The treatment of borderline personality disorder: Implications of research on diagnosis, etiology, and outcome

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue , 2009, Pages 277-290

  Paris, Joel ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Long term outcome; Personality disorders; Pharmacotherapy; Psychotherapy; Suicidality

Indexed keywords

CARBAMAZEPINE; FLUOXETINE; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM; MOOD STABILIZER; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID;

BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BORDERLINE STATE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; LANGUAGE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MENTAL HEALTH; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PSYCHODYNAMICS; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REVIEW; TRANSFERENCE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG RESISTANCE; METHODOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DRUG RESISTANCE; HUMANS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 67650126128     PISSN: 15485943     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153457     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Akiskal HS. 2002. The bipolar spectrum: the shaping of a new paradigm in psychiatry. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 4:1-3
2. Akiskal HS, Chen SE, Davis GC. 1985. Borderline: an adjective in search of a noun. J. Clin. Psychiatry 46:41-48
3. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Press. Text rev., 4th ed.
4. Bateman A, Fonagy P. 1999. Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Psychiatry 156:1563-1569 (Pubitemid 29459988)
5. Bateman A, Fonagy P. 2001. Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow up. Am. J. Psychiatry 158:36-42 (Pubitemid 32047244)
6. Bateman A, Fonagy P. 2004. Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: Mentalization-Based Treatment. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
7. Bateman A, Fonagy P. 2008. 8-year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder with mentalization-based treatment versus treatment as usual. Am. J. Psychiatry 165:631-638 (Pubitemid 351705341)
8. Bender DS, Skodol AE. 2007. Borderline personality as a self-other representational disturbance. J. Personal. Disord. 21:500-517
9. Bernstein DP, Cohen P, Skodol A, Bezirganian S, Brook JS. 1993. Prevalence and stability of the DSM-III personality disorders in a community-based survey of adolescents. Am. J. Psychiatry 150:1237-1243 (Pubitemid 23218908)
10. Binks CA, Fenton M, McCarthy L, Lee T, Adams CE, Duggan C. 2006a. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1:CD005652
11. Binks CA, Fenton M, McCarthy L, Lee T, Adams CE, Duggan C. 2006b. Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1:CD005653
12. Black DW, Baumgard CH, Bell SE. 1995. A 16- to 45-year follow-up of 71 men with antisocial personality disorder. Compr. Psychiatry 36:130-140
13. Blum N, St. John D, Pfohl B, Stuart S, McCormick B, et al. 2008. Systems training for emotional predictability and problem solving (STEPPS) for outpatients with borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial and 1-year follow-up. Am. J. Psychiatry 165:468-478 (Pubitemid 351694290)
14. Bogenschutz MP, Nurnberg GH. 2004. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65:104-109
15. Brown GK, Newman CF, Charlesworth SE, Crits-Cristoph P, Beck A. 2004. An open clinical trial of cognitive therapy for borderline personality disorder. J. Personal. Disord. 18:257-271 (Pubitemid 38857555)
16. Browne A, Finkelhor D. 1986. Impact of child sexual abuse: a review of the literature. Psychol. Bull. 99:66-77
17. Clarkin JF, Lenzenweger MF, Yeomans F, Levey KN, Kernberg OF. 2007a. An object relations model of borderline pathology. J. Personal. Disord. 21:474-499 (Pubitemid 350006878)
18. Clarkin JF, Levy KN, Lenzenweger MF, Kernberg OF. 2004. The Personality Disorders Institute/Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation randomized control trial for borderline personality disorder: rationale, methods, and patient characteristics. J. Personal. Disord. 18:52-72
19. Clarkin JF, Levy KN, Lenzenweger MF, Kernberg OF. 2007b. Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder: a multiwave study. Am. J. Psychiatry 164:1-8
20. Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ. 1997. Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in personality-disordered subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 54:1081-1088
21. Coccaro EF, Siever LJ, Klar HM, Maurer G, Cochrane K, et al. 1989. Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46:587-599
22. Coid J, Yang N, Tyrer P, Roberts S, Ullirch S. 2006. Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain. Br. J. Psychiatry 188:423-431
23. Costa PT, Widiger TA, eds. 2002. Personality Disorders and the Five Factor Model of Personality. Washington, DC: Am. Psychol. Assoc. 2nd ed.
