Intellectual development across the lifespan: Sources of variability and levels of analysis;Développement intellectual au cours du cycle de vie : Sources de variabilité et niveaux d'analyse

Annee Psychologique

Volumn 108, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 757-793

  Lindenberger, Ulman ^a   Chicherio, Christian ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650115461     PISSN: 00035033     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4074/S0003503308004077     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Allaire, J.-C., & Marsiske, M. (2005). Intrain-dividual variability may not always indicate vulnerability in elders' cognitive performance. Psychology and Aging, 20, 390-401.
2. Allen, P.A., Weber, T.A., & May, N. (1993). Age differences in letter and color matching : Selective attention or internal noise ? Journal of Gerontology : Psychological Sciences, 48, 69-77.
3. Arnsten, A.F.T. (1998). Catecholamine modulation of prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2, 437-447.
4. Bäckman, L., Nyberg, L., Lindenberger, U., Li, S.C., & Farde, L. (2006). The correlative triad among aging, dopamine, and cognition : Current status and future prospects. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 791-807.
5. Balota, D.A., Duchek, J.-M., & Logan, J.-M. (sous presse). Is expanded retrieval practice a superior form of spaced retrieval ? A critical review of the extent literature. In J.-S. Nairne (Ed.), The foundations of remembering : Essays in honor of Henry L. Roediger III (pp. 83-105). New York : Psychology Press.
6. Baltes, P.B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology : On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23, 611-626.
7. Baltes, P.B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny : Selection, optimization, and compensation as foundation of developmental theory. American Psychologist, 52, 366-380.
8. Baltes, P.B., & Lindenberger, U. (1997). Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span : A new window to the study of cognitive aging ? Psychology and Aging, 12, 12-21.
9. Baltes, P.B., Reese, H.W., & Nesselroade, J.R. (1988). Life-span developmental psychology : Introduction to research methods. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum.
10. Cabeza, R. (2001). Functional neuroimaging of cognitive aging. In R. Cabeza & A. Kingstone (Eds.), Handbook of functional neuroimaging of cognition (pp. 331-377). Cambridge : MIT Press.
11. Cabeza, R. (2002). Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in old adults : The HAROLD model. Psychology and Aging, 17, 85-100.
12. Cabeza, R. Anderson, N.D., Locantore, J.K., & McIntosh, A.R. (2002). Aging gracefully : Compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults. Neuroimage, 17, 1394-1402.
13. Cabeza, R., McIntosh, A.R., Tulving, E., Nyberg, L., & Grady, C.L. (1997). Age-related differences in effective neural connectivity during encoding and recall. Neuroreport, 8, 3479-3483.
14. Cabeza, R., Nyberg, L., & Park, D.C. (2004). Cognitive neuroscience of aging : The birth of a new discipline. In R. Cabeza, L. Nyberg, & D.C. Park (Eds.). Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging : Linking Cognitive and Cerebral Aging (pp. 3-18). New York : Oxford University Press.
15. Carroll, J.-B. (1993). Human Cognitive Abilities : A Survey of Factor Analytic Studies. New York : Cambridge University Press.
16. Cattell, R.B. (1971). Abilities : Their structure, growth, and action. Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin.
17. Chicherio, C. (2006). Contrôle ex́cutif et ŕseaux neurofonctionnels au cours du vieillissement normal : Un test de l'hypothèse de d́-diff́renciation cognitive. Manuscrit de thèse de doctorat. Facult́ de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation : Universit́ de Genève.
18. Cohen, J.-D., Servan-Schreiber, D., & McClelland, J.-L. (1992). A parallel distributed processing approach to automaticity. American Journal of Psychology, 105, 239-269.
19. Colcombe, S.J., Kramer, A.F., Erickson, K.I., & Scalf, P. (2006). The implications of cortical recruitment and brain morphology for individual differences in inhibitory function in aging humans. Psychology and Aging, 20, 363-375.
