Primarily history in America: How U.S. historians search for primary materials at the dawn of the digital age

American Archivist

Volumn 66, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 9-50

  Tibbo, Helen R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650388889     PISSN: 03609081     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17723/aarc.66.1.b120370l1g718n74     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. CUSTARD, an NEH-funded project, will reconcile APPM, the Canadian Rules for Archival Description (RAD), and the General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD(G)) to create a set of descriptive rules that can be used with EAD and MARC21. See "The Statement of Principles for the CUSTARD Project" on the Society of American Archivists' Web site at (1 March 2003).
2. For example, RLG's (Research Library Group) Archival Resources database, (1 March 2003)
3. and OCLC's WorldCat, (1 March 2003), which houses over forty-eight million bibliographic records.
4. The Library of Congress makes archival records from RLG and OCLC available free of charge at its National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections Web site (1 March 2003).
5. See for example over 4,000 electronic finding aids at the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Web site (1 March 2003) or any of the EAD adopters' resources listed at the Library of Congress EAD Web site (1 March 2003).
6. Hundreds of other archives have mounted electronic finding aids in either HTML or EAD format that are not listed at LC. Consortia such as the Online Archive of California (1 March 2003) have mounted an impressive number of finding guides. For information concerning EAD, see (1 March 2003).
7. David Bearman, "Archives and Manuscript Control with Bibliographic Utilities: Challenges and Opportunities," American Archivist 52 (Winter 1989): 26-39;
8. Avra Michelson, "Description and Reference in the Age of Automation," American Archivist 50 (Spring 1987): 192-208;
9. Nancy M. Shawcross, "Cataloging: A Case Study of Practices at the University of Pennsylvania: Manuscript Cataloging Using the RLIN AMC Format," Archival Issues 18, no. 2 (1993): 133-44;
10. Alan M. Tucker, "The RLIN Implementation of the MARC Archives and Manuscript Control Format, in Academic Libraries: Myths and Realities" (Washington, D.C.: Association of College and Research Libraries, 1984), 69-79.
11. Steve Hensen discusses how EAD is becoming a part of mainstream archival standards, building on NISTF's development of the MARC AMC cataloging form and his own Archives, Personal Papers, and Manuscripts as a cataloging manual. Steven L. Hensen, "NISTF 2 and EAD: The Evolution of Archival Description," American Archivist 60 (Summer 1997): 284-96;
12. Kris Kiesling, "EAD as an Archival Descriptive Standard," American Archivist 60 (Summer 1997): 344-54;
13. Daniel V. Pitti, "Encoded Archival Description: The Development of an Encoding Standard for Archival Finding Aids," American Archivist 60 (Summer 1997): 268-83;
14. Daniel V. Pitti, "Encoded Archival Description: An Introduction and Overview," D-Lib Magazine 5 (November 1999), (1 March 2003).
15. EAD Cookbook (1 March 2003)
16. (1 March 2003).
17. Roberto Delgadillo and Beverly P. Lynch, "Future Historians: Their Quest for Information," College and Research Libraries 60 (May 1999): 245-59;
18. Susan Guest, "The Use of Bibliographic Tools by Humanities Faculty at the State University of New York at Albany," Reference Librarian 18 (1987): 157-72;
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20. Jitka Hurych, "After Bath: Scientists, Social Scientists, and Humanists in the Context of Online Searching," Journal of Academic Librarianship 12 (July 1986): 158-65;
21. Wendy Longee, Mark Sandler, and Linda L. Parker, "The Humanities Scholars Project: A Study of Attitudes and Behavior Concerning Collection Storage and Technology," College and Research Libraries 51 (May 1990): 231-40;
22. Virginia Massey-Burzio, "The Rush to Technology: A View from the Humanists," Library Trends 47 (Spring 1999): 620-39;
23. Pamela Pavliscak, Seamus Ross, and Charles Henry, Information Technology in Humanities Scholarship: Achievements, Prospects, and Challenges- The United States. ACLS Occasional Paper #37 (Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies, 1997);
24. Donald Sievert and Mary Ellen Sievert, "Humanists and Technology: The Case of Philosophers," in ASIS '88 (Learned Information, 1988), 94-99;
25. Helen R. Tibbo, Abstracting, Information Retrieval and the Humanities: Providing Access to Historical Literature, ACRL Publications in Librarianship no. 48, (Chicago: American Library Association, 1994);
26. Helen R. Tibbo, "The EPIC Struggle: Subject Retrieval from Large Bibliographic Databases," American Archivist 57 (Spring 1994): 310-26;
27. Helen R. Tibbo, "Indexing in the Humanities," Journal of the American Society for Information Science 45 (September 1994): 607-19;
