Autism and vaccination - The current evidence

Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 166-172

  Miller, Lisa ^a   Reynolds, Joni ^b  

^a Disease Control and Environmental Epidemiology Division   (United States)

^b Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

ASD; Autism; Immunization; Measles; MMR; Thimerosal; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

MEASLES MUMPS RUBELLA VACCINE; PRESERVATIVE; THIOMERSAL; VACCINE;

ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD; HUMAN; INFANT; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

AUTISTIC DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; INFANT; MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA VACCINE; PRESERVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL; THIMEROSAL; VACCINES;

EID: 67650860464     PISSN: 15390136     EISSN: 17446155     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.2009.00194.x     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Afzal, M. A., Ozoemena, L. C., O'Hare, A., Kidger, K. A., Bentley, M. L. Minor, P. D. (2006). Absence of detectable measles virus genome sequence in blood of autistic children who have had their MMR vaccination during the routine childhood immunization schedule of UK. Journal of Medical Virology, 78, 623 630.
2. Baird, G., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Charman, T., Sullivan, P., Chandler, S., et al. (2008). Measles vaccination and antibody response in autism spectrum disorders. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93, 832 837.
3. Ball, L., Ball, R., Pratt, R. (2001). An assessment of thimerosal use in pediatric vaccines. Pediatrics, 107 (5 1147 1154. (Pubitemid 32440625)
4. Burbacher, T., Shen, D., Liberato, N., Grant, K. Cernichiari, T. (2005). Comparison of blood and brain mercury levels in infant monkeys exposed to methylmercury or vaccines containing thimerosal. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1015 1021. (Pubitemid 41149631)
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999a). Ten great public health achievements. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48, 241 264.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999b). Recommendations regarding the use of vaccines that contain thimerosal as a perservative. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48, 996 998.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2001). National, state, and urban area vaccination coverage levels among children aged 19-35 months-United States, 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 50, 637 641.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2004). National, state, and urban area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months-United States, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53, 658 661.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007). Measles. In Atkinson, W., Hamborsky, J., McIntyre, L. Wolfe, S. (Eds. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases (10th eds., pp. 129 147). Washington, DC : Public Health Foundation.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008a). National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months-United States, 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57, 961 966.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008b). Update: measles-United States, January-July 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57, 893 896.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention n.d.). Vaccine safety. Vaccine safety datalink (VSD) project. Retrieved October 18, 2008, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vsd
13. Department of Health and Human Services n.d.). VAERS: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from http://vaers.hhs.gov/
14. D'Souza, Y., Fombonne, E. Ward, J. (2006). No evidence of persisting measles virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 118, 1664 1675. (Pubitemid 46393815)
15. Dales, L., Hammer, S. J. Smith, N. J. (2001). Time trends in autism and in MMR immunization coverage in California. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1183 1185. (Pubitemid 32198484)
16. Foege, W.H. (2006). Director's perspective. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55, 1071 1074.
17. Fombonne, E. Chakrabarti, S. (2001). No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism. Pediatrics, 108, E58.
18. Fombonne, E., Zakarian, R., Bennett, A., Meng, L. McLean-Heywood, D. (2006). Pervasive developmental disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Prevalence and links with immunizations. Pediatrics, 118, e139 e150.
19. Halsey, N. A. Hyman, S. L. (2001). Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autistic spectrum disorder: Report from the New Challenges in Childhood Immunizations Conference convened in Oak Brook, Illinois, June 12-13, 2000. Pediatrics, 107, E84.
20. Health Protection Agency 2008). Confirmed cases of measles, mumps and rubella 1996-2008. Retrieved March 31, 2009, from http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/ HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb-C/1195733833790
