Subthreshold Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a predictor of depression, alcohol use, and health problems in veterans

Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 395-424

  Yarvis, Jeffrey S ^a,b   Schiess, Laura ^b  

^a UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol abuse; Comorbid depression; Health; Military; Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Veterans

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649922221     PISSN: 15555240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15555240802547801     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Asmundson, G. J. G. (2000) VAC Canadian Forces survey analysis, Department of Veterans Affairs, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
2. Asmundson, G. J. G., Norton, R. G., Allerdings, M. D., Norton, P. J. and Larsen, D. K. (1998) Post-traumatic stress disorder and work-related injury. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, pp. 57-69.
3. Asmundson, G. J. G., Stein, M. B. and McCreary, D. (2002) PTSD symptoms influence health status of deployed peacekeepers and non-deployed personnel. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190:12, pp. 807-815.
4. Asmundson, G. J. G., Wright, K., McCreary, D. and Pedlar, D. (2003) Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in United Nations peacekeepers: An examination of factor structure and the influence of chronic pain. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 32:1, pp. 26-37.
5. (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Author, Washington, DC
6. (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Author, Washington, DC
7. Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R. and Saunders, J. (1992) AUDIT, The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
8. Beckham, J. C., Crawford, A. L., Feldman, M. E., Kirby, A. C., Hertzberg, M. A. Davidson, J. R. et al. (1997) Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43:4, pp. 379-389.
9. Beckham, J. C., Moore, S. D., Feldman, M. E., Herzberg, M. A., Kirby, A. C. and Fairbank, J. A. (1998) Health status, somatization and posttraumatic stress disorder severity in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, pp. 1565-1569.
10. Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Magy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D. Charney, D. S. et al. (1995) The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, pp. 75-90.
11. Blanchard, E. B., Hickling, E. J., Barton, K. A., Taylor, A. E., Loos, W. R. and Jones-Alexander, J. (1996) One year prospective follow-up of motor vehicle accident victims. Behavioral Research on Therapy, 34, pp. 775-786.
12. Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C. and Forneris, C. A. (1996) Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behavior Research and Therapy, 34, pp. 669-673.
13. Boisvert, J. A., McCreary, D., Wright, K. and & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2003) Factor validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale in military peacekeepers. Depression and Anxiety, 17, pp. 19-25.
14. Bramsen, I., Dirkzwager, A. J. E. and van der Ploeg, H. M. (2000) Pre-deployment personality traits and exposure to trauma as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A prospective study of former peacekeepers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, pp. 1115-1119.
15. Bramsen, I., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., van Esch, S. C. M. and van der Ploeg, H. M. (2001) Consistency of self-reports of traumatic events in a population of Dutch peacekeepers: Reasons for optimism. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14:4, pp. 733-740.
16. Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Andreski, P. and Peterson, E. L. (1991) Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Archives in General Psychiatry, 48, pp. 216-222.
17. Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Peterson, E. L. and Schultz, L. R. (2000) A second look at comorbidity in victims of trauma: The posttraumatic stress disorder-major depression connection. Biological Psychiatry, 48, pp. 902-909.
18. Brown, P. J. and Wolfe, J. (1994) Substance abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Drug and Alcohol Dependency, 35, pp. 51-59.
19. Carlier, I. V. E., Lamberts, R. D., Fouwels, A. J. and & Gersons, B. P. R. (1996) PTSD in relation to dissociation in traumatized police officers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153:10, pp. 1325-1328.
20. Engel, C. C., Liu, X., McCarthy, B. D., Miller, R. F. and Ursano, R. (2000) Relationship of physical symptoms to posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans seeking care for gulf war-related health concerns. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, pp. 739-745.
21. Falsetti, S. A., Resnick, H. S., Resnick, P. A. and Kilpatrick, D. G. (1993) The Modified PTSD Symptom Scale: A brief self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder. The Behaviour Therapist, 16:6, pp. 161-162.
22. Fikretoglu, D., Brunet, A., Guay, S. and Pedlar, D. (2006) Posttraumatic stress disorder and treatment seeking in a nationally representative Canadian military sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19:6, pp. 847-858.
23. Fink, A. (1995) How to sample in surveys, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
24. Forbes, D., Creamer, M. and Biddle, D. (2001) The validity of the PTSD checklist as a measure of symptomatic change in combat-related PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, pp. 977-986.
25. Grice, D. E., Brady, K. T. and Dustan, L. R. (1995) Sexual assault history and posttraumatic stress disorder in substance-dependent individuals. American Journal of Addictions, 4, pp. 297-305.
26. Helzer, J. E., Robins, L. N. and McEvoy, L. (1987) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population: Findings of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey. New England Journal of Medicine, 317, pp. 1630-1634.
27. Hogue, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I. and Koffman, R. L. (2004) Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, pp. 13-22.
28. Horowitz, M., Wilner, N. and Alvarez, W. (1979) Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, pp. 209-218.
29. (1998) Synopsis of psychiatry, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
30. Keane, T. M., Zimering, R. T. and Caddell, J. M. (1985) A behavioral formulation of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans. Behavior Therapy, 20, pp. 245-260.
31. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E. and Nelson, C. B. (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Study. Archives in General Psychiatry, 52, pp. 1048-1060.
32. Kimerling, R., Clum, G. A. and Wolfe, J. (2000) Relationships among trauma exposure, chronic posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and self-reported health in women: Replication and extension. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, pp. 115-128.