24. Cowdry RW, Gardner DL. 1988. Pharmacotherapy of borderline personality disorder: alprazolam, carbamazepine, trifluoperazine, and tranylcypromine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 45:111-119
25. Davidson K, Tyrer P, Gumley A, Tata P, Norrie J, Palmer S. 2006. The effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder: results from the borderline personality disorder study of cognitive therapy BOSCOT trial. J. Personal. Dis. 20:450-465 (Pubitemid 44580879)
26. Engel GL. 1980. The clinical application of the biopsychosocial model. Am. J. Psychiatry 137:535-544
27. Fergusson DM, Mullen PE. 1999. Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Evidence-Based Perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
28. Forman EM, Berk MS, Henriques GR, Brown GK, Beck AT. 2004. History of multiple suicide attempts as a behavioral marker of severe psychopathology. Am. J. Psychiatry 161:437-443
29. Fossati A, Madeddu F, Maffei C. 1999. Borderline personality disorder and childhood sexual abuse: a meta-analytic study. J. Personal. Disord. 13:268-280 (Pubitemid 29451188)
30. Frankenburg FR, Zanarini MC. 2002. Divalproex sodium treatment of women with borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 63:442-446
31. Giesen-Bloo J, van Dyck R, Spinhoven P, van Tilburg W, Dirksen C, et al. 2006. Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: randomized trial of schema-focused therapy vs. transference-focused psychotherapy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63:649-658 (Pubitemid 43848296)
32. Gunderson JG. 2001. Borderline Personality Disorder: A Clinical Guide. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Press
33. Gunderson JG, Frank AF, Ronningstam EF, Wahter S, Lynch VJ, Wolf PJ. 1989. Early discontinuance of borderline patients from psychotherapy. J. Nerv. Ment. Disord. 177:38-40
34. Gunderson JG, Phillips KA. 1991. A current view of the interface between borderline personality disorder and depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 148:967-975
35. Hoffman PD, Fruzetti AE, Buteau E, Neiditch ER, Penney D, et al. 2005. Family connections: a pilot study of a family program for relatives of persons with borderline personality disorder. Family Process. 44:217-225 (Pubitemid 40816333)
36. Hollander E, Swann AC, Coccaro EF, Jiang P, Smith TB. 2005. Impact of trait impulsivity and state aggression on divalproex versus placebo response in borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 162:621-624 (Pubitemid 40343936)
37. Huband N, McMurran M, Evans C, Duggan C. 2007. Social problem-solving plus psychoeducation for adults with personality disorder: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry 190:307-313 (Pubitemid 46580679)
38. Isacsson G, Holmgren P, Druid H, Bergman U. 1999. Psychotropics and suicide prevention. Implications from toxicological screening of 5281 suicides in Sweden 1992-1994. Br. J. Psychiatry 174:259-265 (Pubitemid 29147243)
39. Kavoussi RJ, Coccaro EF. 1998. Divalproex sodium for impulsive aggressive behavior in patients with personality disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 59:676-680
40. Kernberg PF, Weiner AS, Bardenstein KK. 2000. Personality Disorders in Children and Adolescents. New York: Basic
41. Klonsky ED, Moyer A. 2008. Childhood sexual abuse and nonsuicidal self-injury: meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry 192:166-170 (Pubitemid 351347373)
42. Koenigsberg HW, Harvey PD, Mitropoulou V, Schmeidler J, New AS, et al. 2002. Characterizing affective instability in borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 159:784-788 (Pubitemid 34465052)
43. Korner A, Gerull F, Meares R, Stevenson J. 2006. Borderline personality disorder treated with the conversational model: a replication study. Compr. Psychiatry 47:406-411 (Pubitemid 44188638)
44. Lenzenweger MF, Lane MC, Loranger AW, Kessler RC. 2007. DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol. Psychiatry 62:553-564 (Pubitemid 47314365)
45. Linehan MM, Armstrong HE, Suarez A, Allmon D, Heard H. 1991. Cognitive behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48:1060-1064
