Contributions of personal and situational factors to bystanders' reactions to school bullying

School Psychology International

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 291-310

  Oh, Insoo ^a   Hazler, Richard J ^b  

^a Ewha Womans University   (South Korea)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bullying; Bystander; Personal; Reaction; Situational; Witness

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650586265     PISSN: 01430343     EISSN: 14617374     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0143034309106499     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Baddeley, A.D. (1990) Human Memory: Theory and Practice. London: Erbaum.
2. Barnett, V.J. (1999) Bystanders: Conscience and Complicity During the Holocaust. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
3. Berry, W.D. (1993) Understanding Regression Assumptions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
4. Burleson, B.R. and Gilstrap, C.M. (2002) 'Explaining Sex Differences in Interaction Goals in Support Situations: Some Mediating Effects of Expressivity and Instrumentality', Communication Reports 15: 43-55.
5. Camodeca, M. and Goossens, F.A. (2005) 'Children's Opinions on Effective Strategies to Cope with Bullying: The Importance of Bullying Role and Perspective', Educational Research 47: 93-105.
6. Carney, A.G. and Merrell, K.W. (2001) 'Bullying in Schools: Perspectives on Understanding and Preventing an International Problem', School Psychology International 22: 364-82.
7. Chaux, E. (2005) 'Role of Third Parties in Conflicts Among Colombian Children and Early Adolescents', Aggressive Behavior 31: 40-55.
8. Cole, J.C.M., Cornell, D.G. and Sheras, P. (2006) 'Identification of School Bullies by Survey Methods', Professional School Counseling 9: 305-13.
9. Cowie, H. and Wallace, P. (2000) 'What is Peer Support?', in H. Cowie and P. Wallace (eds) Peer Support in Action: From Bystanding to Standing By, pp. 5-22. London: Sage Publication.
10. Craig, W.M. and Pepler, D.J. (2000) 'Observations of Bullying in the Play-ground and in the Classroom', School Psychology International 21(1): 22-36.
11. Darley, J.M. and Latané, B. (1968) 'Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8: 377-83.
12. Espelage, D.L. and Swearer, S.M. (2003) 'Research on School Bullying and Victimization: What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go From Here?', School Psychology Review 32: 365-83.
13. Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., Pollozek, F. and Frey, D. (2006) 'The Unresponsive Bystander: Are Bystanders More Responsive in Dangerous Emergencies?', European Journal of Social Psychology 36: 267-78.
14. Groves, B.M. (2002) Children Who See Too Much: Lessons from the Child Witness of Violence Project. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
15. Hazler, R.J. (1996) 'Bystanders: An Overlooked Variable in Peer Abuse', The Journal for the Professional Counselor 11: 11-21.
16. Hazler, R.J., Hoover, J. and Oliver, R. (1991) 'Student Perceptions of Victimization in Schools', Journal of Humanistic Education and Development 29(4): 5-15.
17. Janson, G.R. and Hazler, R.J. (2004) 'Trauma Reactions of Bystanders and Victims to Repetitive Abuse Experiences', Violence and Victims 19: 239-55.
18. Latané, B. and Darley, J.M. (1970) The Unresponsive Bystander: Why Doesn't He Help? New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
19. Levine, M., Cassidy, C. and Brazier, G. (2002) 'Self-Categorization and Bystander Non-Intervention: Two Experimental Studies', Journal of Applied Social Psychology 32: 1452-63.
20. Macklem, G.L. (2003) Bullying and Teasing: Social Power in Children's Groups. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
21. Menesini, E., Eslea, M., Smith P.K., Grenta, M.L., Giannetti, E., Fonzi, A. and Costabile, A. (1997) 'Cross-National Comparison of Children's Attitudes Toward Bully/Victim Problems in Schools', Aggressive Behavior 23: 245-57.
22. Nansel, T.R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R.S., Ruan, W.J., Simons-Morton, B. and Scheidt, P. (2001) 'Bullying Behaviors Among US Youth: Prevalence and Association with Psychosocial Adjustment', Journal of the American Medical Association 285: 2094-100.
23. O'Connell, P., Pepler, D. and Craig, W. (1999) 'Peer Involvement in Bullying: Insights and Challenges for Intervention', Journal of Adolescence 22: 437-52.
24. Olweus, D. (1993) Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Cambridge: Blackwell.
25. Olweus, D. (1995) 'Bullying or Peer Abuse at School: Facts and Interventions', Current Directions in Psychological Science 4: 196-200.
