Adakite-like magmas from fractional crystallization and melting-assimilation of mafic lower crust (Eocene Macuchi arc, Western Cordillera, Ecuador)

Chemical Geology

Volumn 265, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 468-487

  Chiaradia, Massimo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Adakite; Andes; Arc magmatism; Ecuador; Macuchi; Radiogenic isotopes; Rio Cala; Western Cordillera

Indexed keywords

ADAKITE; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LOWER CRUST; MAASTRICHTIAN; MAGMA CHEMISTRY; MAGMATISM; MELTING; PALEOCENE; PETROGENESIS; PLATEAU; SUBDUCTION ZONE;

ANDES; CORDILLERA OCCIDENTAL [ANDES]; ECUADOR; SOUTH AMERICA;

EID: 67650240384     PISSN: 00092541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.05.014     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Aguirre L., and Atherton M.P. Low-grade metamorphism and geotectonic setting of the Macuchi Formation, Western Cordillera of Ecuador. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 5 (1987) 473-494
2. Allibon, J., Monjoie, P., Lapierre, H., Jaillard, E., Bussy, F., Bosch, D., Senebier, F., 2008. The role of the young Cretaceous Caribbean Oceanic plateau in the genesis of late Cretaceous arc magmatism in the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 26, 355-368.
3. 2O undersaturated andesitic liquids. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 157 (2009) 541-558
4. Annen C., Blundy J.D., and Sparks R.S.J. The genesis of calc-alkaline intermediate and silicic magmas in deep crustal hot zones. Journal of Petrology 47 (2006) 505-539
5. Atherton M.P., and Petford N. Generation of sodium rich magmas from newly underplated basaltic crust. Nature 362 (1993) 144-146
6. BGS, and CODIGEM. Mapa geologico de la Cordillera Occidental del Ecuador entre 0°-1° S. Mision Britanica, CODIGEM, Quito, Ecuador (1999)
7. BGS, and CODIGEM. Mapa geologico de la Cordillera Occidental del Ecuador entre 0°-1° N. Mision Britanica, CODIGEM, Quito, Ecuador (2001)
8. Bourdon E., Eissen J.P., Monzier M., Robin C., Martin H., Cotton J., and Hall M.L. Adakite-like lavas from Antisana Volcano (Ecuador): evidence for slab melt metasomatism beneath Andean Northern Volcanic Zone. Journal of Petrology 43 (2002) 199-217
9. Bourdon E., Eissen J.P., Gutscher M.A., Monzier M., Hall M.L., and Cotton J. Magmatic response to early aseismic ridge subduction: the Ecuadorian margin case (South America). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 205 (2003) 123-138
10. Brenan J.M., Shaw H.F., Ryerson F.J., and Phinney D.L. Mineral-aqueous fluid partition of trace elements at 900 °C and 2.0 GPa: constraints on the trace element chemistry of mantle and deep crustal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59 (1995) 3331-3350
11. Brenan J.M., Shaw H.F., and Ryerson F.J. Experimental evidence for the origin of lead enrichment in convergent-margin magmas. Nature 378 (1995) 54-56
12. Bryant J.A., Yogodzinski G.M., Hall M.L., Lewicki J.L., and Bailey D.G. Geochemical constraints on the origin of volcanic rocks from the Andean Northern Volcanic Zone, Ecuador. Journal of Petrology 47 (2006) 1147-1175
13. Campbell I.H., and Turner J.S. A laboratory investigation of assimilation at the top of a basaltic magma chamber. Journal of Geology 95 (1987) 155-172
14. Castillo P.R., Janney P.E., and Solidum R.U. Petrology and geochemistry of Camiguin Island, southern Philippines: insights to the source of adakites and other lavas in a complex arc setting. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 134 (1999) 33-51
15. Chiaradia M., and Fontboté L. Radiogenic lead signatures in Au-rich VHMS ores and associated volcanic rocks of the Early Tertiary Macuchi island arc (Western Cordillera of Ecuador). Economic Geology 96 (2001) 1361-1378
