Insights into the Acadian orogeny, New England Appalachians: A provenance study of the Carrabassett and Kittery formations, Maine

Atlantic Geology

Volumn 45, Issue , 2009, Pages 50-71

  Dorais, Michael J ^a   Wintsch, Robert P ^b   Nelson, Wendy R ^c   Tubrett, Michael ^d  

^a Brigham Young University   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADIAN OROGENY; AGE DETERMINATION; BASIN EVOLUTION; CONTINENTAL MARGIN; DEPOSITION; DEVONIAN; GONDWANA; LAURENTIA; PALEOCURRENT; PASSIVE MARGIN; TRACE ELEMENT; TURBIDITE; UPLIFT;

EURASIA; EUROPE; FRANCE; MAINE BASIN; MAINE ET LOIRE; NEW ENGLAND; NORTH AMERICA; PAYS DE LA LOIRE; UNITED STATES; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 67649986259     PISSN: 08435561     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4138/atlgeol.2009.002     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Ague, J.J. 1991. Evidence for major mass transfer and volume strain during regional metamorphism of pelites. Geology, 19, pp. 855-858. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0855:EFMMTA>2.3.CO;2
2. Ague, J.J. 1997. Composional variations in metamorphosed sediments of the Littleton Formation, New Hamsphire: Discussion. American Journal of Science, 297, pp. 440-449.
3. Aleinikoff, J.N., Zartman, R.E., and Lyons, J.B. 1979. U-Th-Pb geochronology of the Massabesic Gneiss and the granite near Milford, south-central New Hampshire: New evidence for Avalonian basement and Taconic and Alleghenian disturbance in eastern New England. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 71, pp. 1-11. doi:10.1007/ BF00371877
4. Aleinikoff, J.N., Walter, M., and Fanning, C.M. 1995. U-Pb ages of zircon, monazite, and sphene from rocks of the Massabesic Gneiss complex and Berwick Formation, New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 27, p. 26.
5. Aleinikoff, J.N., Wintsch, R.P., Tollo, R.P., Unruh, D.M., Fanning, C.M., and Schmitz, M.D. 2007. Ages and origins of rocks of the Killingworth dome, south-central Connecticut: Implications for the tectonic evolution of southern New England. American Journal of Science, 307, pp. 63-118. doi:10.2475/01.2007.04
6. Allegre, C.J., and Rousseau, D. 1984. The growth of the continent through time studied by Nd isotopic analyses of shales. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 67, pp. 19-34. doi:10.1016/ 0012-821X(84)90035-9
7. Anderson, C.B., and Samson, S.D. 1995. Temporal changes in Nd isotopic composition of sedimentary rocks in the Sevier and Taconic foreland basins: Increasing influence of juvenile sources. Geology, 23, pp. 983-986. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0983:TCINIC>2.3.CO;2
8. Barr, S.M., Davis, D.W., Kamo, S., and White, C.E. 2003. Significance of U-Pb detrital zircon ages in quartzite from peri-Gondwanan terranes, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. Precambrian Research, 126, pp. 123-145. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00192-X
9. Bhatia, M.R., and Crook, K.A.W. 1986. Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 92, pp. 181-193. doi:10.1007/BF00375292
10. Billings, M.P. 1956. The geology of New Hampshire. Part II. Bedrock Geology: New Hampshire State Planning and Development Committee, Concord, N.H. 200 p.
11. Bock, B., McLennan, S.M., and Hanson, G.N. 1998. Geochemistry and provenance of the Middle Ordovician Austin Glen Member (Normanskill Formation) and the Taconian orogeny in New England. Sedimentology, 45, pp. 635-655. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.1998.00168.x
12. Bock, B., Hurowitz, J.A., McLennan, S.M., and Hanson, G.N. 2004. Scale and timing of Rare Earth Element redistribution in the Taconian foreland of New England. Sedimentology, 51, pp. 885-897. doi:10.1111/ j.1365-3091.2004.00656.x
13. Bothner, W.A. 1989. Day 6; geology of southern and coastal New Hampshire. In Metamorphism and tectonics of eastern and central North America; Volume 2, A transect through the New England Appalachians. Edited by J.B. Lyons, W.A Bothner, B.L. Doolan, N.L. Jr. Hatch, R.H. Moench, and R.S. Stanley. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States, pp. 59-64.