20. Collins, J.-J., Chow, C.C., & Inhoff, T.T. (1995). Stochastic resonance without tuning. Nature, 376 (6537), 236-238.
21. Craik, F.I.M. (1983). On the transfer of information from temporary to permanent memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal society of London, B302, 341-359.
22. Craik, F.I.M., Byrd, M., & Swanson, J.-M. (1987). Patterns of memory loss in three elderly samples. Psychology and aging, 2, 79-86.
23. Cronbach, L.J. (1957). The two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist, 12, 671-684.
24. de Frias, C., Lövden, M., Lindenberger, U., & Nilsson, L.G. (sous presse). Revisiting the dedifferentiation hypothesis with longitudinal multi-cohort data. Intelligence.
25. de Jong, R. (2001). Adult age differences in goal activation and goal maintenance. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 13, 71-89.
26. Della-Maggiore, V., Grady, C.L., & McIn-tosh, A.R. (2002). Dissecting the effect of aging on the neural substrates of memory : Deterioration, preservation or functional reorganization ? Reviews in the Neurosciences, 13, 167-181.
27. Della-Maggiore, V., Sekuler, A.B., Grady, C.L., Bennett, P.J., Sekuler, R., & McIn-tosh, A.R. (2000). Corticolimbic interactions associated with performance on a short-term memory task are modified by age. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 8410-8416. de Ribaupierre, A. (1995). Variabilit́ interet intra-individuelle dans le fonctionnement de la ḿmoire de travail. In J. Lautrey (Ed.), Universel et diff́rentiel en psychologie (pp.159-189). Paris : PUF.
28. de Ribaupierre, A. (1996). Variability and cognitive development - Commentary. Polish Quarterly of Developmental Psychology, 2, 97-104.
29. de Ribaupierre, A. (2003). De la sṕcificit́ de la psychologie diff́rentielle et de la difficult́ d'articuler diff́rences individuelles et diff́rences d́veloppementales. In A. vom Hofe, H. Charvin, J.-L. Bernaud, & D. Gú-don (Eds.), Psychologie diff́rentielle : Recherches et ŕflexions (pp. 29-43). Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
30. de Ribaupierre, A., Borella, E., & Delaloye, C. (2003). Inhibition et variabilit́ individuelle : Ǵńralit́ ou sṕcificit́ des processus inhibiteurs. In S. Moutier (Ed.), Trait́ des sciences cognitives : Inhibition neurale et cognitive (pp. 103-124). Paris : Hermès-Lavoisier.
31. de Ribaupierre, A., Ghisletta, P., & Lecerf, T. (2006). Étude de la variabilit́ inter- et intra-individuelle au cours du cycle de vie. In C. Houssemand, R. Martin, & P. Dickes (Eds.), Perspectives de psychologie diff́rentielle (pp. 169-193). Rennes : Presse Universitaires de Rennes.
32. Dragoi, V., & Staddon, E.R. (1999). The dynamics of operant conditioning. Psychological Review, 106, 20-61.
33. Dunlosky, J., C. Hertzog, et al. (2005). The contribution of mediator-based deficiencies to age differences in associative learning. Developmental Psychology, 41, 389-400.
34. Dunn, J.-C., & Kirsner, K. (1988). Discovering functionally independent mental processes : The principle of reversed association. Psychological Review, 95, 91-101.
35. Durstewitz, D., Kelc, M., & Güntürkün, O. (1999). A neurocomputational theory of the dopaminergic modulation of working memory functions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 2807-2822.
36. Duverne, S., & Lemaire, P. (2004). Age-Related Differences in Arithmetic Problem-Verification Strategies. Journals of Gerontology : Series B : Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 59B, 135-142.
37. Duverne, S., & Lemaire, P. (2005). Arithmetic split effects reflect strategy selection : An adult age comparative study in addition comparison and verification tasks. Canadian Journal of Experimental psychology, 59, 262-278.
38. Ericsson, K.A., & Smith, J. (1991). Towards a general theory of expertise : Prospects and limits. New York : Cambridge University Press.
