Echinostomes in the second intermediate host

The Biology of Echinostomes: From the Molecule to the Community

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 61-87

  Keeler, Shamus P ^a   Huffman, Jane E ^a  

^a EAST STROUDSBURG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650399502     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09577-6_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (155)

1. Adams, J.E., and Martin, W.E. 1963 Life cycle of Himasthla rhigedana Dietz, 1909 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 82:1-6
2. Ahn, Y.K., Ryangj, Y.S., Chai, J.Y., and Sohn, W.M. 1989. Cercarial shedding of Echinostoma cinetorchis and experimental infection of the cercariae to several kinds of snails. Korean Journal of Parasitology 27:203-211
3. Allison, F.R. 1979. Life cycle of Curtuteria australis n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae: Himasthlinae), intestinal parasite of the South Island pied oystercatcher. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 6:13-20
4. Anderson, J.W., and Fried, B. 1987. Experimental infection of Physa heterostropha , Helisoma trivolvis , and Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda) with Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) cercariae. Journal of Parasitology 73:49-54
5. Babirat, C., Mouritsen K.N., and Poulin, R. 2004. Equal partnership: Two trematode species, not one, manipulate the burrowing behavior of the New Zealand cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi . Journal of Helminthology 78:195-199
6. Bearup, A.J. 1960. Life history of Acanthoparyphium spinulosum . Johnson, 1917 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 8:217-225
7. Beaver, P.C. 1937. Experimental studies on Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich) a fluke from birds and mammals. Illinois Biological Monographs 15:1-96
8. Beaver, P.C. 1939. The morphology and life history of Petasiger nitidus Linton (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Journal of Parasitology 25:269-276
9. Beaver, P.C. 1941a. Studies on the life history of Euparyphium melis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Journal of Parasitology 27:35-44
10. Beaver, P.C. 1941b. The life history of Echinochasmus donaldsoni n. sp., a trematode (Echinostomidae) from the pied-billed grebe. Journal of Parasitology 27:347-355
11. Beaver, P.C., Jung, R.C., and Cupp, E.W. 1984. Clinical parasitology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
12. Beasley, V.R., Faeh, S.A., Wikoff, B., Eisold, J., Nichols, D., Cole, R., Schotthoefer, A.M., Staehle, C., Greenwell, M., and Brown, L.E. 2005. Risk factors and the decline of the cricket frog, Acris crepitans : evidence for involvement of herbicides, parasitism, and habitat modifications. In Amphibian declines: The conservation status of United States species, ed. M.J. Lannoo, pp. 75-87
13. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Belden, L.K. 2006. Impact of eutrophication on wood frog, Rana sylvatica , tadpoles infected with Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84:1315-1321
14. Belizario, V.Y., de Leon, W.U, Bersabe, M.J, Baird, J.K., and Bangs, M.J. 2004. A focus of human infection by Haplorchis taichui (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in the southern Philippines. Journal of Parasitology 90:1165-1169
15. Belizario V.Y., Geronilla, G.G., Anastacio, M.B.M., de Leon, W.U., Suba-an, A.P., Sebastian, A.C., and Bangs, M.J. 2007. Echinostoma malayanum infection, in the Philippines. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13:1130-1131
16. Bower, S.M., McGladdery, S.F., and Price, I.M. 1994. Synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish. Annual Review of Fish Diseases 4:1-199
17. Budischak, S.A. 2007. The reciprocal influence of trematode parasites and malathion on developing pickerel frogs ( Rana palustris ). Master's Thesis Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 67pp.
