The effects of corticosteroids on bone growth and bone density

Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology

Volumn 103, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 3-11

  Weldon, David ^a,b  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SCOTT AND WHITE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; BECLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE; BETAMETHASONE; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BUDESONIDE; CALCITONIN; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CICLESONIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; ERGOCALCIFEROL; ETIDRONIC ACID; FLUTICASONE; MOMETASONE FUROATE; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; RALOXIFENE; RISEDRONIC ACID; TAMOXIFEN; TRIAMCINOLONE; VITAMIN D; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ASTHMA; BODY GROWTH; BONE DENSITY; BONE GROWTH; BONE PAIN; BONE TURNOVER; CATARACT; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORTICOSTEROID INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CROHN DISEASE; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFECT; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FEVER; FRACTURE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GROWTH INHIBITION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; JAW OSTEONECROSIS; LEG LENGTH; MEDLINE; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; OSTEOPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; SMOKING CESSATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THRUSH; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 67650518003     PISSN: 10811206     EISSN: 15344436     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60135-4     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Allen DB. Inhaled corticosteroid therapy for asthma in preschool children: growth issues. Pediatrics. 2002;109:373-380. (Pubitemid 34126851)
2. Gabrielsson BG, Carmignac DF, Flavell DM, Robinson IC. Steroid regulation of growth hormone (GH) receptor and GH-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acids in the rat. Endocrinology. 1995;136:209-217.
3. Hokken-Koelega AC, Stijnen T, DeMunick Keizerhyphen Schrama SM, et al. Levels of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IL IGF-binding protein-1 and -3 and cortisol in prednisone-treated children with growth retardation after renal transplantation. J Clin Endocrinol Meta. 1993;77:932-938. (Pubitemid 23301466)
4. Greening JE, Storr HL, McKenzie SA, et al. Linear growth and body mass index in pediatric patients with Cushing's disease or simple obesity. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006;29:885-887. (Pubitemid 46165012)
5. Dalziel FR, Fenwik S, Cundy T, et al. Peak bone mass after antenatal betamethasone and prematurity: follow-up of a randomized control trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1175-1186. (Pubitemid 44128330)
6. Pope E, Krafchik BR, Macarthur C, et al. Oral versus high dose pulse corticosteroids for problematic infantile hemangiomas: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2007;119:1239-1247. (Pubitemid 46871240)
7. Pedersen S. Assessing the effect of intranasal steroids on growth. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:S40-44. (Pubitemid 32678756)
8. Wolthers OD, Pedersen S. Short-term linear growth in asthmatic children during treatment with prednisolone. BMJ. 1990;301:145-148. (Pubitemid 20233371)
9. Navarro FA, Hanauer SB, Kirschner BS. Effect of long-term low dose prednisone on height velocity and disease activity in pediatric and adolescent patients with Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;45:312-318. (Pubitemid 47415082)
10. Covar RA, Leung DYM, McCormick D, et al. Risk factors associated with glucocorticoid-induced adverse effects in children with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:651-659. (Pubitemid 30799719)
11. Skoner DP, Rachelefsky GS, Meltzer EO, et al. Detection of growth suppression in children during treatment with intransal beclomethasone diproprionate. Pediatrics. 2000;105:E23.
12. Schenkel EJ, Skoner DP, Bronsky EA, et al. Absence of growth retardation in children with perennial allergic rhinitis after one year of treatment with mometasone furoate aquaeous nasal spray. Pediatrics. 2000;105:E22.
13. Skoner DP, Maspero J, Banerjl D. Assessment of the long-term safety of inhaled ciclesonide on growth in children with asthma. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e1-e14.
14. Pauwels RA, Pedersen S, Busse WW, et al. Early intervention with budesonide in mild persistent asthma: a randomized, double blind trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1071-1076. (Pubitemid 36369558)
15. Allen DB, Bronsky EA, LaForce CF, et al. Growth in asthmatic children treated with fluticasone. J Pediatr. 1998;132:472-477. (Pubitemid 28180253)
16. Ferguson AC, Spier S, Manjra A, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose inhaled steroids in children with asthma: a comparison of fluticasone proprionate with budesonide. J Pediatr. 1999;134:422-427. (Pubitemid 30180622)
17. Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1054-1063. (Pubitemid 30761076)
18. Sharek PJ, Bergman DA. The effect of inhaled steroids on the linear growth of children with asthma: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2000;106:8-17.