39. Erixon-Lindroth, N., Farde, L., Wahlin, T.B., Sovago, J., Halldin, C., & Bäckman, L. (2005). The role of the striatal dopamine transporter in cognitive aging. Psychiatry Research, 138 (1), 1-12.
40. Ghisletta, P., & Lindenberger, U. (2003). Age-based structural dynamics between perceptual speed and knowledge in the Berlin Aging Study : Direct evidence for ability dedifferentiation in old age. Psychology and Aging, 18, 696-713.
41. Ghisletta, P., & Lindenberger, U. (2004). Static and dynamic longitudinal structural analyses of cognitive changes in old age. Gerontology, 50, 12-16.
42. Ghisletta, P., & de Ribaupierre, A. (2005). A dynamic investigation of cognitive dedif-ferentiation with control for retest : Evidence from the Swiss Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on the Oldest Old. Psychology and Aging, 20, 671-682.
43. Ghisletta, P., Lecerf, T., Atzeni, T., & de Ri-baupierre, A. (2006). Étude de la variabilit́ inter-individuelle dans deux versions de Stroop couleur. In C. Houssemand, R. Martin, & P. Dickes (Eds.), Perspectives de psychologie diff́rentielle (pp. 193-197). Rennes : Presse Universitaires de Rennes.
44. Ghisletta, P., Lecerf, T., & de Ribaupierre, A. (2003). Étude de la variabilit́ inter- et intra-individuelle dans des ́preuves d'inhibition, de ḿmoire de travail et de vitesse de traitement. In A. vom Hofe, H. Charvin, J.-L. Bernaud, & D. Gúdon (Eds.), Psychologie diff́rentielle : Recherches et ŕflexions (pp. 217-221). Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
45. Ghisletta, P., Nesselroade, J.-R., Feather-man, D.L., & Rowe, J.W. (2002). The structure, validity, and predictive power of weekly intraindividual variability in health and activity measures. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 61, 73-83.
46. Gobet, F., & Simon, H.A. (1996). The roles of recognition processes and look-ahead search in time-constrained expert problem solving : Evidence from grand-master-level chess. Psychological Science, 7, 52-55.
47. Grady, C.L. (2002). Age-related differences in face processing : a meta-analysis of three functional neuroimaging experiments. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, 208-220.
48. Grady, C.L., McIntosh, A.R., & Craik, F.I.M. (2005). Task-related activity in pre-frontal cortex and its relation to recognition memory performance in young and old adults. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1466-1481.
49. Gravelle, D.C., Laughton, C.A., Dhruv, N.T., Katdare, K.D., Niemi, J.-B., Lipsitz, L.A., & Collins, J.-J. (2002). Noise-enhanced balance control in older adults. Neuroreport, 13, 1853-1856.
50. Green, J.T., Ivry, R.B., & Woodruff-Pak, D.S. (1999). Timing in eye-blink classical conditioning and timed-interval tapping. Psychological Science, 10, 19-23.
51. Hertzog, C., Cooper, B.P., & Fisk, A.D. (1996). Aging and intellectual differences in the development of skilled memory search performance. Psychology and Aging, 11, 497-520.
52. Hofer, S.M., & Sliwinski, M.J. (2001). Understanding Ageing. An evaluation of research designs for assessing the inter-deprendence of ageing-related changes. Gerontology, 47, 341-352.
53. Horn, J.-L. (1989). Models of intelligence. In R.L. Linn (Ed.), Intelligence : Measurement, theory, and public policy (pp. 29-73). Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press.
54. Horn, J.-L., & Hofer, S.M. (1992). Major abilities and development in the adult period. In R.J. Sternberg & C.A. Berg (Eds.), Intellectual development (pp. 44-99). New York, NY : Cambridge University Press.