18. Carney, W.P., Sudomo, M., and Purnomo, A. 1980. Echinostomiasis: A disease that disappeared. Tropical and Geographic Medicine 32:101-105
19. Chai, J.Y., and Lee, S.H. 1990. Intestinal trematodes of humans in Korea: Metagonimus , heterophyids and echinostomes. Korean Journal of Parasitolology 28:103-122
20. Chai, J.Y., Hong, S.J., Sohn, D.W., Lee, S.H., and Seo, B.S. 1985. Metacercariae of Echinochasmus japonicus encysted in a fresh water fish, Pseudorasbora parva , and their development in experimental mice. Kisaengchunghak Chapchi 23:221-229
21. Christensen, N. o., Frandsen, F., and Roushdy, M.Z. 1980. The influence of environmental conditions and parasite-intermediate host-related factors on the transmission of Echinostoma liei . Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 63:47-63
22. Chung, P.R., and Jung, Y. 1999. Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata (Gastropoda: Viviparidae): A new second molluscan intermediate host of a human intestinal fluke Echinostoma cinetorchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Korea. Journal of Parasitology 85:963-964
23. Chung P.R., Jung, Y., and Park, Y.K. 2001. Segmentina hemisphaerula : A new molluscan intermediate host for Echinostoma cinetorchis in Korea. Journal of Parasitology 87:1169-1171
24. Chung, P.R., Jung, Y., Park, Y.K., Hwang, M.G., and Sohn, C.T. 2001. Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae): A possible second molluscan intermediate host of Echinostoma cinetorchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Korea. Korean Journal of Parasitology 39:329-332
25. Cross, J.H., and Basaca-Sevilla, V. 1981. Intestinal parasitic infections in southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 12:262-274
26. Cross, J.H., and Basaca-Sevilla, V. 1986. Studies on Echinostoma ilocanum in the Philippines. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 17:23-27
27. Desclaux, C., Russell-Pinto, F., de Montaudouin, X., and Bachelet, G. 2006. First record and description of metacercariae of Curtuteria arguinae n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), parasite of cockles Cerastoderma edule (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in Arcachon Bay, France. Journal of Parasitology 92:578-587
28. Dhanumkumari, K., Hanumantha, R., and Shyamasundari, K. 1991. The life cycle of Echinochasmus bagulai (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). International Journal for Parasitology 21:259-263
29. Diaz, J.I., and Cremonte, F. 2004. Himasthla escamosa n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from the kelp gull, Larus dominicanus (Charadriiformes: Laridae), on the Patagonian Coast, Argentina. Journal of Parasitology 90:308-314
30. Didyk, A.S., and Burt, M.D.B. 1997. Himasthla limnodromi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from the short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus (Aves: Scolopacidae). Journal of Parasitology 83:1124-1127
31. Dimitrov, V., Kanev, I., Bezproz-Vanich, V., and Radev, V. 1998. Argentophilic structures of the miracidium of Echinochasmus perfoliatus (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Parasite 5:185-188
32. Ditrich, O., Scholz, T., and Vargas-Vazquez, J. 1996. The life cycle of Echinochasmus bagulai (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Systematic Parasitology 33:225-235
33. Donges, J. 1969. Entwicklungs - und Lebensdauer von Metacercarien Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 31:340-366
34. Esteban, J.G., Toledo, R., Sanchez, L., and Muñoz-Antoli, C. 1997. Life-cycle of Euparyphium albuferensis n. sp. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from rats in Spain. Systematic Parasitology 38:211-219
35. Evans, N.A., and Gordon, D.M. 1983 Experimental studies on the transmission dynamics of the cercariae of Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). Parasitology 87:167-174
36. Faltynková, A., Nasincova, V., and Kablaskova, L. 2007. Larval trematodes (Digenea) of the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata), in Central Europe: A survey of species and key to their identification. Parasite 14:39-51