19. Pedersen S, Warner J, Wahn U, et al. Growth, systemic safety, and efficacy during 1 year of asthma treatment with different beclomethasone diproprionate formulations: An open-label, randomized comparison of extrafine and conventional aerosols in children. Pediatrics. 2002;109:92-103.
20. Agertoft L, Pedersen S. Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1064-1069. (Pubitemid 30761077)
21. Silverstein MD, Yunginger JW, Reed CE, et al. Attained adult height after childhood asthma: effect of glucocorticoid therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:466-474. (Pubitemid 27173083)
22. Ledford D, Apter A, Brenner A, et al. Osteoporosis in the corticosteroid-treated patient with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102:353-362.
23. Scott JC. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. J Clin Rheumatol. 1997;3:S9-S13.
24. Carani C, Qin K, Simoni M, et al. Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:91-95. (Pubitemid 27284394)
25. Falahati-Nini A, Riggs BL, Atkinson EJ, et al. Relative contributions of testosterone and estrogen in regulating bone resorption and formation in normal and elderly men. J Clin Invest. 2000;106:1553-1560. (Pubitemid 32038592)
26. Hughes DE, Dai A, Tiffee JC, et al. Estrogen promotes apoptosis of murine osteoclasts medicate by TGF-beta. Nat Med. 1996;2:1132-1136. (Pubitemid 26338639)
27. Bismar H, Diel I, Ziegler R, Pfeilschifter J. Increased cytokine secretion by human bone marrow cells after menopause or discontinuation of estrogen replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:3351-3355.
28. Sunyer T, Lewis J, Osdoby P. Estrogen decreases the steady-state levels of the IL-1 signaling receptor (Type I) while increasing those of the IL-1 decoy receptor (Type II) mRNAs in human osteoclast-like cells. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12:S135-140.
29. Tai H, Miyaura C, Pilbeam CC, et al. Transcriptional induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in osteoblasts is involved in interleukin-6-induced osteoclast formation. Endocrinology. 1997;138:2372-2379. (Pubitemid 27215239)
30. Richards JB, Joseph L, Schwatzman K, et al. The effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on bone mineral density: results from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporosis Int. 2006;17:1410-1419. (Pubitemid 44127329)
31. Miyaura C, Onoe Y, Inada M, et al. Increased B-lymphopoiesis by interleukin-7 induces bone loss in mice with intact ovarian function: similarity to estrogen deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:9360-9365. (Pubitemid 27357834)
32. Udagawa N, Horwood NJ, Elliott J, et al. Interleukin-18 (interferon-gamma- inducing factor) is produced by osteoblasts and acts via granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and not via interferon- gamma to inhibit osteoclast formation. J Exp Med. 1997;185:1005-1012. (Pubitemid 27136793)
33. Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt M, et al. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. Lancet. 1993;341:72-75. (Pubitemid 23028113)
34. Toogood JH, Hodsman AB, Fraher LJ, et al. Serum osteocalcin and procollagen as markers for the risk of osteoporotic fracture in corticosteroid-treated asthmatic adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:769-774. (Pubitemid 30249296)
35. Ruegsegger P, Medici TC, Anliker M. Corticosteroid-induced bone loss: a longitudinal study of alternate-day therapy in patients with bronchial asthma using quantitative computed tomography. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;25:615-620.
36. Toogood JH, Baskerville JC, Markov AE, et al. Bone mineral density and the risk of fracture in patients receiving long-term inhaled steroid therapy for asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;96:157-166.
37. Israel E, Banerjee TR, Fitzmaurice GM, et al. Effects of inhaled glucocorticoids on bone density in premenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:941-947. (Pubitemid 34940809)
38. Scanlon PD, Connett JE, Wise RA, et al. Loss of bone density with inhaled triamcinolone in lung health study II. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:1302-1309. (Pubitemid 39657194)
39. Li JTC, Ford L, Chervinsky P, et al. Fluticasone proprionate powder and lack of clinically significant effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and bone mineral density over 2 years in adults with mild asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:1062-1068. (Pubitemid 29343071)
40. Hubbard RB, Smith CJ, Smeeth L, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and hip fracture: a population-based case-control study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:1563-1566. (Pubitemid 36015950)
41. Suissa S, Baltzan M, Kremer R, Ernst P. Inhaled and nasal corticosteroid use and the risk of fracture. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:83-88. (Pubitemid 38233893)
42. Hanania NA, Chapman KR, Sturtridge WC, et al. Dose-related decrease in bone density among asthmatic patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;96:571-579.
