Contrasting spatial patterns of taxonomic and functional richness offer insights into potential loss of ecosystem services

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 364, Issue 1524, 2009, Pages 1683-1692

  Cumming, Graeme S ^a   Child, Matthew F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Bird; Conservation planning; Ecosystem function; Food web; Resilience; South Africa

Indexed keywords

BIRD; CLASSIFICATION; CONSERVATION PLANNING; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; FOOD WEB; FUNCTIONAL GROUP; MORPHOLOGY; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; SPECIES OCCURRENCE; SPECIES RICHNESS; SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIP; TAXONOMY;

AFRICA; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

AVES;

EID: 67650254579     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0317     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Bock, W. J. 1964 Kinetics of the avian skull. J. Morphol. 114, 1-42. (doi:10.1002/jmor.l051140102)
2. Bock, W. J. 1966 An approach to the functional analysis of bill shape. Auk 83, 10-51.
3. Bout, R. G. & Zweers, G. A. 2001 The role of cranial kinesis in birds. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 131, 197-205. (doi:10. 1016/S1095-6433 (01) 00470-6)
4. Carpenter, S. R., Pingali, P. L., Bennett, E. M. & Zurek, M. B. (eds) 2005 Ecosystems and human well-being: scenarios The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Washington, DC: Island Press.
5. Chave, J., Muller-Landau, H. C. & Levin, S. A. 2002 Comparing classical community models: theoretical consequences for patterns of diversity. Am. Nat. 159, 1-23. (doi:10.1086/324112)
6. Cowling, R. M., Pressey, R. L., Rouget, M. & Lombard, A. T. 2003 A conservation plan for a global biodiversity hotspot-the Cape floristic region, South Africa. Biol. Conserv. 112, 191-216. (doi:10.1016/S0006-3207 (02) 00425-1)
7. Cumming, G. S. 2007 Global biodiversity scenarios and landscape ecology. Landsc. Ecol. 22, 671-685. (doi:10. 1007/sl0980-006-9057-3)
8. Davic, R. D. 2003 Linking keystone species and functional groups: a new operational definition of the keystone species concept. Conserv. Ecol. 7, 1-11.
9. DeWitt, T. J., Robinson, B. W. & Sloan-Wilson, D. 2000 Functional diversity among predators of a freshwater snail imposes an adaptive trade-off for shell morphology. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2, 129-148.
10. Díaz, S. & Cabido, M. 2001 Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 646-655. (doi:10.1016/S0169-5347 (01) 02283-2)
11. Dobson, A. et al. 2006 Habitat loss, trophic collapse, and the decline of ecosystem services. Ecology 87, 1915-1924. (doi:10.1890/0012-9658 (2006) 87[1915:HLTCAT]2.0. CO;2)
12. Fisher, R. A., Corbet, A. S. & Williams, C. B. 1943 The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. J. Anim. Ecol. 12, 42-58. (doi:10.2307/1411)
13. Fryer, G. 1988 Functional morphology and functional ecology. Funct. Ecol. 2, 270-275.
14. Harrison, J. A., Allan, D. G., Underhill, L. G., Herremans, M., Tree, A. J., Parker, V. & Brown, C. J. (eds) 1997 The atlas of southern African birds, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa: BirdLife South Africa.
15. Heard, S. B. 1994 Processing chain ecology: resource condition and interspecific interactions. J. Anim. Ecol. 63, 451-464. (doi: 10.2307/5562)
16. Herrel, A., Podos, J., Huber, S. K. & Hendry, A. P. 2005a Bite force and morphology in a population of Darwin's finches: implications for the evolution of beak shape. Funct. Ecol. 19, 43-48. (doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005. 00923.x)
17. Herrel, A., Podos, J., Huber, S. K. & Hendry, A. P. 2005b Evolution of bite force in Darwin's finches: a key role for head width. J. Evol. Biol. 18, 669-678. (doi:10.1111 /j.1420-9101.2004.00857.x)
18. Herrera, C. M. 1984 Adaptation to frugivory of Mediterranean avian seed disperser. Ecology 65, 609-617. (doi:10. 2307/1941423)
19. Hertel, F. 1994 Diversity in body size and feeding morphology within past and present vulture assemblages. Ecology 75, 1074-1084. (doi:10.2307/1939431)
20. Hockey, P. A. R., Dean, W. R. J. & Ryan, P. G. 2005 Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa, 7th edn. Cape Town, South Africa: John Voelcker Bird Book Fund.
21. Hubbell, S. P. 2001 The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton, NJ; Oxford, UK: Princeton University Press.
22. Jax, K. 2006 Ecological units: definitions and applications. Q. Rev. Biol. 81, 237-258. (doi: 10.1086/506237)
23. Kinzig, A. P., Pacala, S. W. & Tilman, D. 2001 The functional consequences of biodiversity: empirical progress and theoretical extensions. Monographs in Population Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