55. Hultsch, D.F., & MacDonald, S.W.S. (2004). Intraindividual variability in performance as a theoretical window onto cognitive aging. In A. Dixon, L. Bäck-man, & L.G. Nilsson (Eds.), New frontiers in cognitive aging (pp. 65-88). New York : Oxford University Press.
56. Hultsch, D.F., MacDonald, S.W.S., Hunter, M.A., Levy-Bencheton, J., & Strauss, E. (2000). Intraindividual variability in cognitive performance in older adults : Comparison of adults with mild dementia, adults with arthritis, and healthy adults. Neuropsychology, 14, 588-598.
57. Hutchinson, K.A., & Balota, D.A. (2003). Structure versus processing deficits in Alzheimer's disease, a matter of degree : A comment on Storms et al. (2003). Neuropsychology, 7, 306-309.
58. Huteau, M., & Lautrey, J. (1999). Approches diff́rentielles en psychologie. Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
59. Inoue, M., Suhara, T., Sudo, Y., Okubo, Y., Yasuno, F., Kishimoto, T., Yoshikawa, K., & Tanada, S. (2001). Age-related reduction of extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptor measured by PET. Life science, 69, 1079-1084.
60. Kaasinen, V., Vilkman, H., Hietala, J., Nagren, K., Helenius, H., Olsson, H., Farde, L., & Rinne, J. (2000). Age-related dopa-mine D2/D3 receptor loss in extrastriatal regions of the human brain. Neurobiology of Aging, 21, 683-688.
61. Kinsbourne, M. (1981). Single-channel theory. In D. Holding (Ed.), Human skills (pp. 65-89). New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons.
62. Kinsbourne, M., & Hicks, R.E. (1978). Functional cerebral space : A model for overflow, transfer, and interference effects in human performances. In M. Kinsbourne (Ed.), Asymmetrical function of the brain (pp. 345-362). Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.
63. Lautrey, J. (1990). Esquisse d'un modèle pluraliste du d́veloppement cognitif. In M. Reuclin, J. Lautrey, C. Marendaz, & T. Lubart (Eds.), Cognition : L'individuel et l'universel (pp. 185-216). Paris : PUF.
64. Lautrey, J. (2003). A pluralistic approach to cognitive differenciation and development. In R.J. Sternberg, J. Lautrey, & T. Lubart (Eds.), Models of Intelligence : International perspectives (pp.117-131). Washington DC : American Psychological Association.
65. Lautrey, J., & Caroff, X. (1996). Variability and cognitive development. Polish Quarterly of Developmental Psychology, 2, 71-89.
66. Lautrey, J., Mazoyer, B.M., & Van Geert, P. (2002). Invariants et variabilit́s dans les sciences cognitives. Paris : Éditions de la maison des sciences de l'homme.
67. Lecerf, T., & Ghisletta, P. (2006). Variabilit́ intra-individuelle et ḿmoire de travail : invariance configurale ou invariance ḿtrique ? In C. Houssemand, R. Martin, & P. Dickes (Eds.), Perspectives de psychologie diff́rentielle (pp. 169-193). Rennes : Presse Universitaires de Rennes.
68. Lemaire, P., & Bherer, L. (2005). Psychologie du vieillissement : Une perspective cognitive. Bruxelles : De Boeck Universit́.
69. Li, S.C. (2002). Connecting the many levels and facets of cognitive aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 38-43.
70. Li, S.C. (2003). Biocultural orchestration of developmental plasticity across levels : The interplay of biology and culture in shaping the mind and behavior across the lifespan. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 171-194.
71. Li, S.C., & Lindenberger, U. (1999). Cross-level unification : A computational exploration of the link between deterioration of neuro-transmitter systems and dedifferentiation of cognitive abilities in old age. In L.G. Nils-son & H.J. Markowitsch (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of memory (pp. 103-146). Kirkland, WA : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
72. Li, S.C., & Lindenberger, U. (2002). Co-constructed functionality instead of functional normality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 761-762.
73. Li, S.C., & Sikström, S. (2002). Integrative neurocomputational perspectives on cognitive aging, neuromodulation, and representation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 795-808.
