The ∼ 1245 yr BP Asososca maar eruption: The youngest event along the Nejapa-Miraflores volcanic fault, Western Managua, Nicaragua

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

Volumn 184, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 292-312

  Pardo, Natalia ^a   Macias, José Luis ^a   Giordano, Guido ^b   Cianfarra, Paola ^b   Avellán, Denis Ramón ^a,c   Bellatreccia, Fabio ^b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

^b ROMA TRE UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^c Centro de Investigaciones Geocientíficas CIGEO   (Nicaragua)

Author keywords

Base surge; lineament swarm; phreatomagmatic eruption; pyroclastic density current; SEM; volcanic glass

Indexed keywords

BASE SURGE; LINEAMENT SWARM; PHREATOMAGMATIC ERUPTION; PYROCLASTIC DENSITY CURRENT; SEM; VOLCANIC GLASS;

AQUIFERS; ENERGY CONVERSION; FLOCCULATION; GLASS; GRINDING (COMMINUTION); OLIVINE; QUENCHING; REMOTE SENSING; SILICATE MINERALS; STRATIGRAPHY; SUSPENSIONS (FLUIDS); TECTONICS; VOLCANOES;

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS;

CRATER; DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL; FAULT; GRAIN SIZE; PARTICLE SIZE; PHREATOMAGMATISM; PYROCLASTIC DEPOSIT; REMOTE SENSING; TECTONIC SETTING; VOLCANIC ERUPTION; VOLCANIC GLASS; VOLCANISM;

CENTRAL AMERICA; MANAGUA [NICARAGUA]; NICARAGUA;

BRYOPHYTA;

