Dispersal pathways, seed rains, and the dynamics of larval behavior

Ecology

Volumn 90, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 1933-1947

  Zimmer, Richard K ^a   Fingerut, Jonathan T ^b   Zimmer, Cheryl Ann ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SAINT JOSEPH S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dispersal; Himasthla rhigedana; Hydrodynamics; Larva; Propagule; Release; Seed rain; Settlement; Supply side ecology; Transport; Trematode parasite

Indexed keywords

CONNECTIVITY; CRAB; DEFINITIVE HOST; DISPERSAL; ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT; FLATWORM; HYDRODYNAMICS; INTERMEDIATE HOST; LARVA; LARVAL TRANSPORT; LIFE CYCLE; MEASUREMENT METHOD; PROPAGULE; SEED RAIN; SNAIL; TURBULENT MIXING;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; LARVA; PARASITOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; SNAIL; TREMATODE; WATER FLOW;

ANIMALS; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; LARVA; SNAILS; TREMATODA; WATER MOVEMENTS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CERCARIA (TREMATODE GENUS); DECAPODA (CRUSTACEA); GASTROPODA; HIMASTHLA RHIGEDANA; INVERTEBRATA; PLATYHELMINTHES; TREMATODA;

EID: 67650687052     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/08-0786.1     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Almany, G. R., M. L. Bemman, S. R. Thorrold, S. Planes, and G. P. Jones. 2007. Local replenishment of coral reef fish populations in a marine reserve. Science 316:742-744.
2. Becker, B. J., L. A. Levin, F. J. Fodrie, and P. A. McMillan. 2007. Complex larval connectivity patterns among marine invertebrate populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 104:3267-3272.
3. Bierne, N., S. Launey, Y. Naciri-Graven, and F. Bonhomme. 1998. Early effect of inbreeding as revealed by microsatellite analyses on Ostrea edulis larvae. Genetics 148:1893-1906.
4. Bingham, B. L., and C. M. Young. 1991. Larval behavior of the ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinate Herdman: an in situ experimental study of the effects of swimming on dispersal. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 145: 189-204.
5. Browne, K. A., and R. K. Zimmer. 2001. Controlled field release of a waterborne chemical signal stimulates plankton larvae to settle. Biological Bulletin 200:87-91.
6. Butman, C. A. 1987. Larval settlement of soft-sediment invertebrates: the spatial scales of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging role of hydrodynamical processes. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 25:113-165.
7. Butman, C. A., and J. P. Grassle. 1992. Active habitat selection by Capitella sp. I larvae. I. Two-choice experiments in still water and flume flows. Journal of Marine Research 50:669-715.
8. Cadotte, M. W., D. V. Mai, S. Jantz, M. D. Collins, M. Keele, and J. A. Drake. 2006. On testing the competition-colonization trade-off in a multispecies assemblage. American Naturalist 168:704-709.
9. Caley, M. J., M. H. Carr, M. A. Hixon, T. P. Hughes, G. P. Jones, and B. A. Menge. 1996. Recruitment and the local dynamics of open marine populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27:477-500.
10. Callaway, R. M., S. Jones, W. R. Ferrer, Jr., and A. Parikh. 1990. Ecology of a Mediterranean-climate estuary wetland at Carpinteria, California (USA): plant distributions and soil salinity in the upper marsh. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 1139-1146.
11. Camus, P. A., and M. Lima. 2002. Populations, metapopulations, and the open-closed dilemma: the conflict between operational and natural population concepts. Oikos 97:433-438.
12. Carlon, D. B., and R. R. Olson. 1993. Larval dispersal distance as an explanation for adult spatial pattern in two Caribbean reef corals. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 173:247-263.
13. Carson, H. S., S. G. Morgan, and P. G. Green. 2008. Fine-scale chemical fingerprinting of an open coast crustacean for the assessment of population connectivity. Marine Biology 153: 327-335.
