Cadmium flows caused by the worldwide production of primary zinc metal

Journal of Industrial Ecology

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 438-454

  Achternbosch, Matthias ^a   Kupsch, Christel ^b   Sardemann, Gerhard ^b   Brautigam, Klaus Rainer ^b  

^a KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Heavy metals; Industrial ecology; Material flow analysis (mfa); Mining substance flow analysis (sfa); Zinc production

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM OXIDE; CONSUMER GOODS; ECONOMIC CYCLES; IMPURITIES IN; INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY; INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT; KEY MATERIALS; MATERIAL FLOW; MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS (MFA); MODEL CALCULATIONS; TOXIC SUBSTANCES; WORLDWIDE PRODUCTION; ZINC EXTRACTION; ZINC METAL; ZINC MINERAL; ZINC ORES; ZINC PRODUCTION;

CADMIUM; CADMIUM COMPOUNDS; FLOTATION; IMPURITIES; METAL ANALYSIS; METAL RECOVERY; METALS; MINERALS; MINING; NICKEL OXIDE; ORES; PULSATILE FLOW; SMELTING; TOXIC MATERIALS; ZINC; ZINC ORE TREATMENT;

EXTRACTION;

CADMIUM; ECONOMIC CYCLE; EXTRACTION METHOD; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE; INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION; TRADE-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONS; ZINC;