28. Helen R. Tibbo, "Information Systems, Services, and Technologies for the Humanities," Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 26 (1991): 287-346.
29. Sue Stone, "Humanities Scholars: Information Needs and Uses," Journal of Documentation 38 (December 1982): 292-312.
30. Rebecca Watson-Boone, "The Information Needs and Habits of Humanities Scholars," RQ 34 (Winter 1994): 203-16.
31. Stephen Wiberley, "Habits of Humanists: Scholarly Behavior and New Information Technologies," Library Hi Tech 9, no. 1 (1991): 17-21;
32. Stephen Wiberley and William G. Jones, "Humanists Revisted: A Longitudinal Look at the Adoption of Information Technology," College and Research Libraries 55 (November 1994): 499-509;
33. Stephen Wiberley and William G. Jones, "Time and Technology: A Decade-long Look at Humanists' Use of Electronic Information Technology," College and Research Libraries 61 (September 2000): 421-31.
34. Marcia J. Bates, Deborah N. Wilde, and Susan Siegfried, "An Analysis of Search Terminology Used by Humanities Scholars: The Getty Online Searching Project Report Number 1," Library Quarterly 63 (January 1993): 1-39;
35. Susan Siegfried, Marcia J. Bates, and Deborah N. Wilde, "A Profile of End-User Searching Behavior by Humanities Scholars: The Getty Online Searching Project Report No. 2," Journal of the American Society for Information Science 44 (June 1993): 273-91;
36. Marcia J. Bates, Deborah N. Wilde, and Susan Siegfried, "Research Practices of Humanities Scholars in an Online Environment: The Getty Online Searching Project Report No. 3," Library and Information Science Research 17 (Winter 1995): 5-40;
37. Marcia J. Bates, "The Design of Databases and Other Information Resources for Humanities Scholars: The Getty Online Searching Project Report No. 4," Online and CD-Rom Review 18 (December 1994): 331-40:
38. Marcia J. Bates, "The Getty Online Searching Project in the Humanities Report No. 6: Overview and Conclusions," College and Research Libraries 57 (November 1996): 514-23.
39. S. Lehmann and P. E. Renfro, "Humanists and Electronic Information Services: Acceptance and Resistance," College and Research Libraries 52 (September 1991): 409-13.
40. Deborah L. Andersen, "Academic Historians, Electronic Information Access Technologies, and the World Wide Web: A Longitudinal Study of Factors Affecting Use and Barriers to that Use," The Journal of the Association for History and Computing 1 (June 1998). Available at (1 March 2003).
41. Margaret F. Stieg, "The Information of [sic] Needs of Historians," College and Research Libraries 42 (November 1981): 549-60.
42. Tibbo, Abstracting, Information Retrieval and the Humanities, 1994.
43. Lisa Odum, "The Uses of Archival Materials by Art Historians," MSLS Thesis. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1998.
44. Delgadillo and Lynch, "Future Historians."
45. Donald O. Case, "The Collection and Use of Information by Some American Historians: A Study of Motives and Methods," Library Quarterly 61 ( January 1991): 61-82.
46. Charles Cole, "Inducing Expertise in History Doctoral Students Via Information Retrieval Design," Library Quarterly 70 (January 2000): 86-109;
47. Charles Cole, "Information Acquisition in History Ph.D. Students: Inferencing and the Formation of Knowledge Structures," Library Quarterly 68 (January 1998): 33-54;
48. Charles Cole, "Information as Process: The Difference between Corroborating Evidence and 'Information' in Humanistic Research Domains," Information Processing and Management 33 (January 1997): 55-67;
49. Charles Cole, "Name Collection by Ph.D. History Students: Inducing Expertise," Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51, no. 5 (2000): 444-55.
50. Dennis A. Trinkle and Scott A. Merriman, eds. History Edu: Essays on Teaching with Technology (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2001);
51. Dennis A. Trinkle and Scott A. Merriman, eds., The History Highway 3.0: A Guide to Internet Resources, 3rd ed. (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2002);
52. Dennis A. Trinkle, ed., Writing, Teaching, and Researching History in the Electronic Age: Historians and Computers (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1998).
53. Helen R. Tibbo, "Primarily History: Historians and the Search for Primary Source Materials," JCDL'02, 13-17 July 2002, Portland, Oregon (New York: ACM, 2002), 1-10.
54. (1 March 2003).
55. National Research Council, Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States: Continuity and Change (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1995).
56. Duff and Johnson found 11 percent of the Canadian archivists they surveyed did not presently do archival research. Wendy M. Duff and Catherine A. Johnson, "Accidentally Found on Purpose: Information-Seeking Behavior of Historians in Archives," Library Quarterly 72 (October 2002): 472-96.
57. Kristin Martin, "Analysis of Remote Reference Correspondence at a Large Academic Manuscripts Collection," American Archivist 64 (Spring/Summer 2001):17-42.