14. Chambers, J. C., and J. A. MacMahon. 1994. A day in the life of a seed: movements and fates of seeds and their implications for natural and managed systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:263-292.
15. Christiansen, F. B., and T. M. Fenchel. 1979. Evolution of marine invertebrate reproductive patterns. Theoretical Population Biology 16:267-282.
16. Combes, C. 1996. Parasites, biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Biodiversity and Conservation 5:953-962.
17. Connell, J. H. 1985. The consequences of variation in initial settlement vs. post-settlement mortality in rocky intertidal communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 93:11-45.
18. Cowen, R. K., G. Gawarkiewicz, J. Pineda, S. R. Thorrold, and F. E. Werner. 2007. Population connectivity in marine systems: an overview. Oceanography 20:14-21.
19. Cowen, R. K., C. B. Paris, and A. Srinivasan. 2006. Scaling connectivity in marine populations. Science 311:522-527.
20. Crimaldi, J. P., J. K. Thompson, J. H. Rosman, R. J. Lowe, and J. R. Koseff. 2002. Hydrodynamics of larval settlement: the influence of turbulent stress events at potential recruitment sites. Limnology and Oceanography 47:1137-1151.
21. Dalling, J., H. C. Muller-Landau, J. Wright, and S. P. Hubbell. 2002. Role of dispersal in the recruitment limitation of neotropical pioneer species. Journal of Ecology 90:714-727.
22. de Montaudouin, X., A. M. Wegeberg, and K. T. Jensen. 1998. Infection characteristics of Himasthla elongate cercariae in cockles as a function of water current. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 34:63-70.
23. Dronen, N. O., and J. E. Badley. 1979. Helminths of shorebirds from the Texas Gulf Coast. I. Digenetic trematodes from the long-billed curlew, Numenius americanus. Journal of Parasi-tology 65:645-649.
24. Eckman, J. E. 1996. Closing the larval loop: linking larval ecology to the population dynamics of marine benthic invertebrates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 200:107-237.
25. Eckman, J. E., W. B. Savidge, and T. F. Gross. 1990. Relationship between duration of cyprid attachment and drag forces associated with detachment of Balanus amphitrite cyprids. Marine Biology 107:111-118.
26. Eckman, J. E., F. E. Werner, and T. F. Gross. 1994. Modeling some effects of behavior on larval settlement in a turbulent boundary layer. Deep-Sea Research II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 41:185-208.
27. Farrell, T. M., D. Bracher, and J. Roughgarden. 1991. Cross-shelf transport causes recruitment to intertidal populations in central California. Limnology and Oceanography 36:279-288.
28. Ferren, W. R., Jr. 1985. Carpinteria Salt Marsh: environment, history and botanical resources of a southern California estuary. Technical Publication number 4. The Herbarium, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
29. Fiksen, Ø., C. Jørgensen, T. Kristiansen, F. Vikebø, and G. Huse. 2007. Linking behavioural ecology and oceanography: Larval behaviour determines growth, mortality and dispersal. Marine Ecology Progress Series 347:195-205.
30. Fingerut, J. T., C. A. Zimmer, and R. K. Zimmer. 2003a. Patterns and processes of larval emergence in an estuarine parasite system. Biological Bulletin 205:110-120.
31. Fingerut, J. T., C. A. Zimmer, and R. K. Zimmer. 2003b. Larval swimming overpowers turbulent mixing and facilitates transmission of a marine parasite. Ecology 84:2502-2515.
32. Forrester, G. E. 1994. Influences of predatory fish on the drift dispersal and local density of stream insects. Ecology 75: 1208-1218.
33. Forward, R. B., and R. A. Tankersley. 2001. Selective tidal-stream transport of marine animals. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 39:305-353.
34. Gaines, S. D., and M. D. Bertness. 1992. Dispersal of juveniles and variable recruitment in sessile marine species. Nature 360:579-580.
