Watching and Drinking: Expectancies, Prototypes, and Friends' Alcohol Use Mediate the Effect of Exposure to Alcohol Use in Movies on Adolescent Drinking

Health Psychology

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 473-483

  Cin, Sonya Dal ^a   Worth, Keilah A ^b   Gerrard, Meg ^d   Gibbons, Frederick X ^d   Stoolmiller, Mike ^e   Wills, Thomas A ^f   Sargent, James D ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c Department of Pediatrics ^*

^d Iowa State University   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

^f ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

adolescent development; alcohol attitudes; alcohol drinking patterns; films; social influences

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; DEMOGRAPHY; EXPECTANCY; EXPOSURE; FAMILY; FEMALE; FRIEND; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MASS MEDIUM; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREDICTION; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SCHOOL CHILD; TELEPHONE; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ALCOHOL DRINKING; CULTURE; FEMALE; FRIENDS; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; IMITATIVE BEHAVIOR; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MOTION PICTURES AS TOPIC; PEER GROUP; SOCIAL FACILITATION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 67650989240     PISSN: 02786133     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0014777     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Akers R.L. Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance (1998), Northeastern University Press, Boston
2. Anderson C.A., and Bushman B.J. The effects of media violence on society. Science 295 (2002) 2377
3. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory (1986), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
4. Bronfenbrenner U. Reaction to social pressure from adults versus peers among Soviet day school and boarding school pupils in the perspective of an American sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 15 (1970) 179-189
5. Brown J.D., Halpern C.T., and L'Engle K.L. Mass media as a sexual super peer for early maturing girls. Journal of Adolescent Health 36 (2005) 420-427
6. Dal Cin S., Gibson B., Zanna M.P., Shumate R., and Fong G. Smoking in movies, implicit associations of smoking with the self, and intentions to smoke. Psychological Science 18 (2007) 559-563
7. Dal Cin, S., Worth, K. A., Dalton, M. A., & Sargent, J. D. (in press). Youth exposure to alcohol use and brand appearances in popular contemporary movies. Addiction
8. Dal Cin S., Zanna M.P., and Fong G.T. Narrative persuasion and overcoming resistance. In: Knowles E.S., and Linn J.A. (Eds). Resistance and persuasion (2004), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 175-191
9. Darkes J., and Goldman M.S. Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: Process and structure in the alcohol expectancy network. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 6 (1998) 64-76
10. Dunn M.E., Lau H.C., and Cruz I.Y. Changes in activation of alcohol expectancies in memory in relation to changes in alcohol use after participation in an expectancy challenge program. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 8 (2000) 566-575
11. Ellickson P.L., Tucker J.S., and Klein D.J. Ten-year prospective study of public health problems associated with early drinking. Pediatrics 111 (2003) 949-955
12. Everett S.A., Schnuth R.L., and Tribble J.L. Tobacco and alcohol use in top-grossing American films. Journal of Community Health 23 (1998) 317-324
13. Flay B.R., Hu F.B., Siddiqui O., Day L.E., Hedeker D., Petraitis J., et al. Differential influence of parental smoking and friends' smoking on adolescent initiation and escalation of smoking. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35 (1994) 248-265
14. Flay B.R., and Petraitis J. The Theory of Triadic Influence: A new theory of health behavior with implications for preventive interventions. In: Albrecht G. (Ed). Advances in medical sociology 4 (1994), JAI Press, Greenwich, CT 19-44
15. Gerrard M., Gibbons F.X., Brody G.H., Murry V.M., Cleveland M.J., and Wills T.A. A theory-based dual-focus alcohol intervention for preadolescents: The strong African American families program. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 20 (2006) 185-195
16. Gerrard M., Gibbons F.X., Reis-Bergan M., Trudeau L., Vande Lune L.S., and Buunk B. Inhibitory effects of drinker and nondrinker prototypes on adolescent alcohol consumption. Health Psychology 21 (2002) 601-609
17. Gibbons F.X., and Gerrard M. Predicting young adults' health risk behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995) 505-517
18. Gibbons F.X., Gerrard M., and Lane D.J. A social reaction model of adolescent health risk. In: Suls J., and Wallston K.A. (Eds). Social psychological foundations of health and illness (2003), Blackwell, Malden, MA 107-136
19. Gibbons F.X., Helweg-Larsen M., and Gerrard M. Prevalence estimates and adolescent risk behavior: Cross-cultural differences in social influence. Journal of Applied Psychology 80 (1995) 107-121
20. Gibbons, F. X., Pomery, E. A., Gerrard, M., Sargent, J. D., Weng, C-Y., Wills, T. A., et al. (2008). Media as social influence: Individual differences in the effects of media on adolescent alcohol cognitions and consumption. Manuscript submitted for publication.
21. Hamm J.V. Do birds of a feather flock together? The variable bases for African American, Asian American, and European American adolescents' selection of similar friends. Developmental Psychology 36 (2000) 209-219
22. Hanewinkel R., and Sargent J.D. Exposure to popular contemporary movies and youth smoking in Germany. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32 (2007) 466-473
23. Hanewinkel R., Tanski S., and Sargent J.D. Exposure to alcohol use in motion pictures and teen drinking in Germany. International Journal of Epidemiology 36 (2007) 1068-1077
24. Hawkins J.D., Catalano R.F., and Miller J.Y. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin 112 (1992) 64-105
25. Hingson R.W., Heeren T., Zakocs R.C., Kopstein A., and Wechsler H. Magnitude of alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among U.S. college students ages 18-24. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63 (2002) 136-144
