Update on viral hepatitis: 2008

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 180-185

  Degertekin, Bulent ^a   Lok, Anna S F ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiviral therapy; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis D; Hepatitis E

Indexed keywords

4' AZIDOCYTIDINE 2',3',5' TRIISOBUTYRATE; ADEFOVIR; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALBINTERFERON ALPHA2B; ENTECAVIR; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B(E) ANTIGEN; INTERFERON; LAMIVUDINE; PEGINTERFERON; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A; RIBAVIRIN; TELAPREVIR; TELBIVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; VIRUS DNA;

ANEMIA; CANCER RISK; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; CLINICAL RESEARCH; DELTA AGENT HEPATITIS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG RESEARCH; HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS E; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRURITUS; RASH; REVIEW; SCREENING; SEROCONVERSION; VIRUS HEPATITIS; VIRUS LOAD;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; HEPATITIS VIRUSES; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HUMANS; MORBIDITY; PROGNOSIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 67651125199     PISSN: 02671379     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e328324f478     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Roush SW, Murphy TV. Historical comparisons of morbidity and mortality for vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298:2155-2163.
2. Wasley A, Grytdal S, Gallagher K. Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis - United States, 2006. MMWR Surveill Summ 2008; 57:1-24.
3. Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE, et al. Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. MMWR Recomm Rep 2008; 57:1-20. This review updated CDC recommendations on HBV screening: high-risk populations and persons living or born in geographic regions with HBsAg prevalence of at least 2% should be routinely tested for HBsAg.
4. Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 2006; 295:65-73. (Pubitemid 43042691)
5. Iloeje UH, Yang HI, Jen CL, et al. Risk and predictors of mortality associated with chronic hepatitis B infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5:921-931. (Pubitemid 47161142)
6. Fattovich G, Olivari N, Pasino M, et al. Long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in Caucasian patients: mortality after 25 years. Gut 2008; 57:84-90.
7. Kumar M, Sarin SK, Hissar S, et al. Virologic and histologic features of chronic hepatitis B virus-infected asymptomatic patients with persistently normal ALT. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1376-1384. (Pubitemid 351615375)
8. Yuen MF, Wong DK, Fung J, et al. HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B in Asian patients: replicative level and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:1192-1199.
9. Yang HI, Yeh SH, Chen PJ, et al. Associations between hepatitis B virus genotype and mutants and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:1134-1143.
10. Chan HL, Leung NW, Hui AY, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B: comparing pegylated interferon-alpha2b and lamivudine with lamivudine alone. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:240-250. (Pubitemid 40216241)
11. Janssen HL, van Zonneveld M, Senturk H, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005; 365:123-129. (Pubitemid 40091801)
12. Lau GK, Piratvisuth T, Luo KX, et al. Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2682-2695. (Pubitemid 41007823)
13. Buster EH, Flink HJ, Cakaloglu Y, et al. Sustained HBeAg and HBsAg loss after long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with peginterferon alpha-2b. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:459-467. This study showed that HBeAg loss after treatment with PEG-IFN-α-2b alone or in combination with LAM was sustained in 81% of patients after 3 years of post-treatment follow-up and a high rate (58%) of HBsAg loss in genotype A-infected patients who lost HBeAg.
14. Sung JJ, Lai JY, Zeuzem S, et al. Lamivudine compared with lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2008; 48:728-735. This study provided evidence that de-novo combination therapy of LAM and ADV decreased the rate of antiviral resistance compared with LAM monotherapy.
15. Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, et al. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1743-1751. (Pubitemid 44958517)
16. Marcellin P, Chang TT, Lim SG, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2008; 48:750-758. This randomized study showed that ADV treatment for 5 years resulted in HBeAg seroconversion in 48% of patients but the rate of ADV resistance increased to 20%.
17. Carrouee-Durantel S, Durantel D, Werle-Lapostolle B, et al. Suboptimal response to adefovir dipivoxil therapy for chronic hepatitis B in nucleoside-naive patients is not due to preexisting drug-resistant mutants. Antivir Ther 2008; 13:381-388. (Pubitemid 352016731)
18. Sherman M, Yurdaydin C, Simsek H, et al. Entecavir therapy for lamivudine-refractory chronic hepatitis B: improved virologic, biochemical, and serology outcomes through 96 weeks. Hepatology 2008; 48:99-108. This study showed that extending the duration of ETV from 48 to 96 weeks increased the treatment response in LAM-refractory patients. However, the response rate was lower and resistance rates markedly higher compared with nucleoside-naive patients.
19. Lai CL, Gane E, Liaw YF, et al. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2576-2588. This large randomized phase III trial showed that TBV led to greater HBV DNA suppression, normalization of ALT, and histologic improvement compared with LAM. Antiviral resistance rates were significantly lower compared with LAM but unacceptably high compared with other approved therapies.