35. Gaines, S. D., and M. Bertness. 1993. The dynamics of juvenile dispersal: why field ecologists must integrate. Ecology 74: 2430-2435.
36. Galindo, H. M., D. B. Olson, and S. R. Palumbi. 2006. Seascape genetics: A coupled oceanographic-genetic model predicts population structure of Caribbean corals. Current Biology 16:1622-1626.
37. Gaylord, B., D. C. Reed, P. T. Raimondi, and L. Washburn. 2006. Macroalgal spore dispersal in coastal environments: mechanistic insights revealed by theory and experiment. Ecological Monographs 76:481-502.
38. Gilg, M. R., and T. J. Hilbish. 2003. The geography of marine larval dispersal: coupling genetics with fine-scale physical oceanography. Ecology 84:2989-2998.
39. Grosberg, R. K. 1987. Limited dispersal and proximity-dependent mating success in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Evolution 41:372-384.
40. Hanski, I., and M. E. Gilpin. 1997. Metapopulation biology. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
41. Hechinger, R. F., and K. D. Lafferty. 2005. Host diversity begets parasite diversity: bird final hosts and trematodes in snail intermediate hosts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272:1059-1066.
42. Higgins, S. I., R. Nathan, and M. L. Cain. 2003. Are longdistance dispersal events in plants usually caused by nonstandard means of dispersal? Ecology 84:1945-1956.
43. Howe, H. F., and J. Smallwood. 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13: 201-228.
44. Hubbell, S. P. 1979. Tree dispersion, abundance, and diversity in a tropical dry forest. Science 203:1299-1309.
45. Hubbell, S. P. 2001. The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
46. Hudson, P. J., A. P. Dobson, and K. D. Lafferty. 2006. Is a healthy ecosystem one that is rich in parasites? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:381-385.
47. Hughes, T. P., A. H. Baird, E. A. Dinsdale, N. A. Moltschaniwskyj, M. S. Pratchett, J. E. Tanner, and B. L. Willis. 2000. Supply-side ecology works both ways: the link between benthic adults, fecundity, and larval recruits. Ecology 81: 2241-2249.
48. Hurlbut, C. J. 1992. Larval release and supply predict temporal variation in settlement of a colonial ascidian. Marine Ecology Progress Series 80:215-219.
49. Huxham, M., D. Raffaelli, and A. Pike. 1995. Parasites and food web patterns. Journal of Animal Ecology 64:168-176.
50. Ibarra, A. M., P. Cruz, and B. A. Romero. 1995. Effects of inbreeding on growth and survival of self-fertilized catarina scallop larvae, Argopecten circularis. Aquaculture 134:37-47.
51. Jablonski, D. 1986. Larval ecology and macroevolution in marine invertebrates. Bulletin of Marine Science 39:565-587.
52. Jones, G. P., M. J. Milicich, M. J. Emslie, and C. Lunow. 1999. Self-recruitment in a coral reef population. Nature 402:802-804.
53. Jones, G. P., S. Planes, and S. R. Thorrold. 2005. Coral reef fish larvae settle close to home. Current Biology 15:1314-1318.
54. Katul, G. G., A. Porporato, R. Nathan, M. Siqueira, M. B. Soons, D. Poggi, H. S. Horn, and S. A. Levin. 2005. Mechanistic analytical models for long distance seed dispersal by wind. American Naturalist 166:368-381.
55. Keough, M. J., and B. J. Downes. 1982. Recruitment of marine invertebrates - the role of active larval choices and early mortality. Oecologia 54:348-352.
56. Kingsford, M. J., J. M. Leis, A. Shanks, K. C. Lindeman, S. G. Morgan, and J. Pineda. 2002. Sensory environments, larval abilities and local self-recruitment. Bulletin of Marine Science 70S:309-340.
57. Krug, P. J., and R. K. Zimmer. 2004. Developmental dimorphism: consequences for larval behavior and dispersal potential in a marine gastropod. Biological Bulletin 207:233-246.