26. Olweus, D. (2001) 'Peer Harassment: A Critical Analysis and Some Important Issues', in J. Juvonen and S. Graham (eds) Peer Harassment in School: The Plight of the Vulnerable and Victimized, pp. 3-20. New York: The Guilford Press.
27. Perry, D.G., Hodges, E.E. and Egan, S.K. (2001) 'Determinants of Chronic Victimization by Peers: A Review and a New Model of Family Influence', in J. Juvonen and S. Graham (eds) Peer Harassment in School: The Plight of the Vulnerable and Victimized, pp. 73-104. New York: The Guilford Press.
28. Perry, D.G., Kusel, S.J. and Perry, L.C. (1988) 'Victims of Peer Aggression', Developmental Psychology 24: 807-14.
29. Reynolds, W.M. (1982) 'Development of Reliable and Valid Short Forms of the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale', Journal of Clinical Psychology 38: 119-25.
30. Rigby, K. and Slee, P. (1992) 'Bullying Among Australian School Children: Reported Behavior and Attitudes Toward Victims', The Journal of School Psychology 131: 615-27.
31. Rivers, I. (2001) 'Retrospective Reports of School Bullying: Stability of Recall and its Implications for Research', British Journal of Developmental Psychology 19: 129-41.
32. Ross, M. and Conway, M. (1986) 'Remembering One's Own Past: The Construction of Personal Histories', in R. M. Sorrentino and E. T. Higgins (eds) Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundation of Social Behavior, pp. 122-44. New York: Wiley.
33. Salmivalli, C. (1999) 'Participant Role Approach to School Bullying: Implications for Interventions', Journal of Adolescence 22: 453-59.
34. Salmivalli, C., Kaukiainen, A. and Voeten, M. (2005) 'Anti-Bullying Intervention: Implementation and Outcome', British Journal of Educational Psychology 75: 465-87.
35. Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Bjöorkqvist, K., Österman, K. and Kaukiainen, A. (1996) 'Bullying as a Group Process: Participant Roles and Their Reactions to Social Status Within the Group', Aggressive Behavior 22: 1-15.
36. Slee, P.T. and Rigby, K. (1993) 'The Relationship of Eysenck's Personality Factors and Self-Esteem to Bully-Victim Behaviour in Australian Schoolboys', Personality and Individual Differences 14: 371-73.
37. Smith, P.K. and Sharp, S. (1994) School Bullying: Insights and Perspective. New York: Routledge.
38. Smith, P.K., Nika, V. and Papasideri, M. (2004) 'Bullying and Violence in Schools: An International Perspective and Findings in Greece', Psychology: The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 11: 184-203.
39. Smith, P.K., Cowie, H., Olafsson, R.F., Liefooghe, A.P.D., Almeida, A., Araki, H., del Barrio, C., Costabile, A., Dekleva, B., Houndoumadi, A., Kim, K., Olaffson, R.P., Ortega, R., Pain, J., Pateraki, L., Schafer, M., Singer, M., Smorti, A., Toda, Y., Tomasson, H. and Wenxin, Z. (2002) 'Definitions of Bullying: A Comparison of Terms Used and Age and Gender Differences, in a Fourteen-Country International Comparison', Child Development 73: 1119-33.
40. Song, S.Y. and Swearer, S.M. (2002) 'An Ecological Analysis of Bullying in Middle School: Understanding School Climate Across the Bully-Victim Continuum', paper presented at the Annual Conference of the National Association of School Psychologists, Chicago, IL.
41. SPSS (2004) SPSS Categories 13.0. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
42. Tabachnik, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2001) Using Multivariate Statistics. New York: Harper Collins.
43. Tapper, K. and Boulton, M.J. (2005) 'Victim and Peer Group Responses to Different Forms of Aggression Among Primary School Children', Aggressive Behavior 31: 238-53.
44. Tisak, M.S. and Tisak, J. (1996) 'Expectations and Judgments Regarding Bystanders' and Victim's Responses to Peer Aggression Among Early Adolescents', Journal of Adolescence 19: 383-92.
45. Tisak, M.S., Nucci, L.P. and Jankowski, A.M. (1996) 'Preschool Children's Social Interactions Involving Moral and Prudential Transgressions: An Observation Study', Journal of Early Education and Development 7: 137-48.
46. Twemlow, S.W., Fonagy, P. and Sacco, F.C. (2004) 'The Role of the Bystander in the Social Architecture of Bullying and Violence in Schools and Communities', Annals of the New York Academy Science 1036: 215-32.
47. Whitney, I. and Smith, P.K. (1993) 'A Survey of the Nature and Extent of Bullying in Junior/Middle and Secondary Schools', Education Research 35: 3-25.
48. Zook, A. and Sipps, G.J. (1985) 'Cross-Validation of Short Form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale', Journal of Clinical Psychology 41: 236-38.