74. Li, S.C., Aggen, S., Nesselroade, J.-R., & Baltes, P.B. (2001). Short-term fluctuations in elderly people's sensorimotor functioning predict text and spatial memory performance : The MacArthur Successful Aging Studies. Gerontology, 47, 100-116.
75. Li, S.C., Huxhold, O., & Schmiedek, F. (2004). Aging and attenuated processing robustness : Evidence from cognitive and sensorimotor functioning. Gerontology, 50, 28-34.
76. Li, S.C., Lindenberger, U., & Frensch, P. A. (2000). Unifying cognitive aging : From neuromodulation to representation to cognition. Neurocomputing, 32-33, 879-890.
77. Li, S.C., Lindenberger, U., Hommel, B., As-chersleben, G., Prinz, W., & Baltes, P.B. (2004). Transformations in the couplings among intellectual abilities and constituent cognitive processes across the life span. Psychological Science, 15, 155-163.
78. Li, S.C., Lindenberger, U., & Sikström, S. (2001). Aging cognition : From neuromodulation to representation. Trends in Cognitive Science, 5, 479-486.
79. Li, S.C., Naveh-Benjamin, M., & Linden-berger, U. (2005). Aging neuromodulation impairs associative binding : A neurocom-putational account. Psychological Science, 16, 445-50.
80. Li, S.C., von Oertzen, T., & Lindenberger, U. (2006). A neurocomputational model of stochastic resonance and aging. Neurocomputing, 69, 1553-1560.
81. Lindenberger, U. (2001). Lifespan theories of cognitive development. In N.J. Smelser & P.B. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 13, pp. 8848-8854). Amsterdam : Elsevier.
82. Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P.B. (1994). Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age : A strong connection. Psychology and Aging, 9, 339-355.
83. Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P.B. (1997). Intellectual functioning in old and very old age : Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 12, 410-432.
84. Lindenberger, U., & von Oertzen, T. (2006). Variability in cognitive aging : From taxonomy to theory. In F.I.M. Craik & E. Bialystok (Eds.), Lifespan cognition : Mechanisms of change (pp. 297-314). Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press.
85. Lindenberger, U., Li, S.C., & Bäckman, L. (2006). Delineating brain-behavior mappings across the lifespan : Substantive and methodological advances in developmental neuroscience. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 713-717.
86. Lindenberger, U., Li, S.C., Lövd́n, M., & Schmiedek, F. (2007). The Center for Lifespan Psychology at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development : Overview of conceptual agenda and illustration of research activities. International Journal of Psychology, 42, 229-242.
87. Liu, W., Lipsitz, L.A., Montero-Odasso, M., Bean, J., Kerrigan, D.C., & Collins, J.-J. (2002). Noise-enhanced vibrotactile sensitivity in older adults, patients with stroke, and patients with diabetic neuropathy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 83, 171-176.
88. Logan, J.-M., Sanders, A.L., Snyder, A.Z., Morris, J.-C., & Buckner, R.L. (2002). Un-der-recruitment and non-selective recruitment : Dissociable neural mechanisms associated with aging. Neuron, 33, 827-840.
89. Logie, R.H., Della Salla, S., Laiacona, M., Chalmers, P., & Wynn, V. (1996). Group aggregates and individual variability : The case of verbal short-term memory. Memory and Cognition, 24, 305-321
90. Longeot, F. (1969). Psychologie diff́rentielle et th́orie oṕratoire de l'intelligence. Paris : Dunod.
91. Lövd́n, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2005). Development of intellectual abilities in old age : From age gradients to indivi- duals. In O. Wilhelm & R. W. Engle (Eds.), Handbook of understanding and measuring intelligence (pp. 203-221). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
92. Lövd́n, M., Li, S.C., Shing, Y.L., & Lin-denberger, U. (2007). Within-person trial-to-trial variability precedes and predicts cognitive decline in old and very old age : Longitudinal data from the Berlin Aging Study. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2827-2838.