58. Kuris, A. 1990. Guild structure of larval trematodes in molluscan hosts: prevalences, dominance and significance of competition. Pages 69-100 in G. W. Esch, A. O. Bush, and J. M. Aho, editors. Parasite communities: patterns and processes. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
59. Kuris, A. M., and K. D. Lafferty. 1994. Community structure: larval trematodes in snail hosts. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:189-217.
60. Lafferty, K. D., A. P. Donson, and A. M. Kuris. 2006. Parasites dominate food web links. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 103:11211-11216.
61. Levin, L. A. 1990. A review of methods for labeling and tracking marine invertebrate larvae. Ophelia 32:115-144.
62. Levin, L. A. 2006. Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: new directions and digressions. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46:282-297.
63. Levin, S. A., H. C. Muller-Landau, R. Nathan, and J. Chave. 2003. The ecology and evolution of seed dispersal: a theoretical perspective. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34:575-604.
64. Levine, J. M., and D. J. Murrell. 2003. The community-level consequences of seed dispersal patterns. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34:549-574.
65. Levine, J. M., and M. Rees. 2002. Coexistence and relative abundance in annual plant assemblages: the roles of competition and colonization. American Naturalist 160: 452-467.
66. Levins, R. 1969. Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 15:237-240.
67. Levins, R., and D. Culver. 1971. Regional coexistence of species and competition between rare species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 68:1246-1248.
68. Ma, H. 2005. Spatial and temporal variation in surfclam (Spisula solidissima) larval supply and settlement on the New Jersey inner shelf during summer upwelling and downwelling. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 62:41-53.
69. Macdonald, K. B. 1969. Quantitative studies of salt marsh mollusk faunas from the North American Pacific coast. Ecological Monographs 39:33-60.
70. Marinelli, R. L., and S. A. Woodin. 2002. Experimental evidence for linkages between infaunal recruitment, disturbance, and sediment surface chemistry. Limnology and Oceanography 47:221-229.
71. Martin, W. E. 1972. An annotated key to the cercariae that develop in the snail Cerithidea californica. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 79:39-43.
72. McCloy, M. J. 1979. Population regulation in the deposit-feeding mesogastropod Cerithidea californica as it occurs in a San Diego salt marsh habitat. Thesis. California State University, San Diego, California, USA.
73. Mclntosh, A. R., B. L. Peckarsky, and B. Taylor. 2002. The influence of predatory fish on mayfly drift: extrapolating from experiments to nature. Freshwater Biology 47:1497-1513.
74. Minchella, D. L., and M. E. Scott. 1991. Parasitism: a cryptic determinant of animal community structure. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6:250-254.
75. Miron, G., B. Boudreau, and E. Bourget. 1995. Use of larval supply in benthic ecology: testing correlations between larval supply and larval settlement. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124:301-305.
76. Morgan, S. G., and J. H. Christy. 1994. Plasticity, constraint, and optimality in reproductive timing. Ecology 75:2185-2203.
77. Morgan, S. G., and J. H. Christy. 1995. Adaptive significance of the timing of larval release by crabs. American Naturalist 145:457-479.
78. Mouritsen, K. N., and R. Poulin. 2002. Parasitism, community structure and biodiversity in intertidal ecosystems. Parasitology 124:S101-S117.
79. Nathan, R. 2006. Long-distance dispersal of plants. Science 313:786-788.
80. Nathan, R., G. G. Katul, H. S. Horn, S. M. Thomas, R. Oren, R. Avissar, S. W. Pacala, and S. A. Levin. 2002. Mechanisms of long-distance dispersal of seeds by wind. Nature 418:409-413.
81. Nathan, R., and H. C. Muller-Landau. 2000. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal, their determinants and consequences for recruitment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:278-285.