16. Chiaradia M., and Fontboté L. Separate lead isotope analyses of leachate and residue rock fractions: implications for metal source tracing in ore deposit studies. Mineralium Deposita 38 (2003) 185-195
17. Chiaradia M., Fontboté L., and Beate B. Cenozoic continental arc magmatism and associated mineralization in Ecuador. Mineralium Deposita 39 (2004) 204-222
18. Chiaradia M., Fontboté L., and Paladines A. Metal sources in mineral deposits and crustal rocks of Ecuador (1°N-4°S): a lead isotope synthesis. Economic Geology 99 (2004) 1085-1106
19. Chiaradia M., Tripodi D., Fontboté L., and Reza B. Geologic setting, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the Early Tertiary Au-rich volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit of La Plata, Western Cordillera, Ecuador. Economic Geology 103 (2008) 161-183
20. Chiaradia M., Müntener O., Beate B., and Fontignie D. Adakite-like volcanism of Ecuador: lower crust magmatic evolution and recycling. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (2009) 10.1007/s00410-009-0397-2
21. Cosma L., LaPierre H., Jaillard E., Laubacher G., Bosch D., Desmet A., Mamberti M., and Gabriele P. Pétrographie et géochimie des unités de la Cordillère occidentale d'équateur (0°30′S): implications tectoniques. Bulletin de la Socité Géologique de France 169 (1998) 739-751
22. Davidson J., Turner S., Handley H., Macpherson C., and Dosseto A. Amphibole "sponge" in arc crust?. Geology 35 (2007) 787-790
23. Davies J.H., and Stevenson D.J. Physical model of source region of subduction zone volcanics. Journal of Geophysical Research 97 (1992) 2037-2070
24. Defant M.J., and Drummond M.S. Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature 347 (1990) 662-665
25. DePaolo D.J. Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 53 (1981) 189-202
26. Dufek J., and Bergantz G.W. Lower crustal magma genesis and preservation: a stochastic framework for the evaluation of basalt-crust interaction. Journal of Petrology 46 (2005) 2167-2195
27. Ego F., Sébrier M., Lavenu A., Yepes H., and Egüez A. Quaternary state of stress in the Northern Andes and the restraining bend model for the Ecuadorian Andes. Tectonophysics 259 (1996) 101-116
28. Egüez, A., 1986. Evolution Cenozoique de la Cordillere Occidentale septentrionale d'Equateur (0°15′ S - 01°10′ S), les mineralisations associetees. Unpublished PhD Thesis, UPMC, Paris, 116 pp.
29. Feininger T. Allochthonous terranes in the Andes of Ecuador and northwestern Peru. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24 (1987) 266-278
30. Feininger T., and Seguin M.K. Bouguer gravity anomaly field and inferred crustal structure of continental Ecuador. Geology 11 (1983) 40-44
31. Garrison J.M., and Davidson J.P. Dubious case for slab melting in the Northern volcanic zone of the Andes. Geology 31 (2003) 565-568
32. Garrison J., Davidson J., Reid M., and Turner S. Source versus differentiation control on U-series disequilibria: insights from Cotopaxi volcano, Ecuador. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 244 (2006) 548-565
33. Gerya T., and Stockhert B. Two-dimensional numerical modeling of tectonic and metamorphic histories at active continental margins. International Journal of Earth Sciences 95 (2006) 250-274
34. Graindorge D., Calahorrano A., Charvis P., Collot J.Y., and Bethoux N. Deep structure of the Ecuador convergent margin and the Carnegie Ridge, possible consequences on great earthquakes recurrence interval. Geophysical Research Letters 31 (2004) 10.1029/2003GL018803
35. Guillier B., Chatelain J.L., Jaillard E., Yepes H., Poupinet G., and Fels J.F. Seismological evidence on the geometry of the orogenic system in central-northern Ecuador (South America). Geophysical Research Letters 28 (2001) 3749-3752