37. Fan, S.Q., and Sun, M.F. 1989. Echinostoma hortense . Bulletin of Harbin Medical University 23:161.
38. Fried, B. 2000. Maintenance, Cultivation, and Excystation of Echinostomes. In Echinostomes as experimental models for biological research, eds. B. Fried and T.K. Graczyk, pp. 99-118
39. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Fried, B. 2001. Biology of echinostomes except Echinostoma. Advances in Parasitology 49:163-215
40. Fried, B., and Bennett, M.C. 1979. Studies on encystment of Echinostoma revolutum cercariae. Journal of Parasitology 65:38-40
41. Fried, B., and Fujino, M.C. 1987. Argentophilic and scanning electron microscopic observation of the tegumentary papillae of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) cercariae. Journal of Parasitology 73:1169-1174
42. Fried, B., and Huffman, J.E. 1996. The biology of the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni. Advances in Parasitology 38:311-368
43. Fried, B., and Peoples, R.C. 2007. Effects of various physical and chemical factors on excystation of the encysted metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni . Journal of Parasitology 93:1388-1391
44. Fried, B., and Reddy, A. 2000. Postmetacercarial changes in Echinostoma caproni maintained in a defined medium plus calf serum. Korean Journal of Parasitology 38:173-175
45. Fried, B., Pane, P.L., and Reddy, A. 1997. Experimental infection of Rana pipiens tadpoles with Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae. Parasitology Research 83:666-669
46. Garrison, P.E. 1908. A new intestinal trematode of man. Philippine Journal of Science. B3:385-393
47. Gorbushin, A., and Levakin, I. 2005. Encystment in vitro of the Cercariae Himasthla elongata (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 41:428-436
48. Gorchilova, L., and Kanev, I. 1986. Electron microscope studies of the metacercariae of Echinostoma revolutum (Forlich, 1802), E. echinatum (Zeder, 1803), and Echinoparyphium aconiatum (Dietz, 1909) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Khelmintologiya 22:3-8
49. Griggs J.L., and Belden, L.K. 2007. Effects of atrazine and metolachlor on the survivorship and infectivity of Echinostoma trivolvis trematode cercariae. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54:195 - 202
50. Gulka, G.J., and Fried, B. 1979. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the metacercarial cysts of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda). International Journal for Parasitology 9:57-59
51. Holland, M.P., Skelly, D.K., Kashgariam, M., Bolden, S.R., Harrison, L.M., and Cappello, M. 2006. Echinostome infection in green frogs ( Rana clamitans ) is stage and age dependent. Journal of Zoology 271:455-462
52. Howell, M.J. 1968. The life cycle of Echinoparyphium serratum sp.nov. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). Parasitology 58:573-582
53. Huffman, J.E., and Fried, B. 1990. Echinostoma and echinostomiasis. Advances in Parasitology 29:215-269
54. Humphries, J.E., Mousley, A., Maule, A.G., and Halton, D.W. 2000. Neuromusculature structure and functional correlates. In Echinostomes as experimental models for biological research, eds. B. Fried and T.K. Graczyk, p. 213-227
55. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Irwin, S.W.B., and Fried, B.. 1990. Scanning and Transmission electron microscopic observations on metacercariae of Echinostoma trivolvis and Echinostoma caproni during in vitro excystation. Journal of Helminthology 57:79-83
56. Irwin, S.W.B., Mckerr, G., Judge, B.C., and Moran, I. 1984. Studies on metacercarial excystment in Himasthla leptosoma (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) and newly emerged metacercariae. International Journal for Parasitology 14:415-421
57. Jeyarasasingam, U., Heyneman, D., Lim, H.K., and Mansour, N. 1972. Life cycle of a new echinostome from Egypt, Echinostoma liei sp. nov. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Parasitology 65:203-222