EID: 67649819382     PISSN: 03770273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.04.006     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Abrams M., and Siebe C. Cerro Xalapaxco: an unusual tuff cone with multiple explosion craters, in central Mexico. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 63 (1994) 183-199
2. Allen S.R., Bryner V., Smith I., and Balance P. Facies analysis of pyroclastic deposits within basaltic tuff-rings of the Auckland volcanic field, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 39 (1996) 309-327
3. Aranda-Gómez J.J., and Luhr J.F. Origin of the Joya Honda maar, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 74 1-2 (1996) 1-18
4. Auer A., Martin U., and Németh K. The Fekete-hegy (Balaton Highland Hungary) "soft-substrate" and "hard-substrate" maar volcanoes in aligned volcanic complex - implications for vent geometry, subsurface stratigraphy and the palaeoenvironmental setting. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 159 (2007) 225-245
5. 2 budget (Colli Albani volcano, Italy): Constrains to hazard evaluation. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 171 3-4 (2008) 258-268
6. Belousov A., Voight B., Belousova M., and Petukhin A. Pyroclastic surges and flows from the 8-10 May 1997 explosive eruption of Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. Bull. Volcanol. 64 (2002) 455-471
7. Bice D.C. Quaternary volcanic stratigraphy of Managua, Nicaragua: correlation and source assignment for multiple overlapping plinian deposits. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 96 (1985) 553-566
8. Blates R.L., and Jackson J.A. Dictionary of Geological Terms. Third Edition (1984), American Geological Institute 571 pp.
9. Burgisser A., and Bergantz G.W. Reconciling pyroclastic flow and surge: the multiphase physics of pyroclastic density currents. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 202 2 (2002) 405-418
10. Bukart B., and Self S. Extension and rotation of crustal blocks in northern Central America and effect on the volcanic arc. Geology 13 (1985) 22-26
11. Büttner R., Dellino P., and Zimanowski B. Identifying magma-water interaction from surface features of ash particles. Nature 401 (1999) 688-690
12. Carey S. Transport and deposition of tephra by pyroclastic flows and surges. sedimentation in volcanic settings. SEPM Spec. Publ. 45 (1991) 39-57
13. Carrasco G., Ort M.H., and Romero C. Evolution and hydrological conditions of a maar volcano (Atexcaco crater, Eastern Mexico). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 159 (2007) 179-197
14. Cas R.A.F., and Wright J.V. Volcanic Successions, Modern and Ancient (1987), Allen & Unwin Ltd., London 546 pp.
15. CEDEX-ENACAL. Convenio para la realización de trabajos y actividades de cooperación técnica, en materia de medio ambiente e infraestructuras, con los países de Centroamérica afectados por el Huracán Mitch. Proyecto Nicaragua 2. Evaluación del comportamiento estacional de la Laguna de Asososca. Informe técnico final. Tomo único. Madrid (1999) 122 pp.
16. Chough S.K., and Sohn Y.K. Depositional mechanics and sequences of base surges, Songaksan tuff ring, Cheju Island, Korea. Sedimemtology 37 6 (1990) 1115-1135
17. CIEU. Evaluación de Recursos de agua de Nicaragua. Cuerpo de Ingenieros de los Estados Unidos de América-Distrito de Mobile y Centro de Ingeniería Topográfica (2001) 83 pp.
18. Cole P.D. Migration direction of sand-wave structures in pyroclastic-surge deposits: implications for depositional processes. Geology 19 (1991) 1108-1111
19. Connor C.B. Cinder cone clustering. J. Geophys. Res. 95 (1990) 19,395-19,405
20. Connor C.B., and Conway F.M. Basaltic volcanic fields. In: Sigurdsson H. (Ed). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (2000), Academic Press 331-344
21. Crowe B.M., and Fisher R.V. Sedimentary structures in base-surge deposits with special reference to cross-bedding, Ubehebe Craters, Death Valley, California. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 84 (1973) 663-682
22. Davidson J., and De Silva S. Composite volcanoes. In: Sigurdsson H. (Ed). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (2000), Academic Press 663-682
23. De Astis G., Dellino P., De Rosa R., and La Volpe L. Eruptive and emplacement mechanisms of widespread fine-grained pyroclastic deposits on Vulcano Island (Italy). Bull. Volcanol. 59 (1997) 87-102
24. De Benedetti A.A., Funiciello R., Giordano G., Caprilli E., Diano G., and Paterne M. Volcanology, history and myths of the Lake Albano maar (Colli Albani volcano, Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 176 (2008) 387-406
25. Dellino P., and La Volpe L. Fragmentation versus transportation mechanisms in the pyroclastic sequence of Monte Pilato-Rocche Rosse (Lipari, Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 64 (1995) 211-232
26. Dellino P., and La Volpe L. Structures and grain size distribution in surge deposits as a tool for modelling the dynamics of dilute pyroclastic density currents at La Fossa di Vulcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 96 1-2 (2000) 57-78
27. Dellino P., and Kyriakopoulos K. Phreatomagmatic ash from the ongoing eruption of Etna reaching the Greek island of Cefalonia. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 126 (2003) 341-345
28. Dellino P., Isaia R., La Volpe L., and Orsi G. Statistical analysis of textural data from complex pyroclastic sequences: implications for fragmentation processes of the Agnano-Monte Spina Tephra (4.1 ka), Phlegrean Fields, southern Italy. Bull. Volcanol. 63 (2001) 443-461
29. Dellino P., Isaia R., La Volpe L., and Orsi G. Interaction between particles transported by fallout and surge in the deposits of the Agnano-Monte Spina eruption (Campi Flegrei, Southern Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 133 (2004) 193-210
30. Dellino P., Isaia R., and Veneruso M. Turbulent boundary layer shear flows as an approximation of base surges at Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 133 (2004) 211-228
31. Derosa R., Frazzetta G., and Lavolpe L. An approach for investigating the depositional mechanism of fine-grained surge deposits - the example of the dry surge deposits at La-fossa-di-Vulcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 51 (1992) 305-321
32. 2O contents of silicic volcanic glasses. Am. Mineral. 80 (1995) 319-328
33. Druitt T.H. Pyroclastic density currents. In: Gilbert J.S., and Sparks R.S.J. (Eds). The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. vol. 145 (1998) 145-182