93. MacDonald, S.W.S., Nyberg, L., & Bäck-man, L. (2006). Intra-individual variability in behavior : Link to brain structure, neurotransmission and neuronal activity. Trends in Neurosciences, 29, 474-480.
94. Martin, M., & Hofer, S.M. (2004). Intrain-dividual variability, change, and aging : Conceptual and analytical issues. Gerontology, 50, 7-11.
95. Mattay, V.S., Goldberg, T.E., Fera, F., Hariri, A.R., Tessitore, A., Egan, M.F., Kolachana, B., Callicott, J.H., & Weinberger, D.R. (2003). Catechol O-methyltransferase val158-met genotype and individual variation in the brain response to amphetamine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 6186-6191.
96. McIntosh, A.R., Sekuler, A.B., Penpeci, C., Rajah, M. N., Grady, C.L., Sekuler, R., & Bennett, P.J. (1999). Recruitment of unique neural systems to support visual memory in normal aging. Current Biology, 9, 1275-1280.
97. Miller, E.K., & Cohen, J.-D. (2001). An in-tegrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202.
98. Molenaar, P.C.M. (2002). Variabilit́ interindividuelle et intra-individuelle dans le d́veloppmement cognitif. In J. Lautrey, B.M. Mazoyer & P. Van Geert (Eds.), Invariants et variabilit́ dans les sciences cognitives (pp. 355-369). Paris : Éditions de la maison des sciences de l'homme.
99. Molenaar, P.C.M. (2004). A manifesto on psychology as idiographic science : Bringing the person back into scientific psychology, this time forever. Measurement, 2, 201-218.
100. Molenaar, P.C.M. (sous presse). The none-quivalence of structures of inter- and intra-individual variation associated with ergo-dic psychological processes. Current Directions in Psychological Science.
101. Molenaar, P.C.M., Huizenga, H.M., & Nesselroade, J.R. (2003). The relationship between the structure of interin-dividual and intraindividual variability : A theoretical and empirical vindication of developmental systems theory. In U.M. Stau-dinger & U. Lindenberger (Eds.), Understanding human development : Dialogues with lifespan psychology (pp. 339-360). Boston, MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers.
102. Morse, C.K. (1993). Does variability increase with age ? An archival study of cognitive measures. Psychology and Aging, 8, 156-164.
103. Moss, F., War, L.M., & Sannita, W.G. (2004). Stochastic resonance and sensory information processing : A tutorial and review of application. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 267-281.
104. Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2000). Adult age differences in memory performance : tests of an associative deficit hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Memory, Learning and Cognition, 26, 1170-1187.
105. Nelson, E.A., & Dannefer, D. (2002). Aged heterogeneity : Fact or fiction ? The fate of diversity in gerontological research. Gerontologist, 32, 17-23.
106. Nesselroade, J.-R., & Salthouse, T.A. (2004). Methodological and theoretical implications of intraindividual variability in perceptual-motor performance. Journal of Gerontology : Psychological Sciences, 59, 54-55.
107. Park, D.C., & Gutchess, A.H. (2005). Long-term memory and aging : A cognitive neuroscience perspective. In R. Cabeza, L. Nyberg & D.C. Park (Eds.), Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging : Linking Cognitive and Cerebral Aging (pp. 218-245). London : Oxford University Press.
108. Park, D.C., Polk, T.A., Park, R., Minear, M., Savage, A., & Smith, M.R. (2004).
109. Aging reduces neural specialization in ventral visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 12091-13095.
110. Persson, J., Nyberg, L., Lind, J., Larsson, A., Nilsson, L.G., Ingvar, M., & Buckner, R.L. (2005). Structure-fonction correlates of cognitive decline in aging. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 907-915.
111. Priplata, A.A., Niemi, J.-B., Harry, J.-D., Lipsitz, L.A., & Collins, J.-J. (2003). Vibrating insole and balance control in elderly people. Lancet, 362, 1123-1124.