36. Guillong M., Meier D.L., Allan M.M., Heinrich C.A., and Yardley B.W.D. SILLS: a Matlab-based program for the reduction of laser ablation ICP-MS data of homogeneous materials and inclusions. In: Sylvester P. (Ed). Laser-Ablation-ICP-MS in the Earth Sciences, Current Practices and outstanding issues. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course vol. 40 (2008), Vancouver, B.C. 328-333
37. Gutscher M.A., Malavieille J., Lallemand S., and Collot J.Y. Tectonic segmentation of the North Andean margin: impact of the Carnegie Ridge collision. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 168 (1999) 255-270
38. Henderson W.G. Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic arc activity in the Andes of Northern Ecuador. Journal of the Geological Society, London 136 (1979) 367-378
39. Hochstaedter A., Gill J., Peters R., Broughton P., and Holden P. Across-arc geochemical trends in the Izu-Bonin arc: contributions from the subducting slab. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2 (2001) paper N. 2000GC000105
40. Hughes R.A., and Pilatasig L.F. Cretaceous and Tertiary terrane accretion in the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes of Ecuador. Tectonophysics 345 (2002) 29-48
41. Huppert H.E., and Sparks R.S.J. The generation of granitic magmas by intrusion of basalt into continental crust. Journal of Petrology 29 (1988) 599-624
42. Ishiwatari A., Ichiyama Y., Yamazaki R., Katsuragi T., and Tsuchihashi H. Mafic mantle sources indicated by the olivine-spinifex basalt-ferropicrite lavas in the accreted Permian oceanic LIP fragments and Miocene low-Ni basalt and adakite lavas in central Japan. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008 (2008) abstract #V23H-08
43. Jackson S.E., Longerich H.P., Dunning G.R., and Fryer B.J. The application of laser ablation microprobe-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LAM-ICP-MS) to in situ trace element determinations in minerals. Canadian Mineralogist 30 (1992) 1049-1064
44. Jaillard E., Soler P., Carlier G., and Mourier T. Geodynamic evolution of the northern and central Andes during early-to-middle Mesozoic times: a Tethyan model. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147 (1990) 1009-1022
45. Jaillard E., Benítez S., and Mascle G.H. Les déformations paléogenes de la zone d'avant-arc sud-équatorienne en relation avec l'évolution géodynamique. Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France 168 (1997) 403-412
46. Johnson M.C., and Plank T. Dehydration and melting experiments constrain the fate of subducted sediments. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 1 (1999) paper N. 1999GC000014
47. Kay R.W. Aleutian magnesian andesites: melts from subducted Pacific ocean crust. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 4 (1978) 117-132
48. Kay S.M., Ramos V.A., and Marquez Y.M. Evidence in Cerro Pampa volcanic rocks for slab-melting prior to ridge-trench collision in southern South America. Journal of Geology 101 (1993) 703-714
49. Kerr A.C. Oceanic Plateaus. In: Holland H.D., and Turekian K.K. (Eds). Treatise on Geochemistry vol. 3 (2004), Elsevier, Amsterdam 537-565
50. Kerr A.C., and Tarney J. Tectonic evolution of the Caribbean and northwestern South America: the case for accretion of two Late Cretaceous oceanic plateaus. Geology 33 (2005) 269-272
51. Kerr A.C., Marriner G.F., Tarney J., Nivia A., Saunders A.D., and Thirlwall M.F. Cretaceous basaltic terranes in western Colombia; elemental, chronological and Sr-Nd isotopic constraints on petrogenesis. Journal of Petrology 38 (1997) 677-702
52. Kerr A.C., Aspden J.A., Tarney J., and Pilatasig L.F. The nature and provenance of accreted oceanic Blocks in western Ecuador: geochemical and tectonic constraints. Journal of the Geological Society, London 159 (2002) 577-594
