The lithosphere and asthenosphere of the Iceland hotspot from surface waves

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 178, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 394-418

  Bjarnason, Ingi Thorleifur ^a   Schmeling, Harro ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

^b GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Atlantic Ocean; Crustal structure; Hotspots; Mid ocean ridge processes; Seismic anisotropy; Surface waves and free oscillations

Indexed keywords

ASTHENOSPHERE; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; HOT SPOT; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; MANTLE PLUME; MID-OCEAN RIDGE; OSCILLATION; S-WAVE; SEISMIC ANISOTROPY; SURFACE WAVE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; EURASIA; EUROPE; ICELAND; NORTHERN EUROPE; SCANDINAVIA;

EID: 67650239752     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: 1365246X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04155.x     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Allen, R.M. et al., 2002a. Plume-driven plumbing and crustal formation in Iceland, J. geophys. Res., 107.
2. Allen, R.M. et al., 2002b. Imaging the mantle beneath Iceland using integrated seismological techniques, J. geophys. Res., 107.
3. Bjarnason, I.Th., 2003. The lithosphere and asthenosphere of the Iceland hot spot, in: The 23rd General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Abstracts B, B.137, Sapporo, Japan, 30 June-11 July.
4. Bjarnason, I.Th., Menke, W., Flóvenz, Ó.G. & Caress, D., 1993. Tomographic image of the mid-atlantic plate boundary in Southwestern Iceland, J. geophys. Res., 98, 6607-6622.
5. Bjarnason, I.Th., Wolfe, C.J., Solomon, S.C. & Gudmundsson, G., 1996a. Initial results from the ICEMELT experiment: Body-wave delay times and shear-wave splitting across Iceland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 459-462.
6. Bjarnason, I.Th., Wolfe, C.J., Solomon, S.C. & Gudmundsson, G., 1996b. Initial results from the ICEMELT experiment: Body-wave delay times and shear-wave splitting across Iceland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 903.
7. Bjarnason, I.T., Silver, P.G., Rümpker, G. & Solomon, S.C., 2002. Shear wave splitting across the Iceland hot spot: Results from the ICEMELT experiment, J. geophys. Res.,.
8. Brandsdóttir, B., Menke, W., Einarsson, P., White, R.S. & Staples, R.K., 1997. Faroe-Iceland ridge experiment 2. Crustal structure of the Krafla central volcano, J. geophys. Res., 102, 7867-7886.
9. Buck, W.R., 1991. Modes of continental lithospheric extension, J. geophys. Res., 96(B12), 20161-20178.
10. Crampin, S., Volti, T., Chastin, S., Gudmundsson, A. & Stefánsson, R., 2002. Indication of high pore-fluid pressures in a seismically-active fault zone, Geophys. J. Int., 151, F1-F5.
11. Darbyshire, F.A., Bjarnason, I.Th., White, R.S. & Flóvenz, Ó.G., 1998. Crustal structure above the Iceland mantle plume imaged by the ICEMELT refraction profile, Geophys. J. Int., 135, 1131-1149.
12. Darbyshire, F.A., White, R.S. & Priestley, K.F., 2000a. Structure of the crust and uppermost mantle of Iceland from combined seismic and gravity study, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 181, 409-428.
13. Darbyshire, F.A., Priestley, K.F., White, R.S., Stefánsson, R., Gudmundsson, G.B. & Jakobsdóttir, S.S., 2000b. Crustal structure of central and northern Iceland from analysis of teleseismic receiver functions, Geophys. J. Int., 143, 163-184.
14. Debayle, E. & Kennett, B.L.N., 2000. Anisotropy in the Australasian upper mantle from Love and Rayleigh waveform inversion, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 184, 339-351.
15. Du, Z.J. & Foulger, G.R., 1999. The crustal structure beneath the northwest fjords, Iceland, from receiver functions and surface waves, Geophys. J. Int., 139, 419-432.
16. Du, Z. & Foulger, G.R., 2001. Variation in the crustal structure across central Iceland, Geopys. J. Int., 145, 246-264.
17. Du, Z. & Foulger, G.R., 2004. Surface wave waveform inversion for variation in the upper mantle structure beneath Iceland, Geophys. J. Int., 157, 305-314.
18. Du, Z. et al., 2002. Crustal structure beneath western and eastern Iceland from surface waves and receiver functions, Geophys. J. Int., 149, 349-363.