58. Johnson, P.T., and Sutherland, D.R. 2003. Amphibian deformities and Ribeiroia infection: an emerging helminthiasis. Trends in Parasitology 19:332-335
59. Kanev, I. 1994. Life-cycle, delimitation and redescription of Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Systematic Parasitology 28:125-144
60. Kanev, I., Radev, V., Vassilev, I., Dimitrov, V., and Minchella, D. 1994. The life cycle of Echinoparyphium cinctum (Rudolphi, 1803) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) with reexamination and identification of its allied species from Europe and Asia. Helminthologica 31:73-82
61. Kanev, I., Fried, B., Dimitrov, V., and Radev, V. 1995a. Redescription of Echinostoma trivolvis (Cort, 1914) (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae) with a discussion on its identity. Systematic Parasitology 32:61-70
62. Kanev, I., Dimitrov, V., Radev, V., and Fried, V. 1995b. Redescription of Echinostoma jurini (Skvortzov, 1924) with a discussion of its identity and characteristics. Annalen des Naturhistorischen 97B:37-53
63. Kanev, I., Sterner, M., Radev, V., and Fried, B. 2000. An overview of the biology of echinostomes. In Echinostomes as experimental models for biological research, eds. B. Fried and T.K. Graczyk, pp. 1-29
64. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Kim, Y., Yu, J., Chung, E., and Chung, P. 2004. Acanthoparyphium tyosenense (Digenea: Echinostomatidae): experimental confirmation of the cercaria and its complete life history in Korea. Journal of Parasitology 90:97-102
65. King, P.H., and Van As, J.G. 1996. A description of the life stages of Echinoparyphium elegans (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). South African Journal of Zoology 31:145-153
66. King, P.H., and Van As, J.G. 2000. Morphology and life history of Petasiger variospinosus (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in the Free State, South Africa. Journal of Parasitology 86:312-318
67. Kiseliene, V., and Grabda-Kazubska, B. 1990. Echinoparyphium pseudorecurvatum sp. N. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) and its life cycle. Acta Parasitologica Polonica 35:285-295
68. Kohn A., and Fernandes, B.M.M. 1981. The adult from Himasthla piscicola Stunkard, 1960 and other trematodes from Brazil freshwater fishes. Journal of Helminthology 55:85-87
69. Koie, M. 1987. Scanning electron microscopy of rediae, cercariae, metacercariae and adults of Mesorchis denticulatus (Rudolphi, 1802) (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae). Parasitology Research 73:50-56
70. Kostadinova, A., and Chipev, N. 1992. Experimental data on the life cycle of Petasiger grandivesicularis Ishi, 1935 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Systematic Parasitology 23:55-65
71. Kostadinova, A., and Gibson, D.I. 2000. The systematics of the echinostomes.. In Echinostomes as experimental models for biological research, eds. B. Fried and T.K. Graczyk, p. 31-57
72. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Kostadinova, A., and Gibson, D.I. 2002. Isthmiophora Lühe, 1909 and Euparyphium Dietz, 1909 (Digenea:Echinostomatidae) re-defined, with comments on their nominal species. Systematic Parasitology 52:205-217
73. Kostadinova, A., Gibson, D.I., Biserkov, V., and Chipev, N. 2000. Revalidation of Echinostoma miyaawi Ishii 1932 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) on the basis of the experimental completion of its life cycle. Systematic Parasitology 45:81-108
74. Krejci, K.G., and Fried, B. 1994. Light and scanning electron microscopic observations of the eggs, daughter rediae, cercariae, and encysted metacercariae of Echinostoma trivolvis and E. caproni . Parasitology Research 80:42-47
75. Kuris, A.M., and Warren, J. 1980. Echinostome cercarial penetration and metacercarial encystment as mortality factors for a second intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata . Journal of Parasitology 66:630-635
76. Laruelle, F., Molloy, D.P., and Roitman, V.A. 2002. Histological analysis of trematodes in Dreissena polymorpha : their location, pathogenicity, and distinguishing morphological characteristics. Journal of Parasitology 88:856-863