53. Klein E.M. Geochemistry of the igneous oceanic crust. In: Holland H.D., and Turekian K.K. (Eds). Treatise on Geochemistry vol. 3 (2004), Elsevier, Amsterdam 433-463
54. 2O-saturated melting of basalt with implications for subduction zone chemical fluxes. Journal of Petrology 49 (2008) 523-553
55. Kuno H. Differentiation of basalt magmas. In: Hess H.H., and Poldervaart A.A. (Eds). Basalts: The Poldervaart Treatise on Rocks of Basaltic Composition vol. 2 (1968), Interscience, New York 623-688
56. Lapierre H., Bosch D., Dupuis V., Polve M., Maury R., Hernandez J., Monie P., Yeghicheyan D., Jaillard E., Tardy M., Mercier de Lepinay B., Mamberti M., Desmet A., Keller F., and Senebier F. Multiple plume events in the genesis of the peri-Caribbean Cretaceous oceanic plateau province. Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (2000) 8403-8421
57. LeBas M.J., LeMaitre R.W., Streckeisen A., and Zanettin B. A chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkalisilica diagram. Journal of Petrology 27 (1986) 745-750
58. Lee C.-T.A., Cheng X., and Horodyskyj U. The development and refinement of continental arcs by primary basaltic magmatism, garnet pyroxenite accumulation, basaltic recharge and delamination: insights from the Sierra Nevada. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 151 (2006) 222-242
59. Longerich H.P., Jackson S.E., and Günther D. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 11 (1996) 899-904
60. Lonsdale P., and Klitgord K.D. Structure and tectonic history of the eastern Panama basin. Geologocal Society of America Bulletin 89 (1978) 1-9
61. Luzieux L.D.A., Heller F., Spikings R., Vallejo C.F., and Winkler W. Origin and Cretaceous tectonic history of the coastal Ecuadorian forearc between 1°N and 3°S: Paleomagnetic, radiometric and fossil evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 249 (2006) 400-414
62. Macpherson C.G., Dreher S.T., and Thirlwall M.F. Adakites without slab melting: high pressure differentiation of island arc magma, Mindanao, the Philippines. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 243 (2006) 581-593
63. Mamberti M., Lapierre H., Bosch D., Jaillard E., Ethien R., Hernandez J., and Polvé M. Accreted fragments of the Late Cretaceous Caribbean-Colombian Plateau in Ecuador. Lithos 66 (2003) 173-199
64. Martin H., Smithies R.H., Rapp R., Moyen J.-F., and Champion D. An overview of adakite, tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG), and sanukitoid: relationships and some implications for crustal evolution. Lithos 79 (2005) 1-24
65. McArthur J.M., Howarth R.J., and Bailey T.R. Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy: LOWESS Version 3: best fit to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0-509 Ma and accompanying look-up table for deriving numerical age. The Journal of Geology 109 (2001) 155-170
66. Megard F. The evolution of the Pacific Ocean margin in South America north of Arica elbow (18 S). In: Ben Avraham Z. (Ed). Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics No (1989), 8, Oxford University Press 208-230
67. Miyashiro A. Volcanic rock series in island arcs and active continental margins. American Journal of Science 274 (1974) 321-355
68. 2O during crystallization of primitive arc magmas under uppermost mantle conditions and genesis of igneous pyroxenites: an experimental study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 141 (2001) 643-658
69. Noblet C., Lavenu A., and Marocco R. Concept of continuum as opposed to periodic tectonism in the Andes. Tectonophysics 225 (1996) 65-78
70. Pearce J.A. In: Thorpe R.S. (Ed). Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries (1982), John Wiley and Sons, Andesites 526-548
71. Pedoja K., Dumont J.F., Lamothe M., Ortlieb L., Collot J.Y., Ghaleb B., Auclair M., Alvarez V., and Labrousseb B. Plio-Quaternary uplift of the Manta Peninsula and La Plata Island and the subduction of the Carnegie Ridge, central coast of Ecuador. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 22 (2006) 1-21