20. Chan HL, Heathcote EJ, Marcellin P, et al. Treatment of hepatitis B e antigen positive chronic hepatitis with telbivudine or adefovir: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147:745-754. (Pubitemid 351664439)
21. de Sanjose S, Benavente Y, Vajdic CM, et al. Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among 4784 cases and 6269 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6:451-458. This large retrospective review confirmed the association between chronic HCV infection and NHL.
22. Mallet V, Gilgenkrantz H, Serpaggi J, et al. Brief communication: the relationship of regression of cirrhosis to outcome in chronic hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149:399-403.
23. Pearlman BL, Ehleben C, Saifee S. Treatment extension to 72 weeks of peginterferon and ribavirin in hepatitis c genotype 1-infected slow responders. Hepatology 2007; 46:1688-1694.
24. Berg T, von Wagner M, Nasser S, et al. Extended treatment duration for hepatitis C virus type 1: comparing 48 versus 72 weeks of peginterferon-alfa-2a plus ribavirin. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:1086-1097.
25. Sanchez-Tapias JM, Diago M, Escartin P, et al. Peginterferon-alfa2a plus ribavirin for 48 versus 72 weeks in patients with detectable hepatitis C virus RNA at week 4 of treatment. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:451-460. (Pubitemid 44142452)
26. Yu ML, Dai CY, Huang JF, et al. Rapid virological response and treatment duration for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients: a randomized trial. Hepatology 2008; 47:1884-1893. (Pubitemid 351945556)
27. Mangia A, Minerva N, Bacca D, et al. Individualized treatment duration for hepatitis C genotype 1 patients: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 2008; 47:43-50. This study provided evidence that shortening the duration of treatment to 24 weeks in patients with genotype 1 infection and RVR resulted in lower rates of SVR compared with standard 48-week treatment (77 vs. 87%).
28. Fried MW, Jensen DM, Rodriguez-Torres M, et al. Improved outcomes in patients with hepatitis C with difficult-to-treat characteristics: randomized study of higher doses of peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin. Hepatology 2008; 48:1033-1043. This prospective randomized study showed higher rates of SVR (46 vs. 28%) and lower rates of relapse (47 and 19%) can be achieved with higher doses of PEG-IFN-α-2a (270 μg/week) and ribavirin (1600 mg/day) in difficult-to-treat HCV-infected patients.
29. Shiffman ML, Suter F, Bacon BR, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for 16 or 24 weeks in HCV genotype 2 or 3. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:124-134. (Pubitemid 47057730)
30. Dalgard O, Bjoro K, Ring-Larsen H, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin for 14 versus 24 weeks in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 and rapid virological response. Hepatology 2008; 47:35-42. This large randomized study showed that shortening the duration of treatment from 24 to 14 weeks in genotype 2 or 3 HCV patients who achieved RVR resulted in lower SVR rates.
31. Zeuzem S, Yoshida EM, Benhamou Y, et al. Albinterferon alfa-2b dosed every two or four weeks in interferon-naive patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2008; 48:407-417.
32. Forestier N, Reesink HW, Weegink CJ, et al. Antiviral activity of telaprevir (VX-950) and peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with hepatitis C. Hepatology 2007; 46:640-648. (Pubitemid 47436108)
33. Kieffer TL, Sarrazin C, Miller JS, et al. Telaprevir and pegylated interferon-alpha-2a inhibit wild-type and resistant genotype 1 hepatitis C virus replication in patients. Hepatology 2007; 46:631-639. (Pubitemid 47436107)
34. Zhou Y, Bartels DJ, Hanzelka BL, et al. Phenotypic characterization of resistant Val36 variants of hepatitis C virus NS3-4A serine protease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:110-120.
35. Lawitz E, Rodriguez-Torres M, Muir AJ, et al. Antiviral effects and safety of telaprevir, peginterferon alfa-2a, and ribavirin for 28 days in hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol 2008; 49:163-169. This study demonstrated that 28 days of telaprevir + peginterferon + ribavirin followed by standard therapy for 44 weeks resulted in 100% RVR and 75% SVR rates in 12 patients with genotype 1 infection.
36. Roberts SK, Cooksley G, Dore GJ, et al. Robust antiviral activity of R1626, a novel nucleoside analog: a randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2008; 48:398-406. This randomized placebo control study showed that R1626, an HCV polymerase inhibitor, is effective in suppressing HCV replication in genotype 1-infected patients.
37. Pockros PJ, Nelson D, Godofsky E, et al. R1626 plus peginterferon Alfa-2a provides potent suppression of hepatitis C virus RNA and significant antiviral synergy in combination with ribavirin. Hepatology 2008; 48:385-397. This study showed that peginterferon-α-2a, R1626, and ribavirin combination therapy is more effective than standard treatment and R1626 monotherapy in genotype 1-infected patients.
38. Sagnelli E, Stroffolini T, Mele A, et al. Chronic hepatitis B in Italy: new features of an old disease - approaching the universal prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen-negative cases and the eradication of hepatitis D infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:110-113. (Pubitemid 351263570)
39. Yurdaydin C, Bozkaya H, Onder FO, et al. Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis with lamivudine vs lamivudine + interferon vs. interferon. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15:314-321. (Pubitemid 351326903)
40. Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy JM, et al. Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2008; 358:811-817. This case series reported that hepatitis E infection may cause chronic liver disease in transplant patients. (Pubitemid 351281642)