77. Laurie, J.S. 1974. Himasthla quissetensis : induced in vitro encystment of cercaria and ultrastructure of the cyst. Experimental Parasitology 35:350-362
78. Lee, S.H., Chai, J.Y., Hong, S.T., and Sohn, W.M. 1990. Experimental life history of Echinostoma cinetorchis. Korean Journal of Parasitology 28:39-44
79. Lee, J.K., Sohn, W.M., Hong, S.T., Hong, S.J., and Chai, J.Y., 1988. Metacercariae of Echinostoma cinetorchis encysted in the fresh water snail, Hippeutis (Helicorbis) canrori, and their development in rats and mice. Korean Journal of Parasitology 26:189-197
80. Leung, T.L., and Poulin, R. 2007a. Interactions between parasites of the cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi : hitch-hikers, resident-cleaners, and habitat-facilitators. Parasitology 134:247-255
81. Leung, T.L., and Poulin, R. 2007b. Recruitment rate of gymnophallid metacercariae in the New Zealand cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi : an experimental test of the hitch-hiking hypothesis. Parasitology Research 101:281-287
82. Lie, K.J., and Umathevy, T. 1965. Studies on Echinostomatidae (Trematoda) in Malaya. X. The Life history of Echinoparyphium dunni sp. n. Journal of Parasitology 51:793-799
83. Lie, K.J., and Umathevy, T. 1966. Studies on Echinostomatidae (Trematoda) in Malaya XI. The life history of Echinstoma hystricosum sp. n. Journal of Parasitology 52:449-453
84. Lie, K.J., Nasemary, S., and Impand, P. 1973. Five echinostome species from Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 4:96-101
85. Lie, K.J., Heyneman, D., Jeyarasasingam, U., Mansour, N., Lee, H.F., Lee, H., and Kostanian, N. 1975. The life cycle of Echinoparyphium ralphaudyi sp. n. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Journal of Parasitology 61:59-65
86. Lin, J.X., Chen, Y.Z., Liang, C.Z., Yang, L.B., and Zhuang, H.J. 1985. Epidemiological investigation and experimental infection of Echinochasmus japonicus . Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 3:89-91
87. Little, J.W., Hopkins, S.H., and Schlicht, F.G. 1966. Acanthoparyphium spinulosum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Oysters at Port Isabel, Texas. Journal of Parasitology 52:663.
88. Lo, C.T. 1995. Echinostoma macrorchis : Life history, population dynamics of intramolluscan stages, and the first and second intermediate hosts. Journal of Parasitology 81:569-576
89. Lu, S.C. 1982. Echinostomiasis in Taiwan. International Journal of Zoonoses 9:33-38
90. Macy, R.W., Berntzen, A., and Benz, M. 1968. In vitro excystation of Sphaeridiotrema globulus metacercariae, structure of cyst and relationship to host specificity. Journal of Parasitology 54:28-38
91. Maji, A.K., Bera, D.K., Manna, B., Nandy, A., Addy, M., and Bandyopadhyay, A.K. 1993. First record of human infection with Echinostoma malayanum in India. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87:673
92. Maldonado, A., Vieira, G.O., and Lanfredi, R.M. 2003. Echinostoma luisreyi n. sp. (Playthelminthes: Digenea) by light and scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Parasitology 89:800-808
93. Marquardt, W.C., and Demaree, R.S. 1985. Parasitology. Macmillan Publishing Company USA
94. Martin, W.E., and Adams, J.E. 1961. Life cycle of Acanthoparyphium spinulosum Johnson, 1917 (Echinostomatidae: Trematode). Journal of Parasitology 47:777-782
95. Martin, T.R., and Conn, D.B. 1990. The pathogenicity, localization, and cyst structure of echinostomatid metacercariae (Trematoda) infecting the kidneys of the frogs Rana clamitans and Rana pipiens . Journal of Parasitology 76:414-419
96. Martorelli, S.R., Poulin, R., and Mouritsen, K.N. 2006. A new cercaria and metacercaria of Acanthoparyphium (Echinostomatidae) found in an intertidal snail Zeacumantus subcarinatus (Batillaridae) from New Zealand. Parasitology International 55:163-167