112. Rabbitt, P.M.A., Osman, P., Moore, B., & Stollery, B.T. (2001). There are stable individual differences in performance variability, both from moment to moment and from day to day. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Experimental Psychology, 54A, 981-1003.
113. Rajah, M.N., & D'Esposito, M. (2005). Region-specific changes in prefrontal function with age : A review of PET and fMRI studies on working and episodic memory. Brain, 128, 1964-1983.
114. Ratcliff, G., Spiegel, D., & McKoon, G. (2000). Explicitly modeling the effects of aging on response time. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 7, 1-25.
115. nd Ed., pp. 1-90). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
116. Reuchlin, M. (1964). L'intelligence : Conception ǵńtique oṕratoire et conception factorielle. Revue Suisse de Psychologie Pure et Appliqúe, 23, 113-124.
117. Reuchlin, M. (1978). Processus vicariants et diff́rences individuelles. Journal de Psychologie, 2, 133-145.
118. Rogers, W. A., Hertzog, C, & Powell-Mo-man, A. (2000). An individual differences analysis of ability and strategy influences age-related differences in associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 359-394.
119. Salthouse, T.A. (1991). Expertise as the circumvention of human processing limitations. In K.A. Ericsson & J. Smith (Eds.). Toward a general theory of expertise : Prospects and limits (pp. 263-270). New York : Cambridge University Press.
120. Salthouse, T.A., & Berish, D.E. (2005). Correlates of within-person (across-occa-sion) variability in reaction time. Neuropsychology, 19, 77-87.
121. Servan-Schreiber, D., Printz, H., & Cohen, J.-D. (1990). A network model of cathe-cholamine effects : Gain, signal-to-noise ratio, and behavior. Science, 249, 892-894
122. Siegler, R. S. (1996). Emerging minds : The process of change in children's thinking. New York : Oxford University Press.
123. Singer, T., Verhaeghen, P., Ghisletta, P., Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P.B. (2003). The fate of cognition in very old age : Six-year longitudinal findings from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE). Psychology and Aging, 18, 318-331.
124. Spieler, D.H., Balota, D.A., & Faust, M.E. (1996). Stroop performance in healthy younger and older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance, 22, 461-479.
125. Spieler, D.H., Balota, D.A., & Faust, M.E. (2000). Levels of selective attention revealed through analyses of response time distributions. Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance, 26, 506-526.
126. Strauss, E., MacDonald, S.W., Hunter, M., Moll, M., & Hultsch, D.F. (2002). Intrain-dividual variability in cognitive performance in three groups of older : Cross-domain links to physical status and self-perceived affect and beliefs. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 893-906.
127. Storms, G., Dirkx, T., Saerens, J.S.V., & De Deyn, P.P. (2003). On the use of scaling and clustering in the study of semantic deficits. Neuropsychology, 17, 289-301.
128. Tetens, J.N. (1777). Philosophische Versuche über die menschliche Natur und ihre Entwicklung. Leipzig : Weidmanns Erben und Reich.
129. Van Geert, P., & van Dijk, M. (2002). Focus on variability : New tools to study in-traindividual variability in developmental data. Infant Behavior and Development, 25, 340-374.
130. Welford, A.T. (1965). Performance, biological mechanisms and age : A theoretical sketch. In A.T. Welford & J.E. Birren (Eds.), Behavior, aging, and the nervous system (pp. 3-20). Springfield, IL : Thomas.
131. Welford, A.T. (1981). Signal, noise, performance and aging. Human Factors, 23, 97-109.
132. Wells, C., Ward, L.M., Chua, R.T., & Timothy Inglis, J. (2005). Touch noise increases vibrotactile sensitivity in old and young. Psychological Sciences, 16, 313-320.
133. Wiesenfeld, K., & Moss, F. (1995). Stochastic resonance and the benefits of noise : From ice ages to crayfish and SQUIDs. Nature, 373, 33-36.