46. Linehan MM, Comtois KA, Murray AM, Brown MZ, Gallop RJ, et al. 2006. Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs. therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63:757-766
47. Linehan MM. 1993. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford
48. Links PS, Heslegrave R, van Reekum R. 1999. Impulsivity, core aspect of borderline personality disorder. J. Personal. Disord. 13:131-139 (Pubitemid 29195452)
49. Links PS, Mitton JE, Steiner M. 1990. Predicting outcome for borderline personality disorder. Compr. Psychiatry 31:490-498 (Pubitemid 20381499)
50. Links PS, Steiner M, Boiago I, Irwin D. 1990. Lithium therapy for borderline patients: preliminary findings. J. Personal. Disord. 4:173-181 (Pubitemid 20339898)
51. Livesley WJ, Jang KL, Vernon PA. 1998. Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55:941-948
52. Livesley WJ, Jang K. 2008. The behavioral genetics of personality disorder. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 4:247-274
53. Livesley WJ. 2003. The Practical Management of Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford
54. Loew TH, Nickel MK, Muehlbacher M, Kaplan P, Nickel C, Kettler C. 2006. Topiramate treatment for women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 26:61-66 (Pubitemid 43167093)
55. Loranger AW, Sartori N, Andreoli A, Berger P, Bucheim P, Channabasavanna SM. 1994. The international personality disorder examination. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51:215-224
56. Lynch TR, Chapman AL, Rosenthal MZ, Kuo JR, Linehan MM. 2006. Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy: theoretical and empirical observations. J. Clin. Psychol. 62:459-480
57. Malinovsky-Rummell R, Hansen DJ. 1993. Long-term consequences of physical abuse. Psychol. Bull. 114:68-79
58. Markowitz PJ. 1995. Pharmacotherapy of impulsivity, aggression, and related disorders. In Impulsivity and Aggression, ed. E Hollander, DJ Stein, pp. 263-286 New York:Wiley
59. McEvoy JP, Meyer J, Goff DC, Nasrallah HA. 2005. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE). Schizophr. Res. 80:19-32
60. McGlashan TH. 1986. The Chestnut Lodge follow-up study III: long-term outcome of borderline personalities. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43:2-30
61. McGlashan TH. 1993. Implications of outcome research for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. See Paris 1993, pp. 235-260
62. McKenzie MS, McFarland BH. 2007. Trends in antidepressant overdoses. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 16:513-523
63. Millon T. 1993. Borderline personality disorder: a psychosocial epidemic. See Paris 2003, pp. 197-210
64. Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM, Schmitz JM, Swann AC. 2001. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. Am. J. Psychiatry 158:1783-1793
65. Monroe SM, Simons AD. 1991. Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research. Psychol. Bull. 110:406-425
66. Newton-Howes G, Tyrer P, Johnson T. 2006. Personality disorder and the outcome of depression: meta-analysis of published studies. Br. J. Psychiatry 188:13-20 (Pubitemid 43021921)
67. Oldham JM, Gabbard GO, Goin MK, Gunderson J, Soloff P, et al. 2001. Practice guideline for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 158(Suppl.):1-52 (Pubitemid 32275318)
68. O'Leary KM, Cowdry RW. 1994. Neuropsychological testing results with patients with borderline personality disorder. In Biological and Neurobehavioral Studies of Borderline Personality Disorder, ed. KR Silk, pp. 127-58.Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Press
69. Paris J, ed. 1993. Borderline Personality Disorder: Etiology and Treatment. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Press
70. Paris J. 1996. Social Factors in the Personality Disorders: A Biopsychosocial Approach to Etiology and Treatment. London: Cambridge Univ. Press
71. Paris J. 2003. Personality Disorders Over Time. Washington, DC: Am. Psychiatr. Press