19. Dziewonski, A.M. & Anderson, D.L., 1981. Preliminary reference Earth model, Phys. Earth planet. Int., 25, 297-356.
20. Ekström, G. & Dziewonski, A.M., 1998. The unique anisotropy of the Pacific upper mantle, Nature, 394(9), 168-172.
21. Evans, J.R. & Sacks, I.S., 1979. Deep structure of the Iceland Plateau, J. geophys. Res., 84, 6859-6866.
22. Evans, J.R. & Sacks, I.S., 1980. Lithospheric structure in the north Atlantic from observations of Love and Rayleigh waves, J. geophys. Res., 85, 7175-7182.
23. Fedorova, T., Jacoby, W.R. & Wallner, H., 2005. Crust-mantle transition and Moho model for Iceland and surroundings from seismic, topography, and gravity data, Tectonophysics, 396, 119-140.
24. Flóvenz, Ó.G., 1980. Seismic structure of the Icelandic crust above layer three and the relation between body wave velocity and the alteration of the basaltic crust, J. Geophys., 47, 211-220.
25. Flóvenz, Ó.G. & Sæmundsson, K., 1993. Heat flow and geothermal processes in Iceland, Tectonophysics, 22, 123-138.
26. Fleming, K., Martinec, Z. & Wolf, D., 2007. Glacial-isostatic adjustment and the viscosity structure underlying the Vatnajökull Ice Cap, Iceland, Pure appl. Geophys., 164, 751-768.
27. Foulger, G.R., 2002. Hotspots. Plumes, or plate tectonic processes? Astron. and Geophys., 43, 6.19-6.23.
28. Foulger, G.R., 2006. FAST TRACK PAPER: Older crust underlies Iceland, Geophys. J. Int., 165, 672-676.
29. Foulger, G.R. et al., 2000. The seismic anomaly beneath Iceland extends down to the mantle transition zone and no deeper, Geophys. J. Int., 142, F1-F5.
30. Foulger, G.R. et al., 2001. The seismic tomography shows that upwelling beneath Iceland is confined to the upper mantle, Geophys. J. Int., 146, 504-530.
31. Gebrande, H., Miller, H. & Einarsson, P., 1980. Seismic structure of Iceland along RRISP-profile I, J. Geophys., 47, 239-249.
32. Green, D.H. & Fallon, T.J., 1998. Pyrolite: A Ringwood concept and its current expression, in The Earths Mantle: Composition, Structure and Evolution, pp. 331-380, ed. Jackson, I.N.S., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
33. Hardarson, B.S., Fittona, J.G., Ellamb, R.M. & Pringle, M.S., 1997. Rift relocation-a geochemical and geochronological investigation of a palaeo-rift in northwest Iceland, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 153, 181-196.
34. Herrin, E. & Goforth, T. 1977. Phase-matched fitlers: Application to the study of Rayleigh waves, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 67, 1259-1275.
35. Herrmann, R.B. (ed.), 1984-1991. Computer Programs in Seismology, St. Louis University, St. Luis. Available at http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/ RBHerrmann/CPS330.html.
36. Hofton, M.A. & Foulger, G.R., 1996a. Post-rifting anelastic deformation around the spreading plate boundary, north Iceland, 1: modeling of the 1987-1992 deformation field using a viscoelastic Earth structure, J. geophys. Res., 101, 25403-25421.
37. Hofton, M.A. & Foulger, G.R., 1996b. Post-rifting anelastic deformation around the spreading plate boundary, north Iceland, 2: implications of the model derived from the 1987-1992 deformation field J. geophys. Res., 101, 25423-25436.
38. Holbrook, W.S. et al., 2001. Mantle thermal structure and active upwelling during continental breakup in the North Atlantic, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 190, 251-266.
39. Holtzman, B.K., Kohlsted, D.L., Zimmerman, M.E., Heidelback, F., Hirage, T. & Hustoft, J., 2003. Melt segregation and strain partitioning: implications for seismic anisotropy and mantle flow, Science, 301, 1227-1230.
40. Jóhannesson, H. & Saemundsson, K., 1998. Geological Map of Iceland, 1:500.000, Tectonics, Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Reykjavík.
41. Kaban, M.K., Flóvenz, O.G. & Pálmason, G., 2002. Nature of the crust-mantle transition zone and the thermal state of the upper mantle beneath Iceland from gravity modelling, Geophys. J. Int., 149, 281-299.
42. Kennett, B.L.N., Engdahl, E.R. & Buland, R., 1995. Constraints on seismic velocities in the earth from travel times, Geophys. J. Int., 122, 108-124.
43. Karato, S. & Jung, H., 1998. Water, partial melting and the origin of the seismic low velocity and high attenuation zone in the upper mantle. Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 157(3-4), 193-207.