14. Bothner, W.A., and Hussey, A.M. II. 1999. Norumbega connections: Casco Bay, Maine, to Massachusetts? In Norumbega Fault System of the Northern Appalachians. Edited by A. Ludman, and D.P. Jr. West. Geological Society of American Special Paper 331, pp. 59-72.
15. Bothner, W.A., Boudette, E.L., Fagan, T.J., Gaudette, H.E., Laird, J., and Olszewski, W.J. 1984. Geologic framework of the Massabesic Anticlinorium and the Merrimack Trough, southeastern New Hampshire. In Geology of the Coastal Lowlands, Boston, Mass., to Kennebunk, Maine. Edited by L.S. Hanson. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference Guidebook, pp. 186-206.
16. Bradley, D.C., and Hanson, L.S. 1989. Melanges and turbidite facies of the Madrid Formation, Central Maine. In Guidebook for Field Trips in Southern and West-Central Maine. Edited by A.W. Jr. Bery. New England Intercollegiate Geological Congress, 81st Annual Meeting, Farmington, Maine, pp. 183-199.
17. Bradley, D.C., and Hanson, L.S. 2002. Paleocurrent analysis of a deformed Devonian foreland basin in the northern Appalachians, Maine, USA. Sedimentary Geology, 148, pp. 425-447. doi:10.1016/ S0037-0738(01)00161-0
18. Bradley, D.C., Tucker, R.D., Lux, D.R., Harris, A.G., and Mc-Gregor, D.C. 2000. Migration of the Acadian orogeny and foreland basin across the northern Appalachians of Maine and adjacent areas. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1624, 49 p.
19. Cox, R.A., Low, D.R., and Cullers, R.L. 1995. The influence of sediment recycling and basement composition on evolution of mudrock chemistry in the southwestern United States. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 59, pp. 2919-2940. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00185-9
20. Cox, R.A., Wilton, D.H.C., and Kosler, J. 2003. Laser-ablation U-Th-Pb in situ dating of zircon and allanite: An example from the October Harbor granite, central coastal Labrador, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist, 41, pp. 273-291. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.2.273
21. Cullers, R.L. 1994. The controls on the major and trace element variations of shales, siltstones, and sandstones of Pennsylvania-Permian ages from uplifted continental blocks in Colorado to platform sediments in Kansas. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 58, pp. 4955-4972. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90224-0
22. Cullers, R.L., Chaudhuri, S., Arnold, B., Lee, M., and Wolf, C.W. 1975. Rare-earth distributions in clay minerals and clay-sized fractions of Lower Permian Havensville and Eskridge shales of Kansas and Oklahoma. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 39, pp. 1691-1703. doi:10.1016/ 0016-7037(75)90090-3
23. Cullers, R.L., Chaudhure, S., Kilbane, N., and Koch, R. 1979. Rate earths in size fractions and sedimentary rocks of Pennsylvania-Permian age from the mid-continent of the USA. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 43, pp. 1285-1302. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(79)90119-4
24. Cullers, R.L., Bock, B., and Guidotti, C. 1997. Elemental distributions and neodymium isotopic compositions of Silurian metasediments, western Maine, USA: Redistribution of the rare earth elements. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 61, pp. 1847-1861. doi:10.1016/ S0016-7037(97)00048-3
25. 39Ar ages of detrital muscovite and whole-rock slate/phyllite, Narragansett Basin, RI-MA, USA: Implications for rejuvenation during very low-grade metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 110, pp. 515-527. doi:10.1007/BF00344085
26. Dorais., M.J., Wintsch, R.P., Kunk, M.J., Aleinikoff, J.N., Underdown, C., and Kerwin, C.M. 2007. Pressure-temperature-time conditions, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions and detrital zircon geochronology of the Massabessic Gneiss Complex, New Hampshire. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 40, p. 14.
27. Eusden, J.D. 1988. Stratigraphy, structure, and metamorphism of the 'Dorsal Zone', central New Hampshire. In Guidebook for field trips in southwestern New Hampshire, southeastern Vermont, and northcentral Massachusetts. Edited by W.A. Bothner. New England Intercollegiate Geological Congress, 80th Annual Meeting, Keene, N.H. pp. 40-59.
28. Eusden, J.D., and Barreiro, B. 1988. The timing of peak high-grade metamorphism in central-eastern New England. Atlantic Geology, 24, pp. 241-255.