EID: 67649997021     PISSN: 10881980     EISSN: 15309290     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00128.x     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Adriano, D. C. 2001. Trace elements in terrestrial environments: Biochemistry, bioavailability and the risks of metals. Second edition. New York: Springer.
2. ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 2006. ToxFAQs for cadmium. www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts5.html. Accessed October 2008.
3. Berdowski, J., P. Van Der Most, C. Veldt, and J. Bloos. 2003. Emissions inventory guidebook, activity 030305, primary zinc production. The Hague, the Netherlands: Inspectorate for the Environment, Department for Monitoring and Information Management.
4. BGR (Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe). 2002. Bundesrepublik Deutschland Rohstoffsituation 2002 [Federal Republic of Germany raw material situation 2002] Rohstoffliche Landerstudien Heft XXVII. Hanover, Germany: BGR.
5. Bi, X., X. Fenga, Y. Yanga, G. Qiua, and G. Lia. 2006. Quantitative assessment of cadmium emission from zinc smelting and its influences on the surface soils and mosses in Hezhang County, Southwestern China. Atmospheric Environment 40(22): 4228-4233.
6. Boffetta, P. 1993. Carcinogenicity of trace elements with reference to evaluations made by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Scandinavian Journal ofWork, Environment & Health 19: 67-70.
7. Brautigam, K.-R., M. Achternbosch, C. Kupsch, and G. Sardemann. 2008. Management of cadmium flows under the aspect ofestablishing closed loops. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Management 18(1): 25-32.
8. CMT (Copper Mines of Tasmania). 2008. Copper concentrate. www.cmt.com.au/copper.asp. Accessed October 2008.
9. Fthenakis, V. M. 2004. Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 8: 303-334.
10. Gordon, R. B., T. E. Graedel, M. Bertram, K. Fuse, R. Lifset, H. Rechberger, and S. Spatari. 2003. The characterization of technological zinc cycles. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 39: 107-135.
11. Grant, R. M. 1993. Zinc concentrate and processing trends. In World zinc '93 ,editedbyI. G. Matthew. Carlton, Australia: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.
12. GZI (German Zinc Industry). 2005. Confidential personal communication. 7 March 2005.
13. Harald Resources. 2008. Dairi zinc/lead project. www.herald.net.au/ default.asp?V-DOC-ID=789. Accessed October 2008.
14. Hassal, C. 2001. The near-term outlook for the global lead and zinc industry. Paper presented at the Metals Outlook Summit, 18 - 19 October, London. www.chrmetals.com/chr/CHRPortal.nsf/ 0/7aafe0ea7ca25cf980256b6f005bbc2e/ $FILE/ CHRMetalsOutlook2001.pdf. Accessed October 2008.
15. Hassal, C. and H. Roberts. 2000. New technologies for the next millennium: Market fundamentals and the evolution of lead and zinc supply. Paper presented at the TMS Lead-Zinc Symposium, 22 - 25 October, Pittsburgh, PA. www.chrmetals.com/chr/CHRPortal.nsf/000000 000000000000000000/1f79e4930869 ce4a802569e40037c06b?OpenDocument. Accessed October 2008.
16. Hawkins, T. R., H. S. Matthews, and C. Hendrickson. 2006. Closing the loop on cadmium. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 11(1): 38-48.
17. ILZSG (International Lead and Zinc Study Group). 2006. www.ilzsg.org. Accessed October 2008.
18. IZA (International Zinc Association). 2004. Zinc guide: Brussels. www.zincworld.org/Documents/ Communications/Publications/ZincGuide2004. pdf. Accessed October 2008.
19. James S. E., J. L. Watson, and J. Peter. 2000. Zinc production: A survey of existing smelters and refineries. In Lead zinc 2000, edited by J. E. Dutrizac, J. A. Gonzales,D.M.Henke,S.E.James,andA.H.-J. Siegmund. Warrendale, PA, TMS: 205-226.
20. Keating, J. 1994. Cadmium. In Canadian minerals yearbook: Mineral and metal commodity reviews. www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/mms-smm/ busiindu/cmy-amc/content/1994/15.pdf. Accessed October 2008.
21. Kruger, J., M. Gerke, S. Jessen, C. Kiehne, M. Koneke, K. Manthey, E. Neumann, E. Rombach, J. Schlim- bach, and P. Winkler. 2001. Sachbilanz Zink [Inventory balance zinc]. Mainz, Germany: Institut fur MetaUhuttenkunde und Elektrometallurgie der RTWH Aachen.
22. Morrow, H. 2004. Cadmium. In Mining annual review 2004. London: Mining Communications Ltd.
23. Morrow, H. 2005a. Cadmium market and trends September 2005. International Cadmium Association (ICdA). www.chem.unep.ch/pb-and-cd/SR/Files/Submission NGO/ICdA/MARKET Review Sept2005-1.pdf. Accessed April 2009.
24. Morrow, H. 2005b. Cadmium. International Cadmium Association (ICdA), Brussels, Belgium. http://www.mmta.co.uk/uploaded-files/CadmiumMJ.pdf. Accessed October 2008.
25. Morrow, H. 2006. Personal communication with Hugh Morrow, Presidentofthe InternationalCadmium Association, International Cadmium Association (ICdA), Brussels, Belgium. 30 March 2006.
26. Nordic Council of Ministers. 2003. Cadmium review. www.who.int/ifcs/ documents/forums/forum5/ nmr-cadmium.pdf. Accessed October 2008.
27. NRCan (National Resources Canada). 2004. CCU-lc copper concentrate. www.rncan- nrcan.gc.ca/smm-mms/tect-tech/ccrmp/cer- cer/ccu-1c-eng.htm. Accessed October 2008.
28. Plachy, J. 2001. Zinc. In U.S. Geological Survey minerals yearbook. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/ pubs/commodity/zinc/zincmyb01. pdf. Accessed October 2008.
29. Rentz, O., S. Hahrle, and F. Schultmann. 1999. Report on best available techniques (BAT) in German zinc and lead production. Karlsruhe, Germany: French- German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe (TH).
30. Roebuck, A.R. 2003. Zinc. Paper presented at the Conference of the Prospectors & Developers Association of Canada, 9 - 12 March, Toronto, Canada. www.pdac.ca/pdac/publications/papers/2003/ Roebuck.htm. Accessed October 2008.
31. Roskill. 1990. The economics of cadmium J990.Sev- enth edition. London: Roskill Information Services Ltd.
32. Roskill. 1997. The economics ofzinc. Sixth edition. London: Roskill Information Services Ltd.
33. Rudnick, R. L. 2004. Treatise on geochemistry. The mantle and core, Vol. 3, edited by R. L. Rudnik. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science.
34. Schwartz, G. and M. Reis. 2000. Is cadmium a cause of human pancreatic cancer? Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 9: 139-145.
35. Taylor, L. E. 2006. World mineral production 2000-04. Nottingham, UK: British Geological Society.
36. Teck Cominco. 2006. Teck Cominco strip line news 17. www.teckcominco.com/DocumentViewer.aspx? elementId=115354&portalName=tc. Accessed April 2009.
37. Teck Cominco. 2007. Lead concentrate material data sheets. Vancouver, Canada: Teck Cominco. www.teck.com/DocumentViewer.aspx? elementId=115495&portalName=tc. Accessed October 2008.
38. Tolcin, A. C. 2007. Personal communication with Amy C. Tolcin, Minerals Information Team, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 21 September 2007.
39. Tse, P.-K. 2005. Personal communication with Pui- Kwan Tse, mineral information country specialist, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 13 December 2005.
40. Ullmann, F. 2006. Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry: The ultimate reference.Sev- enth edition. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag.
41. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2006. DTlE/chemicals: Review of scientific information on cadmium. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP.
42. US EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1993. Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of cadmium and cadmium compounds.Research Triangle Park, NC: US EPA, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
43. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2002. International minerals statistics and information. Accessed October 2008.
44. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2004. Zinc statistics and information. Mineral Yearbook. Accessed October 2008.
45. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2005a. International minerals statistics and information. Accessed October 2008.
46. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2005b. Zinc statistics and information. Mineral Yearbook.htp:// minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/ zinc/. Accessed October 2008.
47. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2005c. 2005 Minerals Yearbook - Cadmium. http://minerals.usgs.gov/ minerals/pubs/commodity/cadmium/cadmimyb 05.pdf. Accessed October 2008.
48. WVM (Wirtschafts Vereinigung Metalle). 2002.
49. Metallstatistik 2002 [Metal statistics 2002].www.wirtschaftsvereinigung- metalle.de/ wvmprofi/docs/doc-1420-20037309238.pdf. Accessed October 2008. Xstrata. 2004. McArthur River Mine open cut project: Environmental impact statement. www.nt.gov.au/nreta/environment/assessment/register/mcarthur/pdf/ vol1/Section% 202.pdf. Accessed October 2008.