44. Kreutzmann, A., Schmeling, H., Junge, A., Ruedas, T., Marquart, G. & Bjarnason, I.Th., 2004. Temperature and melting of a ridge-centred plume with application to Iceland. Part II: Predictions for electromagnetic and seismic observables, Geophys. J. Int., 159, 1097-1111.
45. Kumar, P. et al., 2005. The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in the North-West Atlantic region [rapid communication], EPSL, 236, 249-257.
46. Langmuir, C.H., Klein, E.M. & Plank, T., 1992. Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: Constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges, in: Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges, eds Morgan, J.P., Blackman, D.K. & Sinton, J.M., Geophysical Monograph 71, Am. Geophyp. Union.
47. Li, A. & Detrick, R.S., 2003. Azimuthal anisotropy and phase velocity beneath Iceland: Implication for plume-ridge interaction, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 214, 153-165.
48. Maaløe, S. & Jakobsson, S.P., 1980. The PT relations of a primary oceanite from the Reykjanes peninsula, Iceland, Lithos, 13, 237-246.
49. MacKenzie, K., McClain, J. & Orcutt, J., 1982. Constraints on crustal structure in eastern Iceland based on extremal inversion of refraction data, J. geophys. Res., 87, 6371-6382.
50. Maupin, V., 1985. Partial derivatives of surface wave phase velocities for flat anisotropic models, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 83, 379-398.
51. Maupin, V. & Cara, M., 1992. Love-rayleigh wave incompatibility and possible deep upper mantle anisotropy in the Iberian Peninsula, PAGEOPH, 138(3), 429-444.
52. Menke, W., Brandsdottir, B., Jakobsdottir, S. & Stefánsson, R., 1994. Seismic anisotropy in the crust at the mid-Atlantic plate boundary in south-west Iceland, Geophys. J. Int., 119, 783-790.
53. Menke, W., Brandsóttir, B., Einarsson, P. & Bjarnason, I.Th., 1996. Reinterpretation of the RRISP-7 Iceland shear-wave profiles, Geophys. J. Int., 126, 166-172.
54. Menke, W., West, M., Brandsóttir, B. & Sparks, D., 1998. Compressional and shear velocity structure of the lithosphere in north Iceland, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 88, 1561-1571.
55. Mihalffy, P., Steinberger, B. & Schmeling, H., 2004. Plume-ridge interaction in the north Atlantic influenced by large-scale mantle flow, EGU, Nice.
56. Mihalffy, P., Steinberger, B. & Schmeling, H., 2008. The effect of the large-scale mantle flow field on the Iceland hotspot track. Tectonophysics, 447, 5-18.
57. Moorbath, S. & Walker, G.P.L., 1965. Strontium isotope investigation of igneous rocks from Iceland, Nature, 207, 837-840.
58. Nishimura, C.E. & Forsyth, D.W., 1989. The anisotropic structure of the upper mantle in the Pacific, Geophys. J., 96, 203-229.
59. Nunns, A.G., Talwani, M., Lorentzen, G.R., Vogt, P.R., Sigurgeirsson, T., Kristjansson, L., Larsen, H.C. & Voppel, D., 1983. Magnetic anomalies over Iceland and surrounding seas, in Structure and Development of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge, New Methods and Concepts, pp. 661-678, eds Bott, M.H.P., Saxov, S., Talwani, M. & Thiede, J., Plenum, New York.
60. Nyman, D.C. & Landisman, M., 1977. The display-equalized filter for frequency-time analysis, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 67, 303-404.
61. Pálmason, G., 1971. Crustal structure of Iceland from explosion seismology, Greinar Vísindafélag Ísl., 40, 187 pp.
62. Pilidou, S., Priestley, P., Debayle, E. & Gudmundsson, Ó., 2005. Rayleigh wave tomography in the North Atlantic: High resolution images of the Iceland, Azores and Eifel mantle plumes, Lithos, 79, 453-474.
63. Prestvik, T., Goldberg, S., Karlsson, H. & Grönvold, K., 2001. Anomalous strontium and lead isotope signatures in the off-rift Öræfajökull central volcano in south-east Iceland evidence for enriched endmember(s) of the Iceland mantle plume? EPSL, 190, 211-220.
64. Pollitz, F.F. & Sacks, I.S., 1996. Viscosity structure beneath northeast Iceland, J. geophys. Res., 101, 17771-17794.