29. Eusden, J.D., Guzofski, C.A., Robinson, A.G., and Tucker, R.D. 2000. Timing of the Acadian orogeny in northern New Hampshire. Journal of Geology, 108, pp. 219-231. doi:10.1086/314396
30. Getty, S.R., and Gromet, L.P. 1992. Geochemical constraints on ductile deformation, crustal extension, and doming about a basement-cover boundary, New England Appalachians. American Journal of Science, 292, pp. 359-379.
31. Gleason, J.D., Patchett, P.J., Dickinson, W.R., and Ruiz, J. 1994. Nd isotopes link Ouachita turbidites to Appalachian sources. Geology, 22, pp. 347-350. doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(1994)022<0347:NILOTT>2.3.CO;2
32. Goldstein, S.L., and Jacobsen, S.B. 1988. Nd and Sr isotopic systematics of river water suspended material; implications for crustal evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 87, pp. 249-265. doi:10.1016/ 0012-821X(88)90013-1
33. Goldstein, S.L., O'Nions, R.K., and Hamilton, P.J. 1984. A Sm-Nd isotopic study of atmospheric dusts and particulates from major river systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 70, pp. 221-236. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(84)90007-4
34. Goldstein, S.L., Arndt, N.T., and Stallard, R.F. 1997. The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircon from Orinoco River and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments. Chemical Geology, 139, pp. 271-286. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9
35. Hanson, L.S., and Bradley, D.C. 1989. Sedimentary facies and tectonic interpretation of the Carrabassett Formation, north-central Maine. In Structure and Stratigraphy: Studies in Maine Geology. Edited by R.G. Marvinney and R.D. Tucker. Maine Geological Survey, 1, pp. 101-126.
36. Hanson, L.S., Bradley, D.C., and Caldwell, D.W. 1993. Geology and geomorphology of the Acadian orogen, central Maine. In Guidebook for Field Trips in the Northeastern United States. Edited by J.T. Cheney and J.C. Hepburn. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting in Boston, Department of Geology and Geography, University of Massachusetts, Contribution No. 67-2, pp. CC-1 to CC-27.
37. Hatch, N.L., and Moench, R.H. 1984. Bedrock geologic map of the wilderness and roadless areas of the White Mountain National Forest, Coos, Carroll, and Grafton counties, New Hampshire. United States Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map Series, scale 1:125 000.
38. Hatch, N.L., Moench, R.H., and Lyons, J.B. 1983. Silurian-Lower Devonian stratigraphy of eastern and south-central New Hampshire: Extensions from western Maine. American Journal of Science, 283, pp. 739-761.
39. Herron, M.M. 1988. Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales from core or log data. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 58, pp. 820-829.
40. Hibbard, J.C., van Staal, C.R., Rankin, D.W., and Williams, H. 2006. Lithotectonic map of the Appalachian Orogen, Canada-United States of America. Geological Survey of Canada, Map 2096A, scale 1:1 500 000.
41. Katz, F.J. 1917. Stratigraphy in southwestern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 108, pp. 165-177.
42. Keppie, J.D., Davis, D.W., and Krogh, T.E. 1998. U-Pb geochronological constraints on Precambrian stratified units in the Avalon composite terrane of Nova Scotia, Canada: Tectonic implications. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, 222-236. doi:10.1139/cjes-35-3-222
43. Košler, J., Fonneland, H., Sylvester, P., Tubrett, M., and Pederson, R-B. 2002. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons for sedimentary provenance studies - a comparison of laser ablation ICPMS and SIMS techniques. Chemical Geology, 182, pp. 605-618. doi:10.1016 /S0009-2541(01)00341-2
44. Lathrop, A.S., Blum, J.D., and Chamberlain, C.P. 1996, Nd, Sr and O isotopic study of the petrogenesis of two syntectonic members of the New Hampshire plutonic series: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 124, pp. 126-138. doi:10.1007/s004100050180
45. Ludman, A. 1976. A fossil-based stratigraphy in the Merrimack synclinorium, central Maine. In Contributions to the Stratigraphy of New England. Edited by L.R. Page. Geological Society of America Memoir 148, pp. 65-78.
46. Ludman, A., and Griffin, J.R. 1974. Stratigraphy and structure of central Maine. In Guidebook for Field Trips in East-Central and North-Central Maine. Edited by P.H. Osberg. New England Intercollegiate Geological Congress, 66th Annual Meeting, Orono, Maine, pp. 154-179.
47. Ludwig, K.L. 2000. Users manual for Isoplot/Ex v. 2.3. A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication No. 1a, Berkeley, California, 54 p.