33. King, M. E. and Bordnick, P. S. (2002) Alcohol use disorders: A social worker's guide to clinical assessment. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2:1, pp. 3-31.
34. Komar, Z. and Vukusic, H. (1999) New insight in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), pp. 42-44. Croatian Academy of Science and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
35. Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R. and et, al. (1990) Trauma and the Vietnam War generation, Brunner/Mazel, New York
36. Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Marmar, C. R. and Weiss, D. S. (1991) Assessment of PTSD in the community: Prospects and pitfalls from recent studies of Vietnam veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3, pp. 547-560.
37. Lamerson, C. D. and Kelloway, E. K. (1996) Towards a model of peacekeeping stress: Traumatic and contextual influences. Canadian Psychology, 37:4, pp. 195-204.
38. Litz, B., Orsillo, S., Friedman, M., Ehlich, P. and Batres, A. (1997) Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with peacekeeping duty in Somalia for U.S. Military personnel. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154:2, pp. 178-184.
39. Litz, B., Schlenger, W. E., Weathers, F. W., Caddell, J. M., Fairbank, J. A. and LaVange, L. (1997) Predictors of emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, pp. 607-618.
40. Marshall, R. D., Olfson, M., Hellman, F., Blanco, C., Guardino, M. and Struening, E. L. (2001) Comorbidity, impairment and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, pp. 1467-1473.
41. Marshall, R. P., Jorm, A. F. and Grayson, D. A. (1998) Posttraumatic stress disorder and other predictors of health care consumption by Vietnam veterans. Psychiatric Services, 49, pp. 1609-1611.
42. McKinley, J. C. and Hathaway, S. R. (1940) A multiphasic personality schedule (Minnesota): II. A differential study of hypochondriasis. Journal of Psychology, 10, pp. 255-268.
43. Mehlum, L. and Weisaeth, L. (2002) Predictors of posttraumatic stress reactions in Norwegian U.N. Peacekeepers 7 years after service. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15:1, pp. 17-26.
44. Miriam, S., Cardozo, B. L., Nackerud, L., Kaiser, R. and Varese, L. (2003) Factors associated with poor mental health among Guatemalan refugees living in Mexico 20 years after civil conflict. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, pp. 635-642.
45. Mollica, R. F., McIness, K. and Sarajliac, N. (1999) Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, pp. 433-439.
46. Nunnally, J. C. and Bernstein, I. H. (1994) Psychometric theory, McGraw-Hill, New York
47. Passey, G. (1995) Psychological consequences of Canadian U.N. peacekeeping duties in Croatia and Bosnia 1992-93, 4th European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Paris
48. Pedlar, D. (2003) Proceedings from the Health and Transition Among Regular Force Clients: Lessons Learned from the Regular Force Data Set, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
49. Radloff, L. (1977) The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measures, 1, pp. 385-401.
50. Resnick, H. S., Acierno, R. and Kilpatrick, D. G. (1997) Health impact of internal personal violence 2: Medical and mental health outcomes. Behavioral Medicine, 23, pp. 65-78.
51. Richardson, D., Long, M. E., Pedlar, D. and Elhai, J. D. (2008) Post traumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life among a sample of treatment- and pension-seeking deployed Canadian peacekeeping veterans. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53:9, pp. 594-600.
52. Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, B. K. and Caddel, M. (1999) Posttraumatic stress disorder: A comprehensive text, pp. 354-375. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA
53. Schnurr, P. P. and Jankowski, M. K. (1999) Physical health and post-traumatic stress disorder: Review and synthesis. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 4, pp. 295-304.
54. Schutzwohl, M. and Maercker, A. (1999) Effects of varying diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder are endorsing the concept of partial PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12:1
55. Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, S. and Peri, T. (1998) Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, pp. 630-637.
56. Southwick, S. M., Morgan, C. A., Darnell, A., Bremner, D. J., Nicolau, A. L., Nagy, L. M. and et, al. (1995) Trauma-related symptoms in veterans of Operation Desert Storm: A 2-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152:8, pp. 1150-1158.
57. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M. and First, M. B. (1992) The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49:8, pp. 624-629.
58. Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., Hazen, A. L. and Forder, D. R. (1997) Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a community survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154:8, pp. 1114-1119.
59. (1996) Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society, Guilford Press, New York
60. Wagner, A. W., Wolfe, J., Rotnitsky, A., Proctor, S. P. and Erickon, D. J. (2000) An investigation of the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on physical health. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, pp. 41-55.
61. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A. and Keane, T. M. (1993) The PTSD Checklist: Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility, San Antonio, TX
62. Weiss, D. S., Marmar, C. R., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Jordan, B. K., Hough, R. L. and et, al. (1992) The prevalence of lifetime and partial post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam theater veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5:3, pp. 365-376.
63. (1992) ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, Author, Geneva, Switzerland
64. Yarvis, J. (2008) Subthreshold PTSD in veterans with different levels of traumatic stress, VDM Verlag Dr Muller Publishers, Saarbrucken, Germany
65. Yarvis, J., Bordnick, P., Spivey, C. and Pedlar, D. (2005) Subthreshold PTSD: A comparison of depression, alcohol and physical health problems in Canadian peacekeepers with different levels of traumatic stress. Stress, Trauma, & Crisis: An International Journal
66. Zatzick, D., Marmar, C. R. and Weiss, D. S. (1997) Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, pp. 1690-1694.
67. Zlotnick, C., Franklin, C. L. and Zimmerman, M. (2002) Does "subthreshold" posttraumatic stress disorder have any clinical relevance?. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43:6, pp. 413-419.
68. Zlotnick, C., Warshaw, M. and Shea, M. T. (1999) Chronicity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and predictors of course of comorbid PTSD in patients with anxiety disorders. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, pp. 89-100.