72. Paris J. 2007. The nature of borderline personality disorder: multiple symptoms, multiple dimensions, but one category. J. Personal. Disord. 21:457-473 (Pubitemid 350006877)
73. Paris J. 2008a. The Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: An Evidence-Based Guide to Practice. New York: Guilford
74. Paris J. 2008b. Prescriptions for the Mind: A Critical View of Contemporary Psychiatry. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
75. Paris J, Brown R, Nowlis D. 1987. Long-term outcome of borderline patients in a general hospital. Compr. Psychiatry 28:530-535 (Pubitemid 18018780)
76. Paris J, Gunderson JG, Weinberg I. 2007. The interface between borderline personality disorder and bipolar spectrum disorder. Compr. Psychiatry 48:145-154 (Pubitemid 46204668)
77. Paris J, Zweig-Frank H. 2001. A twenty-seven-year follow-up of borderline patients. Compr. Psychiatry 42:482-487
78. Paris J, Zweig-Frank H, Guzder J. 1994. Psychological risk factors for borderline personality disorder in female patients. Compr. Psychiatry 35:301-305 (Pubitemid 24214819)
79. Paris J, Zweig-Frank H, Ng F, Schwartz G, Steiger H, Nair V. 2004. Neurobiological correlates of diagnosis and underlying traits in patients with borderline personality disorder compared with normal controls. Psychiatr. Res. 121:239-252 (Pubitemid 37522177)
80. Plakun EM, Burkhardt PE, Muller JP. 1985. 14-year follow-up of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders. Compr. Psychiatry 27:448-455 (Pubitemid 15006062)
81. Pope HG, Jonas JM, Hudson JI. 1983. The validity of DSM-III borderline personality disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 40:23-30
82. Reichborn-Kjennerud T. 2008. Genetics of personality disorders. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 31:421-440
83. Rind B, Trofimovitch P, Bauserman R. 1998. A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychol. Bull. 124:22-53 (Pubitemid 128459539)
84. Rinne T, Van Den Brink W,Wouters L, van Dyck R. 2002. SSRI treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial for female patients with borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 159:2048-2054 (Pubitemid 35423864)
85. Russell J, Moskowitz D, Sookman D, Paris J. 2007. Affective instability in patients with borderline personality disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 116:578-588 (Pubitemid 46204668)
86. Rutter M. 2006. Genes and Behavior: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained. London: Blackwell Sci.
87. Rutter M, Rutter M. 1993. Developing Minds: Challenge and Continuity Across the Life Span. New York: Basic
88. Rutter M, Smith DJ. 1995. Psychosocial Problems in Young People. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
89. Salzman C, Wolfson AN, Schatzberg A, Looper J, Henke R, et al. 1995. Effect of fluoxetine on anger in symptomatic volunteers with borderline personality disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 15:23-29
90. Samuels J, Eaton WW, Bienvenu J, Clayton P, Brown H, et al. 2002. Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. Br. J. Psychiatry 180:536-554 (Pubitemid 34596805)
91. Schmideberg M. 1959. The borderline patient. In The American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S Arieti, Vol.I, pp. 398-416. New York: Basic
92. Shea MT, Pilkonis PA, Beckham E, Collins JF, Elikin E, et al. 1990. Personality disorders and treatment outcome in the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Am. J. Psychiatry 147:711-718 (Pubitemid 20188508)
93. Siever LJ, Davis KL. 1991. A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 148:1647-1658
94. Silbersweig D, Clarkin JF, Goldstein M, Kernberg OF, Tuescher K, Levy KN. 2007. Failure of frontolimbic inhibitory function in the context of negative emotion in borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 164:1832-1841 (Pubitemid 351739236)
95. Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, Shea MT, McGlashan TH, Morey LC, et al. 2005. The collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study CLPS: overview and implications. J. Personal. Disord. 19:487-504