48. 39Ar mica ages from eastern New Hampshire and southern Maine: Implications for the exhumation history of the region. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 25, p. 35.
49. Lyons, J.B. 1988. Geology of the Penacook and Mount Kearsarge quadrangles, New Hampshire. In Guidebook for field trips in southwestern New Hampshire, southeastern Vermont, and northcentral Massachusetts. Edited by W.A. Bothner. New England Intercollegiate Geological Congress, 80th Annual Meeting, Keene, NH pp. 60-69.
50. McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S.R., McCulloch, M.T., and Maynard, J.B. 1990. Geochemical and Nd-Sr isotopic composition of deep-sea turbidites: Crustal evolution and plate tectonic association. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 54, pp. 2015-2050. doi:10.1016/ 0016-7037(90)90269-Q
51. McLennan, S.M., Hemming, S., McDaniel, D.K., and Hanson, G.N. 1993. Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance, and tectonics. In Processes Controlling the Composition of Clastic Sediments. Edited by M.J. Johnson and A. Basu. Geological Society of America Special Paper 284, pp. 21-40.
52. Michard, A., Gurriet, P., Soudant, M., and Albarede, F. 1985. Nd isotopes in French Phanerozoic shales: External vs. internal aspects of crustal evolution. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 49, pp. 601-610. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(85)90051-1
53. Moench, R.H., and Aleinikoff, J.N. 2003. Stratigraphy, geochronology, and accretionary terrane settings of two Bronson Hill arc seuences, northern New England. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28, pp. 113-160.
54. Moench, R.H., and Boudette, E.L. 1970. Stratigraphy of the northwest limb of the Merrimack synclinorium in the Kennebago Lake, Rangeley and Phillips quadrangles, western Maine. In Guidebook for Field Trips in the Rangeley Lakes - Dead River Basin, Western Maine. Edited by G,M. Boone. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 62nd Annual Meeting, Rangely, Maine, pp. 1-25.
55. Moench, R.H., and Pankiwskyj, K.A. 1988. Geologic map of western Maine.U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map 1-1692, scale 1:250 000.
56. Mosher, S., Murray, D.P., Hermes, O.D., and Gromet, P.L. 1993. Alleghanian and Avalonian tectonism in southeast New England. In Guidebook for the Northeastern United States: Field Trip 1993 Boston. Edited by J.T. Cheney and J.C. Hepburn. Geological Society of America, v. 2, pp. BB1-BB30.
57. Murphy, J.B. 2002. Geochemistry of the Neoproterozoic metasedimentary Gamble Brook Formation, Avalon terrane, Nova Scotia: Evidence for a rifted-arc environment along the west Gondwanan margin of Rodinia. Journal of Geology, 110, pp. 407-419. doi:10.1086/340630
58. Murphy, J.B., and Nance, R.D. 2002. Sm-Nd isotopic systematics as tectonic tracers: An example from West Avalonia in the Canadian Appalachians. Earth Science Reviews, 59, pp. 77-100. doi:10.1016/ S0012-8252(02)00070-3
59. Murphy, J.B., Fernández-Suárez, J., Jeffries, T.E., and Strachan, R.A. 2004. U-Pb (LA-ICP-MS) dating of detrital zircons from Cambrian clastic rocks in Avalonia: Erosion of a Neoproterozoic arc along the northern Gondwanan margin. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 161, 243-254. doi:10.1144/0016-764903-064
60. Nance, R.D., and Murphy, J.B. 1994. Contrasting basement isotopic signatures and the palinspastic restoration of peripheral orogens: Example from the Neoproterozoic Avalonian-Cadomain belt. Geology, 22, pp. 617-620. doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(1994)022<0617:CBISAT>2.3.CO;2
61. Nance, R.D., Murphy, J.B., and Keppie, J.D. 2002. A Cordilleran model for the evolution of Avalonia. Tectonophysics, 352, pp. 11-31. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00187-7
62. O'Nions, R.K., Hamilton, P.J., and Hooker, P.J. 1983. A Nd isotope investigation of sediments related to crustal development in the British Isles. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 63, pp. 229-240. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(83)90039-0
63. Osberg, P.H., Tull, J.F., Robinson, P., Hon, R., and Butler, J.R. 1989. The Acadian orogen. In The Appalachian-Ouachita Orogen in the United States. Edited by R.D. Hatcher, W.A. Thomas, and G.W. Viele. The Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, Volume F-2, pp. 179-232.