97. Mathias, P. 1925. Recherches expCrimentales sur le cycle kvolutif de vuelques Trematodes. Bulliten Biological Frances et Belgique 59:1-123
98. McAlpine, D.F., and Burt, D.B. 1998. Helminths of bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana , green frogs, R. clamitans , and leopard frogs, R. pipiens in New Brunswick. Canadian Field Naturalist 112:50-68
99. McCarthy, A.M. 1999. The influence of second intermediate host species on the infectivity of metacercarial cysts of Echinoparyphium recurvatum . Journal of Helminthology 73: 143-145
100. Mendheim, H. 1940. Beiträge zur Systematik und Biologie der Familie Echinostomatidae. Nova Acta Leopoldina. Halle N.F. 8:489-588
101. Molloy, D.P., Karatayev, A.Y., Burlakova, L.E., and Laruelle, F. 1997. Natural enemies of zebra mussels: predators, parasites and ecological competitors. Reviews in Fisheries Science 5: 27-97
102. Monzon, R.B., and Kitikoon, V. 1989. Lymnaea (Bullastra) cumingiana Pfeiffer (Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae): second intermediate host of Echinostoma malayanum in the Philippines. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 20:453-460
103. Monzon, R.B., Kitikoon V., Thammapalerd, N., Temcharoen, P., Sornmani, S., and Viyanant, V. 1993. Ecological observations on Lymnaea ( Bullastra ) cumingiana . Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 24:563-569
104. Mori, J. 1935. Experimental studies on the possibility of larval salamanders to act as the second intermediate host for echinostome cercariae. Tokyo Iji Shin Shi No 2929:1237-1244
105. Morley, N.J., Adam, M.E., and Lewis, J.W. 2004a. The role of Bithynia tentaculata in the transmission of larval digeneans from a gravel pit in the Lower Thames Valley. Journal of Helminthology 78:129-135
106. Morley, N.J., Lewis, J.W., and Adam, M.E. 2004b. Metacercarial utilization of a naturally infected single species ( Lymnaea peregra ) snail community by Echinoparyphium recurvatum. Journal of Helminthology 78:51-56
107. Morley, N.J., Leung, K.M.Y., Morritt, D., and Crane, M. 2004c. Toxicity of anti-fouling biocides to encysted metacercariae of Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) and their snail hosts Chemosphere 56:353-358
108. Morley, N.J., Adam, M.E., and Lewis, J.W. 2007. The effects of temperature on the distribution and establishment of Echinoparyphium recurvatum metacercariae in Lymnaea peregra. Journal of Helminthology 81:311-315
109. Mouahid, A., and Mone, H. 1988. Echinoparyphium elegans (Loos, 1899) (Digenea: Echinostomatidae): The life cycle and redescription of the adult with a revision of the 43-spined members of the genus Echinoparyphium . Systematic Parasitology 12:149-157
110. Mouritsen, K.N., and Poulin, R. 2003. The risk of being at the top: foot-cropping in the New Zealand cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83:497-498
111. Najarian, N.H. 1953. The life history of Echinoparyphium flexum (Linton 1892) (Dietz 1910) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Science 117:564-565
112. Najarian, N.H. 1954. Developmental stages in the life cycle of Echinoparyphium flexum (Linton 1892) (Dietz 1910) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Journal of Morphology 84:165-197
113. Nassi, H., and Dupouy, J. 1988. étude expérimentale du cycle biologique d' Echinostoma parvocirrus n. sp. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae), parasite larvaire de Biomphalaria glabrata en Guadeloupe. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 63, 103-118
114. Orchi, S. 1931. Studies on the development of Echinostoma macrorchis . Women's Medical Journal 1:12-32
115. Ostrowski de Nunez, M. 2007. Life cycle of Stephanoprora uruguayense (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in Argentina. Journal of Parasitology 93:1090-1096
116. Ostrowski de Nunez, M., and Quintana, M.G. 2007. The life cycle of Stephanoprora aylacostoma n.sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), parasite of the threatened snail Aylacostoma chloroticum (Prosobranchia: Thiaridae), in Argentina. Parasitology Research 102:647-655