26. Huesmann L.R., Moise-Titus J., Podolski C.L., and Eron L.D. Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology 39 (2003) 201-221
27. Jackson C., Brown J.D., and L'Engle K.L. R-rated movies, bedroom televisions, and initiation of smoking by white and black adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161 (2007) 260-268
28. Jackson C., Henriksen L., and Foshee V.A. The Authoritative Parenting Index: Predicting health risk behaviors among children and adolescents. Health Education & Behavior 25 (1998) 319-337
29. Johnston L.D., O'Malley P.M., Bachman J.G., and Schulenberg J.E. Demographic subgroup trends for various licit and illicit drugs, 1975-2006, (Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 67) (2007), Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI. http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/occpapers/occ67.pdf Retrieved December 16, 2008, from http://monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/occpapers/occ67.pdf
30. MacKinnon D.P., Lockwood C.M., Hoffman J.M., West S.G., and Sheets V. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods 7 (2002) 83-104
31. MacKinnon D.P., Lockwood C.M., and Williams J. Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research 39 (2004) 99-128
32. Martino S.C., Collins R.L., Ellickson P.L., Schell T.L., and McCaffrey D. Socio-environmental influences on adolescents' alcohol outcome expectancies: A prospective analysis. Addiction 101 (2006) 971-983
33. McIntosh W.D., Smith S.M., Bazzini D.G., and Mills P.S. Alcohol in the movies: Characteristics of drinkers and nondrinkers in films from 1940 to 1989. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29 (1999) 1191-1199
34. Mplus. (2006). Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.
35. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts: Alcohol (No. DOT HS 810 616) (2006), U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC
36. North, K. A., Stoolmiller, M., Wills, T. A., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Sargent, J. D. (2008). Exposure to movie alcohol use predicts drinking onset and binge drinking among U.S. adolescents. Manuscript submitted for publication.
37. Olds R.S., Thombs D.L., and Tomasek J.R. Relations between normative beliefs and initiation intentions toward cigarette, alcohol and marijuana. Journal of Adolescent Health 37 (2005) 75.e7-75.e13
38. Petraitis J., Flay B.R., and Miller T.Q. Reviewing theories of adolescent substance use: Organizing pieces in the puzzle. Psychological Bulletin 117 (1995) 67-86
39. Pierce J.P., Farkas A., and Evans N. Tobacco use in California 1992: A focus on preventing uptake in adolescents (1993), California Department of Human Services, Sacramento, CA
40. Robinson L.A., Murray D.M., Alfano C.M., Zbikowski S.M., Blitstein J.L., and Klesges R.C. Ethnic differences in predictors of adolescent smoking onset and escalation: A longitudinal study from 7th to 12th grade. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 8 (2006) 297-307
41. Rowe D.C., Vazsonyi A.T., and Flannery D.J. No more than skin deep: ethnic and racial similarity in developmental process. Psychological Review 101 (1994) 396-413
42. Sargent J.D., Beach M.L., Adachi-Mejia A.M., Gibson J.J., Titus-Ernstoff L.T., Carusi C.P., et al. Exposure to movie smoking: Its relation to smoking initiation among US adolescents. Pediatrics 116 (2005) 1183-1191
43. Sargent J.D., Stoolmiller M., Worth K.A., Dal Cin S., Wills T.A., Gibbons F.X., et al. Exposure to smoking depictions in movies: Its association with established adolescent smoking. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161 (2007) 849-856
44. Sargent J.D., Wills T.A., Stoolmiller M., Gibson J.J., and Gibbons F.X. Alcohol use in motion pictures and its relation with early-onset teen drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 67 (2006) 54-65
45. Schafer J.L., and Graham J.W. Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods 7 (2002) 147-177
46. Smith G.T., Goldman M.S., Greenbaum P.E., and Christiansen B.A. Expectancy for social facilitation from drinking: The divergent paths of high-expectancy and low-expectancy adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 (1995) 32-40
47. Stacy A.W., Newcomb M.D., and Bentler P.M. Cognitive motivation and drug use: A 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100 (1991) 502-515
48. Stern S.R. Messages from teens on the big screen: Smoking, drinking, and drug use in teen-centered films. Journal of Health Communication 10 (2005) 331-346
49. Tickle J.J., Hull J.G., Sargent J.D., Dalton M.A., and Heatherton T.F. A structural equation model of social influences and exposure to media smoking on adolescent smoking. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 28 (2006) 117-129
50. Tollin M. Summer Catch [DVD] (2001), Warner Bros, Burbank, CA
51. Ullman J.B. Structural equation modeling. In: Tabachnick B.G., and Fidell L.S. (Eds). Using multivariate statistics. 4th ed. (2001), Allyn & Bacon, New York 709-811
52. Vaccaro D., and Wills T.A. Stress-coping factors in adolescent substance use: Test of ethnic and gender differences in samples of urban adolescents. Journal of Drug Education 28 (1998) 257-282
53. Valente T.W., Gallaher P., and Mouttapa M. Using social networks to understand and prevent substance use: A transdisciplinary perspective. Substance Use & Misuse 39 (2004) 1685-1712
54. Wills T.A., and Cleary S.D. Peer and adolescent substance use among 6th to 9th graders: Latent growth analyses of influence versus selection mechanisms. Health Psychology 18 (1999) 453-463
55. Wills, T. A., Sargent, J. D., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Stoolmiller, M. (in press). Movie exposure to alcohol cues and adolescent alcohol problems: A longitudinal analysis in a national sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
56. Wills T.A., Sargent J.D., Stoolmiller M., Gibbons F.X., Worth K.A., and Dal Cin S. Movie exposure to smoking cues and adolescent smoking onset: A test for mediation through peer affiliations. Health Psychology 26 (2007) 769-776
57. Zuckerman M., Bone R.N., Neary R., Mangelsdorff D., and Brustman B. What is the sensation seeker? Personality trait and experience correlates of the Sensation-Seeking Scales. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 39 (1972) 308-321