24. Laland, K. N., Odling-Smee, F. J. & Feldman, M. W. 1999 Evolutionary consequences of niche construction and their implications for ecology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10 242-10 247. (doi:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10242)
25. Lavorel, S. & Garnier, E. 2001 Aardvark to Zyzyxia- functional groups across kingdoms. New Phytol. 149, 360-363. (doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00048.x)
26. Lavorel, S., Macintyre, S., Landsberg, J. & Forbes, T. D. A. 1997 Plant functional classifications: from general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12, 474-478. (doi:10.1016/S0169-5347 (97) 01219-6)
27. Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. 1998 Numerical ecology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
28. Margules, C. R. & Pressey, R. L. 2000 Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405, 243-253. (doi: 10. 1038/35012251)
29. McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. & Stafford, S. 2000 Multivariate statistics for wildlife and ecology research. New York, NY: Springer.
30. Milligan, G. W. & Cooper, M. C. 1987 Methodology review: clustering methods. Appl. Psychol. Meas. 11, 329-354. (doi:10.1177/ 014662168701100401)
31. Naeem, S. 2002 Disentangling the impacts of diversity on ecosystem functioning in combinatorial experiments. Ecology 83, 2925-2935. (doi:10.2307/3072027)
32. Nosil, P. & Reimchen, T. E. 2005 Ecological opportunity and levels of morphological variance within freshwater stickleback populations. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86, 297-305. (doi: 10. 1111/j. 1095-8312.2005.00517.x)
33. Odling-Smee, F. J., Laland, K. N. & Feldman, M. W. 1996 Niche construction. Am. Nat. 147, 641-648. (doi:10. 1086/285870)
34. Oliver, I. 2004 A framework and toolkit for scoring the biodiversity value of habitat, and the biodiversity benefits of land use change. Ecol. Manag. Restor. 5, 75-78. (doi: 10. 1111/j.1442-8903.2004.180-5.x)
35. Petchey, O. L. & Gaston, K. J. 2002 Functional diversity (FD), species richness and community composition. Ecol. Lett. 5, 402-411. (doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002. 00339.x)
36. Polis, G. A., Power, M. E. & Huxel, G. R. (eds) 2004 Food webs at the landscape level, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
37. Pressey, R. L., Possingham, H. P. & Margules, C. R. 1996 Optimality in reserve selection algorithms: when does it matter and how much? Biol. Conserv. 76, 259-267. (doi:10.1016/0006-3207 (95) 00120-4)
38. Relyea, R. A. & Auld, J. R. 2005 Predator- and competitorinduced plasticity: how changes in foraging morphology affect phenotypic trade-offs. Ecology 86, 1723-1729. (doi: 10.1890/04-1920)
39. Ricklefs, E. & Travis, J. 1980 A morphological approach to the study of avian community organisation. Auk 97, 321-338.
40. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995 Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
41. Sala, O. E. et al. 2000 Biodiversity-global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287, 1770-1774. (doi:10.1126/science. 287.5459.1770)
42. Schweiger, O. et al. 2007 Functional richness of local hoverfly communities (Diptera, Syrphidae) in response to land use across temperate Europe. Oikos 116, 461-472. (doi:10. 1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15372. x)
43. Sekercioglu, C. H. 2006 Increasing awareness of avian ecological function. Trends Ecol. Evo. 21, 464-471. (doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006. 05.007)
44. Simberloff, D. & Dayan, T. 1991 The guild concept and the structure of ecological communities. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22, 115-143. (doi:10.1146/annurev. es.22.110191.000555)
45. Snow, B. K. & Snow, D. W. 1972 Feeding niches of hummingbirds in a Trinidad valley. J. Anim. Ecol. 41, 471-485. (doi:10.2307/3481)
46. Temeles, E. J. & Kress, W. J. 2003 Adaptation in a plant hummingbird association. Science 300, 630-633. (doi:10. 1126/science.1080003)
47. Walker, B. H. 1992 Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. Conserv. Biol. 6, 18-23. (doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992. 610018.x)
48. Walker, B. H. & Langridge, J. L. 2002 Measuring functional diversity in plant communities with mixed life forms: a problem of hard and soft attributes. Ecosystems 5, 529-538. (doi:10.1007/sl0021-002-0154-0)
49. Wilson, K. A., Westphal, M. I., Possingham, H. P. & Elith, J. 2005 Sensitivity of conservation planning to different approaches to using predicted species distribution data. Biol. Conserv. 122, 99-112. (doi:10.1016/j.biocon. 2004. 07.004)
50. Winker, K. 1998 Suggestions for measuring the external characters of birds. Ornitol. Neotrop. 9, 23-30.