72. Perfit M.R., Ridles W.I., and Jonasson I.R. Geologic, petrologic, and geochemical relationships between magmatism and massive sulfide mineralization along the Eastern Galapagos Spreading Center. Reviews in Economic Geology 8 (1999) 75-100
73. Petford N., and Gallagher K. Partial melting of mafic (amphibolitic) lower crust by periodic influx of basaltic magma. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 193 (2001) 483-499
74. Pichavant M., and Macdonald R. Mantle genesis and crustal evolution of primitive calc-alkaline basaltic magmas from the Lesser Antilles arc. Geological Society, London, Special Publications vol. 219 (2003) 239-254
75. Pichavant M., and Macdonald R. Crystallization of primitive basaltic magmas at crustal pressures and genesis of the calc-alkaline igneous suite: experimental evidence from St Vincent, Lesser Antilles arc. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 154 (2007) 535-558
76. Pin C., Briot D., Bassin C., and Poitrasson F. Concomitant separation of strontium and samarium-neodymium for isotopic analysis in silicate samples, based on specific extraction chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta 298 (1994) 209-217
77. Plank T., and Langmuir C.H. The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chemical Geology 145 (1998) 325-394
78. Rapp R.P., Shimizu N., Norman M.D., and Applegate G. Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8 GPa. Chemical Geology 160 (1999) 335-356
79. Rapp R.P., Shimizu N., and Norman M.D. Growth of early continental crust by partial melting of eclogite. Nature 425 (2003) 605-609
80. Reynaud C., Jaillard E., and Lapierre H. Oceanic plateau and island arcs of SW Ecuador: their place in the geodynamic evolution of northwestern South America. Tectonophysics 307 (1999) 235-254
81. Roberts M.P., and Clemens J.D. Feasibility of AFC models for the petrogenesis of calc-alkaline magma series. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 121 (1995) 139-147
82. Rodríguez C., Sellés D., Dungan M., Langmuir C., and Leeman W. Adakitic Dacites Formed by Intracrustal Crystal Fractionation of Water-rich Parent Magmas at Nevado de Longaví Volcano (36.2°S; Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Central Chile). Journal of Petrology 48 (2007) 2033-2061
83. Samaniego P., Martin H., Robin C., and Monzier M. Transition from calc-alkalic to adakitic magmatism at Cayambe volcano, Ecuador: insights into slab melts and mantle wedge interactions. Geology 30 (2002) 967-970
84. Schütte P., Chiaradia M., and Beate B. Geochronology and geochemistry of tertiary intrusions associated with porphyry-type deposits in Ecuador. Program with abstracts, Ores and orogenesis Symposium, 24-29 September 2007, Tucson, Arizona (2007) 182
85. Shervais J.W. Ti-V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59 (1982) 101-118
86. Sisson T.W., and Bronto S. Evidence for pressure-release melting beneath magmatic arcs from basalt at Galunggung, Indonesia. Nature 391 (1998) 883-886
87. Somers C., Amórtegui A., Lapierre H., Jaillard E., Bussy F., and Brunet P. Miocene adakitic intrusions in the Western Cordillera of Ecuador. 6th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2005, Barcelona). Extended Abstracts (2005) 679-680
88. Spikings R.A., Winkler W., Seward D., and Handler R. Along-strike variations in the thermal and tectonic response of the continental Ecuadorian Andes to the collision with heterogeneous oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 186 (2001) 57-73
89. Spikings R.A., Winkler W., Hughes R.A., and Handler R. Thermochronology of allochthonous terranes in Ecuador: unravelling the accretionary and post-accretionary history of the Northern Andes. Tectonophysics 399 (2005) 195-220