64. Pickerill, R.K. and Fyffe, L.R. 1999. The stratigraphic significance of trace fossils from the Lower Paleozoic Baskahegan Lake Formation near Woodstock, west-central New Brunswick. Atlantic Geology 35, 205-214.
65. Pollock, J.C., Wilton, D.H.C., van Staal, C.R., and Morrissey, K.D. 2007. U-Pb detrital zircon geochronological constraints on the Early Sillurian collision of Ganderia and Laurentia along the Dog Bay Line: The terminal Iapetan suture in the Newfoundland Appalachians. American Journal of Science 307, 399-433. doi:10.2475/02.2007.04
66. Rankin, D.W. 1994. Continental margin of the eastern United States: Past and present. In Phanerozoic evolution of North American Continent-Ocean Transitions. Edited by R.C. Speed. Geological Society of America, Decade in North American Geology, Continent-Ocean Transect Volume. pp. 129-218.
67. Reusch, D.N., van Staal, C., and Hibbard, J. 2006. A central Maine perspective on the Cambro-Orodovician Gander terrane. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 32, p. 72.
68. Richerich, S.F. 1983. Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and structure of the Kittery Formation in the Portsmouth, New Hampshire, area. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hamphire, 115 p.
69. Robinson, P., Tucker, R.D., Bradley, D., Berry, H.N. IV., and Osberg, P.H. 1998. Paleozoic orogens in New England, USA. GFF., 120, pp. 119-148.
70. Roddick, J.C., and Bevier, M.L. 1995. U-Pb dating of granites with inherited zircon: Conventional and ion microprobe results from two Paleozoic plutons, Canadian Appalachians. Chemical Geology, 119, pp. 307-329. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(94)00107-J
71. Roy, D.C., and Skehan, J.W. (Editors). 1993. The Acadian Orogeny: Recent studies in New England, Maritime Canada, and the autochthonous foreland. Geological Society of America Special Paper 275, 171 p.
72. Samson, S.D., Barr, S.M., and White, C.E. 2000. Nd isotopic characteristics of terranes within the Avalon Zone, southern New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 37, pp. 1039-1052. doi:10.1139/cjes-37-7-1039
73. Samson, S.D., D'Lemos, R.S., Miller, B.V., and Hamilton, M.A. 2005. Neoproterozoic palaeogeography of the Cadomia and Avalon terranes: constraints from detrital zircon U-Pb ages. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 162, pp. 65-71. doi:10.1144/0016-764904-003
74. Satkoski, A., Barr, S., and Samson, S. 2007. Sm-Nd isotopic and whole rock chemical compositions of Late Neoproterozoic and Cambrian sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks of the Caledonian highlands (Avalonia), southern New Brunswick. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 39, p. 95.
75. Schofield, D.I., and D'Lemos, R.S. 2000. Granite petrogenesis in the Gander zone, NE Newfoundland: Mixing of melts from multiple sources and the role of lithospheric delamination. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, 535-547. doi:10.1139/cjes-37-4-535
76. Spear, F.S., and Harrison, T.M. 1989. Geochronological studies in central New England I: Evidence for pre-Acadian metamorphism in eastern Vermont. Geology, 17, pp. 181-184. doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1989)017<0181:GSICNE>2.3.CO;2
77. Taylor, R.S., and McLennan, S.M. 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 312 p.
78. Tucker, R.D., and Robinson, P. 1990. Age and setting of the Bronson Hill magmatic arc: A re-evaluation based on U-Pb zircon ages in southeastern New England. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102, pp. 1404-1419. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1404:AASOTB>2.3.CO;2
79. Tucker, R.D., Osberg, P.H., and Berry, H.N. IV. 2001. The geology of a part of Acadia and the nature of the Acadian orogeny across central and eastern Maine. American Journal of Science, 301, pp. 205-260. doi:10.2475/ajs.301.3.205
80. van der Pluijm, B.A., and van Staal, C.R. 1988. Characteristics and evolution of the central mobile belt, Canadian Appalachians. Journal of Geology 96, 535-547.
81. van der Velden, A.J., van Staal, C.R., and Cook, F.A. 2004. Crustal structure, fossil subduction, and the tectonic evolution of the Newfoundland Appalachians: Evidence from a reprocessed seismic reflection survey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116, 1485-1498. doi:10.1130/B25518.1
82. Van Staal, C.R. 2007. Pre-Carboniferous tectonic evolution and metallogeny of the Canadian Appalachians. In Mineral Deposits of Canada: A synthesis of major deposit-types, district metallogeny, the evolution of geological provinces, and exploration methods. Edited by W.D. Goodfellow. Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division, Special Publication 5, pp. 793-818.