82. Nathan, R., N. Sapir, A. Trakhtenbrot, G. G. Katul, G. Bohrer, M. Otte, R. Avissar, M. B. Soons, H. S. Horn, M. Wikelski, and S. A. Levin. 2005. Long-distance biological transport processes through the air: Can nature's complexity be unfolded in silicol Biodiversity Research 11:131-137.
83. Nezu, I., and W. Rodi. 1986. Open-channel flow measurements with a laser-Doppler anemometer. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 112:335-355.
84. Olson, R. R. 1985. The consequences of short-distance dispersal in a sessile marine invertebrate. Ecology 66:30-39.
85. Page, H. M. 1997. Importance of vascular plant and algal production to macro-invertebrate consumers in a southern California salt marsh. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 45:823-834.
86. Palmer, A. R., and R. R. Strathmann. 1981. Scale of dispersal in varying environments and its implications for life histories of marine invertebrates. Oecologia 48:308-318.
87. Pawlik, J. R., and C. A. Butman. 1993. Settlement of a marine tube worm as a function of current velocity: interacting effects of hydrodynamics and behavior. Limnology and Oceanography 38:1730-1740.
88. Peart, M. H., and H. T. Clifford. 1987. The influence of diaspore morphology and soil surface properties on the distribution of grasses. Journal of Ecology 75:569-576.
89. Pechenik, J. A. 1999. On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles. Marine Ecology Progress Series 177:269-297.
90. Pennings, S. C., and R. M. Callaway. 1992. Salt marsh plant zonation: the relative importance of competition and physical factors. Ecology 73:681-690.
91. Poulin, R., and S. Morand. 2000. The diversity of parasites. Quarterly Review of Biology 75:277-293.
92. Rabinowitz, D., and J. K. Rapp. 1981. Dispersal abilities of seven sparse and common grasses from a Missouri prairie. American Journal of Botany 68:616-624.
93. Race, M. S. 1981. Field ecology and natural history of Cerithidea californica (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) in San Francisco Bay. Veliger 24:18-27.
94. Raimondi, P. T., and A. N. C. Morse. 2000. The consequences of complex larval behavior in a coral. Ecology 81:3193-3211.
95. Roughgarden, J., S. Gaines, and H. Possingham. 1988. Recruitment dynamics in complex life cycles. Science 241: 1460-1466.
96. Roughgarden, J., Y. Iwasa, and C. Baxter. 1985. Demographic theory for an open marine population with space-limited recruitment. Ecology 66:54-67.
97. Schlichting, H. 1979. Boundary-layer theory. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA.
98. Schneider, R. L., and R. R. Sharitz. 1988. Hydrochory and regeneration in a Bald Cypress-Water Tupelo swamp forest. Ecology 69:1055-1063.
99. Schupp, E. W., and M. Fuentes. 1995. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal and the unification of plant population biology. Ecoscience 2:267-275.
100. Sire, C., P. Durand, J. Pointier, and A. Theron. 2001. Genetic diversity of Schistosoma mansoni within and among individual hosts (Rattus rattus): infrapopulation differentiation at microspatial scale. International Journal for Parasitology 31: 1609-1616.
101. Sotka, E. E., and S. R. Palumbi. 2006. The use of genetic clines to estimate dispersal distances of marine larvae. Ecology 87: 1094-1103.
102. Sousa, W. P. 1990. Spatial scale and processes structuring a guild of larval trematode parasites. Pages 41-68 in G. W. Esch, A. O. Bush, and J. M. Aho, editors. Parasite communities: patterns and processes. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
103. Sousa, W. P. 1993. Interspecific antagonism and species coexistence in a diverse guild of larval trematodes. Ecological Monographs 63:103-128.
104. Stevens, T. 1996. The importance of spatial heterogeneity in organisms with complex life cycles: analysis of digenetic trematodes in a salt marsh community. Dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
105. Strathmann, M. F. 1987. Reproduction and development of marine invertebrates of the northern Pacific coast. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, USA.