90. Staudigel H., Plank T., White B., and Schmincke H.U. Geochemical fluxes during seafloor alteration of the basaltic upper oceanic crust: DSDP Sites 417 and 418. In: Bebout G.E., et al. (Ed). Subduction: top to bottom. Geophysical Monograph Series vol. 96 (1996), AGU, Washington DC 19-38
91. Stern C.R., and Kilian R. Role of the subducted slab, mantle wedge and continental crust in the generation of adakites from the Andean Austral Volcanic Zone. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 123 (1996) 263-281
92. Sun S.S., and McDonough W.F. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders A.D., and Norry M.J. (Eds). Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society London, Special Publications vol. 42 (1989) 313-346
93. Tanaka T., Togashi S., Kamioka H., Amakawa H., Kagami H., Hamamoto T., Yuhara M., Orihashi Y., Yoneda S., Shimizu H., Kunimaru T., Takahashi K., Yanagi Y., Nakano T., Fujimaki H., Shinjo R., Asahara Y., Tanimizu M., and Dragusanu C. JNdi-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with La Jolla neodymium. Chemical Geology 168 (2000) 279-281
94. Thiéblemont D., Stein G., and Lescuyer J.L. Gisements épithermaux et porphyriques: la connexion adakite - epithermal and porphyry deposits: the adakite connection. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série 2, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes 325 (1997) 103-109
95. Todt W., Cliff R.A., Hanser A., and Hofmann A.W. Evaluation of a 202Pb-205Pb double spike for high-precision lead isotope analysis. In: Basu A., and Hart S. (Eds). Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, Geophys. Monogr. 95, American Geophys (1996), Union, Washington 429-437
96. Tripodi, D., 2002. The early Tertiary gold-rich VHMS of La Plata, Western Cordillera, Ecuador. Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Geneva, 184 pp.
97. Vallejo, C., 2007. Evolution of the Western Cordillera in the Andes of Ecuador (Late Cretaceous-Paleogene). Unpublished PhD Thesis, ETHZ, Zürich, Switzerland, 208 pp.
98. Vallejo C., Spikings R.A., Luzieux L., Winkler W., Chew D., and Page L. The early interaction between the Caribbean Plateau and the NW South American Plate. Terra Nova 18 (2006) 264-269
99. Vallejo, C., Winkler, W., Spikings, R.A., Luzieux, L., Heller, F., Bussy, F., 2009. Mode and timing of terrane accretion in the forearc of the Andes in Ecuador. In: Kay, S.M., Ramos, V.A., Dickinson, W.R. (Eds.), Backbone of the Americas: Shallow Subduction, Plateau Uplift, and Ridge and Terrane Collision: Geological Society of America Memoir 204. doi:10.1130/2009.1204(09).
100. van Thournout F., Hertogen J., and Quevado L. Allochthonous terranes in northwestern Ecuador. Tectonophysics 205 (1992) 205-221
101. Wallrabe-Adams H.-J. Petrology and geotectonic development of the Western Ecuadorian Andes: the basic igneous complex. Tectonophysics 185 (1990) 163-182
102. White W.M., McBirney A.R., and Duncan R.A. Petrology and geochemistry of the Galapagos Islands: portrait of a pathological mantle plume. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (1993) 19533-19563
103. Winchester J.A., and Floyd P.A. Geochemical classification of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology 20 (1977) 325-343
104. Yogodzinski G.M., Kay R.W., Volynets O.N., Koloskov A.V., and Kay S.M. Magnesian andesite in the western Aleutian Komandorsky region: implications for slab melting and processes in the mantle wedge. Geological Society of America Bulletin 107 (1995) 505-519
105. Zartman R.E., and Doe B.R. Plumbotectonics-the model. Tectonophysics 75 (1981) 135-162
106. Zindler A., and Hart S. Chemical geodynamics. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 14 (1986) 493-571