83. van Staal, C.R., Sullivan, R.W, and Whalen, J.B. 1996. Provenance and tectonic histort of the Gander zone in the Caledonian/Appalachian orogen: Implications for the origin and assembly of Avalon. In Avalonian and related peri-Gondwanan terranes of the circum-North Atlantic. Edited by R.D. Nance and M.D. Thompson. Geological Society of America Special Paper 304, pp. 347-367.
84. van Staal, C.R., McNicoll, V., Valverde-Vaquero, P., Barr, S.M., Fyffe L.R., and Reusch, D.N. 2004. Ganderia, Avalonia, and the Salinic and Acadian orogenies. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 36, p. 128.
85. van Staal, C., Lissenberg, J., Rogers, N., McNicoll., V., Ververde, P., Whalen, J., and Zagorevski, A. 2006. The northern Appalachians: An accretionary orogen. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 8, p. 00915.
86. Walsh, G.J., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Wintsch, R.P. 2007. Origin of the Lyme dome and implications for the timing of multiple Alleghanian deformational and intrusive events in southern Connecticut. American Journal of Science, 307, pp. 168-215. doi:10.2475/06.2007.06
87. West, D.P. Jr. 1993. The eastern limit of Acadian high-grade. metamorphism in northern New England: Implications for the location of the "Acadian Sutire". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 25, p. 89.
88. Whalen, J.B., Jenner, G.A., Longstaffe, F.J., and Hegner, E. 1996. Nature and evolution of the eastern margin of Iapetus: Geochemical and isotopic constraints from Siluro-Devonian granitoid plutons in the New Brunswick Appalachians. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, 140-155.
89. Whalen, J.B., van Staal., C.R., Longstaffe, F.J., Gariépy, C., and Jenner, G.A. 1997. Insights into tectonostratigraphic zone identification in southwestern Newfoundland based on isotopic (Nd, O, Pb) and geochemical data. Atlantic Geology 33, 231-241.
90. Wiedenbeck, M., Allé, P., Corfu, F., Griffin, W.L., Meier, M., Oberli, F., von Quadt, A., Roddick, J.C., and Spiegel, W. 1995. Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace element and REE analyses. Geostandards Newsletter 19, pp. 1-23. doi:10.1111/ j.1751-908X.1995.tb00147.x
91. Williams, H. 1979. Appalachian Orogen in Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 792-807.
92. Wintsch, R.P., and Sutter, J.F. 1986. A tectonic model for the late Paleozoic of southeastern New England. Journal of Geology, 94, pp. 459-472.
93. Wintsch, R.P., Sutter, J.F., Kunk, M.J., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Dorais, M.J. 1992. Contrasting P-T-t paths: Thermochronologic evidence for a Late Paleozoic final assembly of the Avalon composite terrane in the New England Appalachians. Tectonics, 11, pp. 672-689. doi:10.1029/ 91TC02904
94. Wintsch, R.P., Sutter, J.F., Kunk, M.J., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Boyd, J.L. 1993. Alleghanian assembly of Proterozoic and Paleozoic lithotectonic terranes in south central New England: New constraints from geochronology and petrology. In Field Trip Guidebook for the Northeastern United States: 1993 Boston. Edited by J.T. Cheney and J.C. Hepburn. Geological Society of America, v. 1, pp. H1-H30.
95. WINTSCH, R.P., AKEINIKOFF, J.N., WALSH, G.J., BOTHNER, W.A., JUSSEY, A.M. II, AND FANNING, C.M. 2007. Shrimp U-Pb evi the Merrimack and Putnam-Nashoba terranes, eastern New England. American Journal of Science, 307, pp. 119-167. doi:10.2475/01.2007.05
96. WRONKIEWICZ, D.J., AND CONDIE, K.C. 1990. Geochemistry and mineralogy of sediments from the Ventersdorp and Transvaal Supergroups, South Africa: Cratonic evolution during the early Proterozoic. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 54, pp. 343-354. doi:10.1016/ 0016-7037(90)90323-D
97. ZARTMAN, R.E., AND NAYLOR, R.S. 1984. Structural implications of some radiometric ages of igneous rocks in southeastern New England. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95, pp. 522-539. doi:10.1130/ 0016-7606(1984)95<522:SIOSRA>2.0.CO;2