106. Sutherland, J. P. 1990. Recruitment regulates demographic variation in a tropical intertidal barnacle. Ecology 71:955-972.
107. Swearer, S. E., J. E. Caselle, D. W. Lea, and R. R. Warner. 1999. Larval retention and recruitment in an island population of a coral-reef fish. Nature 402:799-802.
108. Swearer, S. E., J. S. Shima, M. E. Hellberg, S. R. Thorrold, G. P. Jones, D. R. Robertson, S. G. Morgan, K. A. Selkoe, G. M. Ruiz, and R. R. Warner. 2002. Evidence of self recruitment in demersal marine populations. Bulletin of Marine Science 70: 251-271.
109. Thompson, R. M., K. N. Mouritsen, and R. Poulin. 2005. Importance of parasites and their life cycle characteristics in determining the structure of a large marine food web. Journal of Animal Ecology 74:77-85.
110. Thorrold, S. R., G. P. Jones, M. E. Hellberg, R. S. Burton, S. E. Swearer, J. E. Neigel, S. G. Morgan, and R. R. Warner. 2002. Quantifying larval retention and connectivity in marine populations with artificial and natural markers. Bulletin of Marine Science 70:S291-S308.
111. Thorrold, S. R., D. C. Zacherl, and L. A. Levin. 2007. Population connectivity and larval dispersal: using geochemical signatures in calcified structures. Oceanography 20:80-89.
112. Tilman, D. 1994. Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured populations. Ecology 75:685-700.
113. Trowbridge, J. H., W. R. Geyer, C. A. Butman, and R. J. Chapman. 1989. The 17-meter flume at the coastal research laboratory. Part 2: flow characteristics. Technical Report WHOI-89-11. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
114. Turnbull, L. A., M. J. Crawley, and M. Rees. 2000. Are plant populations seed-limited? A review of seed sowing experiments. Oikos 88:225-238.
115. Turner, E. J., R. K. Zimmer-Faust, M. A. Palmer, M. Luckenbach, and N. D. Pentcheff. 1994. Settlement of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) larvae: effects of water flow and a water-soluble chemical cue. Limnology and Oceanography 39:1579-1593.
116. Underwood, A. J., and M. J. Keough. 2001. Supply-side ecology: the nature and consequences of variations in recruitment of intertidal organisms. Pages 183-200 in M. D. Bertness, S. D. Gaines, and M. E. Hay, editors. Marine community ecology. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
117. Uriz, M. J., M. Macdonaldo, X. Turon, and R. Marti. 1998. How do reproductive output, larval behaviour, and recruitment contribute to adult spatial patterns in Mediterranean encrusting sponges? Marine Ecology Progress Series 167:137-148.
118. Vance, R. R. 1973. On reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates. American Naturalist 107:339-352.
119. Werner, F. E., R. K. Cowen, and C. B. Paris. 2007. Coupling biological and physical models: present capabilities and necessary developments for future studies of population connectivities. Oceanography 20:54-69.
120. Willis, B. L., and J. K. Oliver. 1990. Direct tracking of coral larvae: implications for dispersal studies of planktonic larvae in topographically complex environments. Ophelia 32:145-162.
121. Young, C. M. 1995. Behavior and locomotion during the dispersal phase of larval life. Pages 249-279 in L. McEdward, editors. Ecology of marine invertebrates. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
122. Young, C. M. 2002. Atlas of marine invertebrate larvae. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
123. Zacherl, D. C., P. H. Manriquez, G. Paradis, R. W. Day, J. C. Castilla, R. R. Warner, D. W. Lea, and S. D. Gaines. 2003. Trace elemental fingerprinting of gastropod statoliths to study larval dispersal trajectories. Marine Ecology Progress Series 248:297-303.
124. Zimmer, R. K., and C. A. Butman. 2000. Chemical signaling processes in the marine environment. Biological Bulletin 198: 168-187.