43. Fuhlbrigge AL, Bae SJ, Weiss ST, et al. Cost effectiveness of inhaled steroids in asthma: impact of effect on bone mineral density. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:359-366. (Pubitemid 43192021)
44. Sorkness CA. Establishing a therapeutic index for the inhaled corticosteroids, part II: comparisons of systemic activity and safety among different inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102:S52-S64. (Pubitemid 28487925)
45. Kelly HK. Potential adverse effects of the inhaled corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:469-478. (Pubitemid 37108546)
46. Daley-Yates PT, Richards DH. Relationship between systemic corticosteroid exposure and growth velocity: development and validation of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Clin Ther. 2004;26:1905-1919. (Pubitemid 40089503)
47. Adinoff A, Hollister JR. Steroid-induced fractures and bone loss in patients with asthma. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:265-268.
48. Walsh WJ, Wong CA, Oborne J, et al. Adverse effects of oral corticosteroids in relation to dose in patients with lung disease. Thorax. 2001;56:279-284. (Pubitemid 32269807)
49. Sharma PK, Malhotra S, Pandhi P, Kumar N. Effect of inhaled steroids on bone mineral density: a meta-analysis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43:193-197. (Pubitemid 36125947)
50. Shaker JL, Lukert BP. Osteoporosis associated with excess glucocorticoids. Endocinol Metab Clin N Am. 2005;34:341-356.
51. Buckley LM, Leib ES, Cartularo KS, et al. Calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation prevents bone loss in the spine secondary to low-dose corticosteroids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125: 961-968.52.
52. Luckert BP, Johnson BE, Robinson RG. Estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy reduces glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7:1063-1069.
53. Farguhar C, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Suckling JA, Lamberts Q. Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD004143.
54. Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:399-428.
55. Reid RR. Preventing glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:420-421.
56. Djokanovic N, Klieger-Grossman C, Koren G. Does treatment with bisphosphonates endanger the human pregnancy? J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2008;30:1146-1148.
57. Levy S, Fayez I, Taguchi N, et al. Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to bisphosphonates. Bone. 2009;44:428-430.
58. Adachi JD, Bensen WG, Brown J, et al. Intermittent etidronate therapy to prevent corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:382-387. (Pubitemid 27328368)
59. Pitt P, Li F, Todd P, et al. A double blind placebo controlled study to determine the effects of intermittent cyclical etidronate on bone mineral density in patients on long term oral corticosteroid treatment. Thorax. 1998;53:351-356. (Pubitemid 28261324)
60. Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ, et al. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:292-299. (Pubitemid 28366417)
61. Sambrook PN, Kotowicz M, Nash P, et al. Prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a comparison of calcitriol, vitamin D plus calcium, and alendronate plus calcium. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:919-924. (Pubitemid 37294977)
62. Cohen S, Levy RM, Keller M, et al. Risedronate therapy prevents corticosteroid-induced bone loss. Arthr Rheum. 1999;42:2309-2318.
63. Wang WQ, Ip MS, Tsang KW, Lam KS. Antiresorptive therapy in asthmatic patients receiving high-dose inhaled steroids: a prospective study for 18 months. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101:445-450. (Pubitemid 28208245)
64. Reid DM, Devogelaer JR, Saag K, et al. Zoledronic acid and risedronate in the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (HORIZON): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1253-1263.
65. MacLean C, Newberry S, Maglione M, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of treatments to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:197-213. (Pubitemid 351665507)
66. Kanis JA, Stevenson M, McCloskey EV, Davis S, Lloyd-Jones M. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a systematic review and costutility analysis. Health Tech Assess. 2007;11:1-231. (Pubitemid 46850492)
67. Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelar JP, et al; Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group. 2004. Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1189-1199. (Pubitemid 38339363)
68. Jilka RL, Weinstein RS, Bellido T, et al. Increased bone formation by prevention of osteoblast apoptosis with parathyroid hormone. J Clin Invest. 1999;104:439-446. (Pubitemid 29534328)
69. Taylor KA, Saag KG, Shane E, et al. Active comparator trial of teriparatide versus alendronate in the treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J Clin Densitom. 2007;10:218.
70. Black Dm, Greenspan SL, et al. The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1207-1215. (Pubitemid 37152030)
71. Grey A, Reid IR. Differences between the bisphosphonates for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Thera Clin Risk Manag. 2006;2:77-86. (Pubitemid 43950067)
72. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. www.nof.org. Accessed 2008.
73. Sambrook P, Birmingham J, Kelly P, et al. Prevention of corticosteroid osteoporosis: a comparison of calcium, calcitriol, and calcitonin. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1747-1752. (Pubitemid 23170124)