21. Honda, H., Shimizu, Y. Rutter, M. (2005). No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: A total population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 572 579. (Pubitemid 40778959)
22. Hornig, M., Briese, T., Buie, T., Bauman, M. L., Lauwers, G., Siemetzki, U., et al. (2008). Lack of association between measles virus vaccine and autism with enteropathy: A case-control study. PloS ONE., 3, e3140.
23. Immunization Safety Review Committee, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, & Institute of Medicine 2001). Immunization safety review: Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism. Washington, DC : National Academy Press.
24. Kawashima, H., Mori, T., Kashiwagi, Y., Takekuma, K., Hoshika, A. Wakefield, A. (2000). Detection and sequencing of measles virus from peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and autism. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 45, 723 729. (Pubitemid 30186055)
25. Kaye, J. A., Mar Melero-Montes, M. Jick, H. (2001). Mumps, measles, and rubella vaccine and the incidence of autism recorded by general practitioners: A time trend analysis. British Medical Journal, 322, 460 463. (Pubitemid 32238805)
26. Kroger, A. T., Atkinson, W. L., Marcuse, E. K. Pickering, L. K. (2006). General recommendations on immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports, 55, 1 48.
27. Madsen, K. M., Hviid, A., Vestergaard, M., Schendel, D., Wohlfahrt, J., Thorsen, P., et al. (2002). A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 1477 1482. (Pubitemid 35257586)
28. Martin, C. M., Uhlmann, V., Killalea, A., Sheils, O. O'Leary, J. J. (2002). Detection of measles virus in children with ileo-colonic lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, enterocolitis and developmental disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, S47 S48.
29. Medical Research Council 2001). MRC review of autism research. Epidemiology and causes. Retrieved January 15, 2009, from http://www.mrc.ac.uk/ Utilities/Documentrecord/index.htm?d=MRC002394
30. Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Casson, D. H., Malik, M., Berelowitz, M., Dhillon, A. P., et al. (2004). Retraction of an interpretation. Lancet, 363, 750. (Pubitemid 38315163)
31. National Statistics, T. I. C. (2005). NHS immunisation statistics: England: 2004-05. The Information Center for Health and Social Care. Retrieved February 23, 2009, from http://www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/ immunisaton05/NHSImmunisationStatistics220905-PDF.pdf
32. National Statistics, T. I. C. (2008). NHS immunisation statistics, England: 2007-08. The Information Center for Health and Social Care. Retrieved February 23-May 25, 2009, from http://www.ic.nhs.uk/webfiles/publications/ immunisation2007to2008/Final%202007-08%20Imms%20Bulletin%20%28amended%29.pdf
33. Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J., Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., et al. (2007). The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annual Review of Public Health, 28, 235 258. (Pubitemid 46833342)
34. Richler, J., Luyster, R., Risi, S., Hsu, W. L., Dawson, G., Bernier, R., et al. (2006). Is there a "regressive phenotype" of Autism Spectrum Disorder associated with the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine? A CPEA Study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 299 316. (Pubitemid 43828656)
35. Smeeth, L., Cook, C., Fombonne, E., Heavey, L., Rodrigues, L. C., Smith, P. G. Hall, A. J. (2004). MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: A case-control study. Lancet, 364, 963 969. (Pubitemid 39208457)
36. Stehr-Green, P., Tull, P., Stellfeld, M., Mortenson, P. Simpson, D. (2003). Autism and thimerosal-containing vaccines lack of consistent evidence for an association. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25, 101 106. (Pubitemid 36918347)
37. Thimerosal in Vaccines n.d.). Thimerosal as a preservative. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http://www.fda.gov/CBER/ vaccine/thimerosal.htm#thi
38. Thompson, W., Price, C., Goodson, B., Shay, D., Benson, P., Hinrichsen, V., et al. (2007). Early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes at 7 to 10 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 1281 1292. (Pubitemid 47481450)
39. U.S. Court of Federal Claims n.d.). Autism decisions and background information. Retrieved February 23, 2009, from http://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/ node/5026
40. Verstraeten, T., Davis, R., DeStefano, F., Lieu, T., Rhodes, P., Black, S., et al. (2003). Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: A two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organizations databases. Pediatrics, 112, 1039 1048. (Pubitemid 37339554)
41. Volkmar, F. R. Pauls, D. (2003). Autism. Lancet, 362, 1133 1141. (Pubitemid 37222341)
42. Wakefield, A. J., Murch, S. H., Anthony, A., Linnell, J., Casson, D. M., Malik, M., et al. (1998). Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet, 351, 637 641. (Pubitemid 28098447)