117. Palombi, A. 1934. Gli stadi larvali dei Trematodi del Golfo di Napoli. Pubblicazioni Stazione Zoologica Napoli 14:51-94
118. Park, Y.K., Hwang, M.K., and Chung, P.R. 2006a. Encystment and metacercariae development of Echinostoma cinetorchis cercariae in an in vitro culture system. Journal of Parasitology 92:1010-1013
119. Park, Y.K., Sohn, C.T., Park, G.M., Hwang, M.K., and Chung, P.R 2006b. Host specificity of Pisidium coreanum (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae) to larval infection with a human intestinal fluke Echinostoma cinetorchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Korea. Journal of Parasitology 92:1118-1120
120. Radomyos, P., Charoenlarp, P., and Radomyos, B. 1991. Human Episthmium caninum (Digenea, Chinostornatidae) infection: report of two more cases. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 14:48-50
121. Radomyos, P., Radomyos, B., and Tangtrongchitr, A. 1994. Multi-infection with helminths in adults from northeast Thailand as determined by post-treatment fecal examination of adult worms. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 45:133-135
122. Radomyos, B., Wongsaroj, T., Wilairatana, P., Radomyos, P., Praevanich, R., and Meesomboon, V. 1998. Opisthorchiasis and intestinal fluke infections in northern Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 29:123-127
123. Reddy, A., Ponder, E.L., and Fried, B. 2004. Effects of copper sulfate toxicity on cercariae and metacercariae of Echinostoma caproni and Echinostoma trivolvis and on the survival of Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Journal of Parasitology 90:1332-1337
124. Rhee J.K., Rim, M.H., Baek, B.K., and Lee, H.I. 1984. Survey on encysted cercariae of trematodes from fresh-water fishes in Tongjin riverside areas in Korea. Korean Journal of Parasitology 22:190-202
125. Richard, J., and Brygoo, E.R. 1978. Life cycle of the trematode Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964 (Echinostomatidae). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 53:265-275
126. Roy, B., and Tandon, V. 1996. Effect of root-tuber extract of Flemingia vestita , a leguminous plant, on Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex and Fasciolopsis buski : A scanning electron microscopy study. Parasitology Research 82:248-252
127. Schell, S.C. 1985. Trematodes of North America, North of Mexico. Moscow, Idaho: University Press of Idaho
128. Scholz, T., Ditrich, O., and Vargas-Vazquez, J. 1996. Echinochasmus leopoldinae n. sp. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) and data on its life-cycle. Systematic Parasitology 33:157-165
129. Schotthoefer, A.M., Cole, R.A., and Beasley, V.R. 2003. Relationship of tadpole stage to location of echinostome cercariae encystment and the consequences for tadpole survival. Journal of Parasitology 89:475-482
130. Schmidt, K.A., and Fried, B. 1996. Experimental infection of Helisoma trivolvis (Colorado Strain) snails with cercariae of Echinostoma trivolvis . International Journal for Parasitology 26:287-289
131. Seo, B.S., Park, Y.H., Chai, J.Y., Hong, S.J., and Lee, S.H. 1984. Studies on intestinal trematodes in Korea. XIV. Infection status of loaches with metacercariae of Echinostoma cinetorchis and their development in albino rats. Korean Journal of Parasitology 22:181-189
132. Skelly, D.K., Bolden, S.R., Holland, M.P., Freidenburg, L.K., Freidenfelds, N.A., and Malcolm, T.R. 2006. Urbanization and disease in amphibians. In Disease ecology: community structure and pathogen dynamics, eds. S.K. Collinge and C. Ray, pp. 153-167
133. Sohn, W.M. 1998. Life history of Echinoparyphium recurvatum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Korea. Korean Journal of Parasitology 36:91-98
134. Sommerville, R.I., and Rogers, W.P. 1987. The nature and action of host signals. Advances in Parasitology 26:239-293
135. Stein, P.C., and Basch, P.F. 1977. Metacercarial cyst formation in vitro of Echinostoma paraensei . Journal of Parasitology 63:1031-1040