96. Soler J, Pascual JC, Campins J, Barrachina J, Puigdemont D, et al. 2005. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of dialectical behavior therapy plus olanzapine for borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 162:1221-1224 (Pubitemid 40770712)
97. Soloff PH, Cornelius J, George A, Nathan S, Perel JM, et al. 1993. Efficacy of phenelzine and haloperidol in borderline personality disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50:377-385 (Pubitemid 23143127)
98. Stanley B, Brodsky B, Nelson J, Dulit R. 2007. Brief dialectical behavior therapy for suicidality and self-injurious behaviors. Arch. Suicide Res. 11:337-341
99. Stern A. 1938. Psychoanalytic investigation of and therapy in the borderline group of neuroses. Psychoanal. Q. 7:467-489
100. Stevenson J, Meares R. 1992. An outcome study of psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 149:358-362
101. Stevenson J, Meares R, D'Angelo R. 2005. Five-year outcome of outpatient psychotherapy with borderline patients. Psychol. Med. 35:79-87 (Pubitemid 40201918)
102. Stone MH. 1990. The Fate of Borderline Patients. New York: Guilford
103. Torgersen S, Lygren S, Oien PA, Skre I, Onstad S, et al. 2000. A twin study of personality disorders. Compr. Psychiatry 41:416-425
104. Torgersen S, Kringlen E, Cramer V. 2001. The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 58:590-596 (Pubitemid 32523740)
105. Tritt K, Nickel C, Lahmann C, Leiberich PK, Rother WK, et al. 2005. Lamotrigine treatment of aggression in female borderline-patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Psychopharmacol. 19:287-291 (Pubitemid 40694947)
106. Vaillant GE. 1995. The Natural History of Alcoholism Revisited. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
107. Wampold BE. 2001. The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
108. Weinberg I, Gunderson JG, Hennen J, Cutter CJ Jr. 2006. Manual assisted cognitive treatment for deliberate self-harm in borderline personality disorder patients. J. Personal. Disord. 20:482-492 (Pubitemid 44580881)
109. White CN, Gunderson JG, Zanarini MC,Hudson JI. 2003. Family studies of borderline personality disorder: a review. Harvard Rev. Psychiatry 12:118-119
110. Widiger TA. 2005. CIC, CLPS, and MSAD. J. Personal. Disord. 19:586-593
111. Young JE. 1999. Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Schema-Focused Approach. Sarasota, FL: Prof. Resource Press. 3rd ed.
112. Zanarini MC. 2000. Childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 23:89-101
113. ZanariniMC,Frankenburg FR. 2001. Olanzapine treatment of female borderline personality disorder patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 62:849-854 (Pubitemid 33131170)
114. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR. 2007. The essential nature of borderline psychopathology. J. Personal. Disord. 21:518-535
115. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J, Reich DB, Silk KR. 2005. The McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD): overview and implications of the first six years of prospective follow-up. J. Personal. Disord. 19:505-523 (Pubitemid 41618524)
116. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Khera GS, Bleichmar J. 2001. Treatment histories of borderline inpatients. Compr. Psychiatry 42:144-150
117. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Parachini EA. 2004. A preliminary, randomized trial of fluoxetine, olanzapine, and the olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in women with borderline personality disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65:903-907
118. Zanarini MC, Gunderson JG, Frankenburg FR. 1990. Cognitive features of borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 147:57-63 (Pubitemid 20025507)
119. Zimmerman M, Mattia JL. 1999. Differences between clinical and research practices in diagnosing borderline personality disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 156:1570-1574 (Pubitemid 29459989)
120. Zimmerman M, Rothschild L, Chelminski I. 2005. The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. Am. J. Psychiatry 162:1911-1918 (Pubitemid 41428621)