Gazzard G, Cheng A, Tan D, Saw SM. Comparisons of the handheld autorefractor, table-mounted autorefractor, and subjective refraction in Singapore adults. Optom Vis Sci 2005;82:1066-1070 (Pubitemid 43004871)
102. Choong YF, Chen AH, Goh PP. A comparison of autorefraction and subjective refraction with and without cycloplegia in primary school children. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;142:68-74.
103. Choi M, Weiss S, Schaeffel F, Seidemann A, Howland HC, Wilhelm B, Wilhelm H. Laboratory, clinical, and kindergarten test of a new eccentric infrared photorefractor (PowerRefractor). Optom Vis Sci 2000;77:537-548 (Pubitemid 30828645)
104. Hartmann J. Bemerkungen ueber den Bau und die Justierung von Spektrographen. Zeitschrift fuer Instrumentenkunde 1900;20:47-60.
105. Shack RV, Platt BC. Production and use of a lenticular Hartmann screen. J Opt Soc Am 1971;61:656.
106. Atchison DA, Scott DH, Charman WN. Measuring ocular aberrations in the peripheral visual field using Hartmann-Shack aberrometry. J Opt Soc Am (A) 2007;24:2963-2973
107. Salmon TO, van de Pol C. Evaluation of a clinical aberrometer for lower-order accuracy and repeatability, higher-order repeatability, and instrument myopia. Optometry 2005;76:461-472
108. Salmon TO, West RW, Gasser W, Kenmore T. Measurement of refractive errors in young myopes using the COAS Shack- Hartmann aberrometer. Optom Vis Sci 2003;80:6-14. (Pubitemid 36106062)
109. Martinez AA, Pandian A, Sankaridurg P, Rose K, Huynh SC, Mitchell P. Comparison of aberrometer and autorefractor measures of refractive error in children. Optom Vis Sci 2006;83:811-817 (Pubitemid 44760306)
110. Simensen B, Thorud LO. Adult-onset myopia and occupation. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1994;72:469-471
111. Goss DA. Nearwork and myopia. Lancet 2000;356:1456-1457
112. Macfadden LA, Gray LS, Strang NC, Seidel D. The effect of eye rotation on measurements of peripheral retinal shape using the IOL-Master. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:E-abstract 4002.
113. Jorge J, Queiros A, Almeida JB, Parafita MA. Retinoscopy/ autorefraction: which is the best starting point for a noncycloplegic refraction? Optom Vis Sci 2005;82:64-68