65. Ruedas, T. & Schmeling, H., 2008. Kinematic models for the thickness of oceanic crust at and near mid-oceanic spreading centers. J. geophys. Res., 113, B01402.
66. Ruedas, T., Schmeling, H., Marquart, G., Kreutzmann, A. & Junge, A., 2004. Temperature and melting of a ridge-centered plume with application to Iceland, part I: Dynamics and crust production, Geophys. J. Int., 158(2), 729-743.
67. Ruedas, T., Marquart, G. & Schmeling, H., 2007. Iceland: The current picture of a ridge-centred mantle plume, in Mantle Plumes-A Multidisciplinary Approach, pp. 71-126, eds Ritter, J., Christensen, U.R., Springer, Berlin.
68. Russell, D.R., Herrmann, R.B. & Hwang, H.J., 1988. Application of frequency variable filters to surface wave amplitude analysis, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 78, 339-354.
69. Saemundsson, K., 1980. Outline of the geology of Iceland, Jökull, 29, 7-28.
70. Schlindwein, V., 2001. Azimuthal variation of the P phase in Icelandic receiver functions, Research note, Geophys. J. Int., 144, 221-230.
71. Schlindwein, V., 2006. On the use of teleseismic receiver functions for studying the crustal structure of Iceland, Geophys. J. Int., 164, 551-568.
72. Schmeling, H., 2006. A model of episodic melt extraction for plumes, J. geophys. Res., 111, B03202.
73. Schmeling, H. & Marquart, G., 2008. Crustal accretion and dynamic feedback on mantle melting of a ridge centred plume: The Iceland case. Tectonophysics, 447, 31-52.
74. Schutt, D.L. & Lesher, C.E., 2006. Effects of melt depletion on the density and seismic velocity of garnet and spinel lherzolite, J. geophys. Res., 111, B05401.
75. Smallwood, J.R., White, R.S. & Staples, R.K., 1998. Deep crustal reflectors under Reydarfjördur, eastern Iceland: Crustal accretion above the Iceland mantle plume, Geophys. J. Int., 134 (1), 277-290.
76. Sigmundsson, F., 1991. Post-glacial rebound and asthenosphere viscosity in Iceland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1131-1134.
77. Smith, W.H.F. & Sandwell, D.T., 1997. Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings, Science, 277, 1957-1962.
78. Staples, R.K., White, R.S., Brandsdóttir, B., Menke, W., Maguire, P.K.H. & McBride, J.H., 1997. Faroe-Iceland Ridge experiment 1. Crustal structure of northeast Iceland, J. geophys. Res., 102, 7849-7866.
79. Stefánsson, R. et al., 1993. Earthquake prediction research in the South Iceland Seismic Zone and the SIL project, Bull. seism. Soc. Am., 83, 696-716.
80. Tryggvason, A., Rögnvaldsson, S.Th. & Flóvenz, Ó.G., 2002. Three-dimensional imaging of the P- and S-wave velocity structure and earthquake locations beneath Southwest Iceland, Geophys. J. Int., 151, 848-866.
81. Turcotte, D.L. & Schubert, G., 1982. Geodynamics, applications of continuum physics to geological problems, 450 pp.
82. Vinnik, L.P., Foulger, G.R. & Du, Z., 2005. FAST TRACK PAPER: seismic boundaries in the mantle beneath Iceland: A new constraint on temperature, Geophys. J. Int., 160, 533-538.
83. Weir, N.R.W., White, R.W., Brandsdóttir, B., Einarsson, P., Shimamura, H., Shiobara, H. & the, RISE Fieldwork Team, 2001. Crustal structure of the northern Reykjanes Ridge and the Reykjanes peninsula, southwest Iceland, J. geophys. Res., 106, 6347-6368.
84. White, R.S., 1997. Rift-plume interaction in the North Atlantic, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 355, 319-339.
85. Wolfe, C.J., Bjarnason, I.Th., VanDecar, J.C. & Solomon, S.C., 1997. Seismic structure of the Iceland mantle plume, Nature, 385, 245-247.
86. Yoshizawa, K. & Kennett, B.L.N., 2002. Determination of the influence zone for surface wave paths, Geophys. J. Int., 149, 440-453.
87. Xue, M. & Allen, R.M., 2005. Asthenospheric channeling of the Icelandic upwelling: Evidence from seismic anisotropy, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 235, 167-182.
88. Zverev, S.M., Litvinenko, I.V., Pálmason, G., Yaroshevskaya, G.A., Osokin, N.N. & Akhmetjev, M.A., 1980. A seismic study of the rift zone in northern Iceland, J. Geophys., 47, 191-201.