136. Stunkard, H.W. 1938. The morphology and life cycle of the trematode Himasthla quissetensis (Miller and Northrup, 1926). Biological Bulletin 75:145-164
137. Stunkard, H.W. 1960 Further studies on the trematode genus Himasthla with descriptions of H. mcinthoshi n. sp., H. piscicola n. sp., and stages in the life-history of H. compacta n. sp. Biological Bulletin 119:529-549
138. Stunkard, H.W. 1966. The morphology and life history of the digenetic trematode, Himasthla littorinae sp. n. (Echinostomatidae). Journal of Parasitology 52:367-372
139. Thiemann, G.W., and Wassersug, R.J. 2000a. Patterns and consequences of the behavioural responses to predators and parasites in Rana tadpoles. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71:513-528
140. Thiemann, G.W., and Wassersug, R.J. 2000b. Biased distribution of trematode metacercariae in the nephric system of Rana tadpoles. Journal of Zoology 252:534-538
141. Thomas, F., and Poulin, R. 1998. Manipulation of a mollusk by a trophically transmitted parasite: convergent evolution or phylogenetic inheritance? Parasitology 116:431-436
142. Toledo, R., Muñoz-Antoli, C., Sanchez, L., Bayssade-Dufour, C., and Esteban, J.G. 1998. Cercarial chaetototaxy of Euparyphium albuferensis Esteban et al., 1997 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae), with a review of some genera of the Echinostomatinae. Systematic Parasitology 39:35-44
143. Toledo, R., Muñoz-Antoli, C., Perez, M., and Esteban, J.G. 1999. Encystment sites of metacercariae of Hypoderaeum conoideum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in freshwater gastropods. Folia Parasitologica 46:157-158
144. Toledo, R., Muñoz-Antoli, C., and Esteban, J.G. 2000. The life-cycle of Echinostoma friedi n. sp. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Spain and a discussion on the relationships within the 'revolutum' group based on cercarial chaetotaxy. Systematic Parasitology 45:199-217
145. Uxmann, J.R., and Hayduk, S.H. 1964. Larval Echinochasmus (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri . Journal of Parasitology 50:586
146. Vanoverschelde, R., and Vaes, F. 1980. Studies on the lifecycle of Himasthla militaris (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Parasitology 81:609-617
147. Velazquez, C.C. 1964a. Life history of Acanthoparyphium paracharadrii sp. n. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Journal of Parasitology 50:261-265
148. Velazquez, C.C. 1964b. Observations on the life cycle of Euparyphium paramurinum sp. n. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Journal of Parasitology 50:106-111
149. Viozzi, G., Flores, V., and Rauque, C. 2005. An ectosymbiotic flatworm, Temnocephala chilensis , as second intermediate host for Echinoparyphium megacirrus (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Parasitology 91:229-231
150. Waikagul, J. 1991. Intestinal fluke infections in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 22:158-162
151. Winstead, J.T., Volety, A.K., and Tolley, S.G. 2004. Parasitic and symbiotic fauna in oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) collected from the Caloosahatchee River and estuary in Florida. Journal of Shellfisheries Research 23:831-840
152. Wiwanitkit, V. 2005. Motility of intestinal fluke, Echinostoma spp. metacercariae in fish dishes prepared by different uncooked methods.The Internet Journal of Infectious Diseases 4.
153. Xiao, X., Wang, T., Zheng, X., Shen, G., and Tian, Z. 2005. In vivo and in vitro encystment of Echinochasmus liliputanus cercariae and biological activity of the metacercariae. Journal of Parasitology 91:492-498
154. Yu, S., Hu, L., and Jiang, Z. 1994. Report of the first nationwide survey of the distribution of human parasites in China. 1. Regional distribution of parasite species. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 12:241-247
155. Yurlova, N.I. 1987. Morphology and biology of the trematodes Hypoderaeum cubanicum n. comb. and H. conoideum (Echinostomatidae). Parazitologiya 21:35-42.