34. Espinoza, F.J., 2007. Neotectónica de la falla Nejapa, porción Oeste del Graben de Managua, Nicaragua. Tesis de Maestría. Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 100 pp.
35. Fisher R.V. Transport and deposition of a pyroclastic surge across an area of high relief: the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Geol. Soc. Am. 102 (1990) 1038-1054
36. Fisher R.V., and Heiken G. Mt. Pelée, Martinique: May 8 and 20, 1902 pyroclastic flows and surges. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 13 (1982) 339-371
37. Fisher R.V., and Schmincke H.-U. Pyroclastic Rocks (1984), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 472 pp.
38. Frischbutter A. Structure of the Managua graben, Nicaragua, from remote sensing images. Geofis. Int. 41 2 (2002) 87-102
39. Funiciello R., Giordano G., and De Rita D. The Albano maar lake (Colli Albani Volcano, Italy): recent volcanic activity and evidence of pre-Roman Age catastrophic lahar events. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 123 (2003) 43-61
40. Gençalioǧlu-Kuşcu G., Atilla C., Cas R., and Kuşcu I. Base surge deposits, eruption history and depositional processes of a wet phreatomagmatic volcano in Central Anatolia (Cora Maar). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 159 (2007) 198-209
41. Giordano G., De Rita D., Cas R., and Rodani S. Valley pond and ignimbrite veneer deposits in the small-volume phreatomagmatic 'Peperino Albano' basic ignimbrite, Lago Albano maar, Colli Albani volcano, Italy: influence of topography. J. Volcanol. Geotherm, Res. 118 (2002) 131-144
42. Giordano G., De Benedetti A.A., Diana A., Diano G., Gaudioso F., Marasco F., Miceli M., Mollo S., Cas R.A.F., and Funiciello R. The Colli Albani mafic caldera (Roma, Italy): stratigraphy, structure and petrology. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 155 (2006) 49-80
43. Girard G., and van Wyk de Vries B. The Managua Graben and Las Sierras-Masaya volcanic complex (Nicaragua); pull-apart localization by an intrusive complex: results from analogue modeling. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 144 (2005) 37-57
44. Glasstone S. The Effects of Atomic Weapons. Los Alamos, N.M., Los Alamos Sci. Lab. (1950), U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. http://glasstone.blogspot.com/2006/03/samuel-glasstone-and-philip-j-dola n.html 456 pp. http://glasstone.blogspot.com/2006/03/samuel-glasstone-and-philip-j-dola n.html
45. Goward S.N., Masek J.G., Darrel L., Williams D.L., Irons J.R., and Thompson R.J. The Landsat 7 mission: terrestrial research and applications for the 21st century. Remote Sens. Environ. 78 (2001) 3-12
46. Gutmann J.T. Strombolian and effusive activity as precursors to phreatomagmatism: eruptive sequence at maars of the Pinacate volcanic field, Sonora, Mexico, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 113 (2002) 345-356
47. Havlicek P., Hradecký M., Navarro M., Novák Z., Staník E., and Sebesta J. Estudio para el reconocimiento de la amenaza geológica en el área de Managua, Nicaragua. Cesky Geologicky Ustav Praha, Instituto Nicaraguense de Estudios Territoriales, Managua (INETER) (1997) 81 pp.
48. Heiken G. Morphology and petrography of volcanic ashes. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 83 (1972) 1961-1988
49. Houghton B.F., and Smith R.T. Recycling of magmatic clasts during explosive eruptions: estimating the true juvenile content of phreatomagmatic volcanic deposits. Bull. Volcanol. 55 (1993) 414-420
50. Houghton B.F., Wilson C.J.N., and Smith I.E.M. Shallow-seated controls on styles of explosive basaltic volcanism: a case study from New Zealand. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 91 (1999) 97-120
51. Ihinger P.D., Hervig R.L., and McMillan P.F. Analytical methods for volatiles in glasses. In: Carroll M.R., and y Holloway J.R. (Eds). Volatiles in Magmas. Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 30 (1994) 67-111
52. Kienle J., Kyle P.R., Self S., Motyka R.J., and Lorenz V. Ukinrek Maars, Alaska, I. April 1977 eruption sequence, petrology, and tectonic setting. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 7 (1980) 11-37
53. 2O and composition. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66 9 (2002) 1627-1640
54. Kutterolf S., Freundt A., Pérez W., Wehrmann H., and Schmincke H.U. Late Pleistocene to Holocene temporal succession and magnitudes of highly explosive volcanic eruptions in west-central Nicaragua. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 163 1-4 (2007) 55-82
55. La Femina P.C., Dixon T.H., and Strauch W. Bookshelf faulting in Nicaragua. Geology 30 8 (2002) 751-754
56. Lajoie J., Lanzafameb G., Rossic P.L., and Tranneb C.A. Lateral facies variations in hydromagmatic pyroclastic deposits at Linosa, Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 54 1-2 (1992) 135-143
57. Lesti C., Giordano G., Salvini F., and Cas R. Volcano-tectonic setting of the intraplate, Pliocene-Holocene, Newer Volcanic Province (southeast Australia): Role of crustal fracture zones. J. Geophys. Res. 113 7 (2008) 1-11
58. Libowitzky E., and Rossman G.R. An IR absorption calibration for water in minerals. Amer. Mineral. 82 11-12 (1997) 1111-1115
59. Lorenz V. On the formation of maars. Bull. Volcanol. 37 2 (1973) 1-22
60. Lorenz V. Zur Geologie des Meerfelder Maares. Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senkenberg 65 (1984) 5-12
61. Lorenz V. On the growth of maars and diatremes and its relevance to the formation of tuff-rings. Bull Volcanol 48 (1986) 265-274
62. Lorenz V. Syn- and posteruptive hazards of maar-diatreme volcanoes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res 159 (2007) 285-312
63. Lorenz V., and Kurszlaukis S. Root zone processes in the phreatomagmatic pipe emplacement model and consequences for the evolution of maar-diatreme volcanoes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 159 (2007) 4-32
64. Marshall J. Geomorphology and physiographic provinces. Chapter 3. In: Bundschuh J., and Alvarado G.E. (Eds). Central America: Geology, Resources and Hazards vol. 1 (2007) 75-122
65. 2O in andesitic glasses. Am. Min. 87 (2002) 813-821
66. Mazzarini F. Vent distribution and crustal thickness in stretched continental crust: the case of the Afar Depression (Ethiopia). Geosphere 3 (2007) 152-162
67. McBirney A.R. The origin of the Nejapa Pits near Managua, Nicaragua. Bull. Volcanol. 17 (1955) 145-154
68. McBirney A.R., and Williams H. The origin of the Nicaraguan Depression. Abstr. Bull. Volcanol. 27 (1964) 63
69. Moore J.G. Base surge in recent volcanic eruptions. Bull Volcanol 30 (1967) 337-363
70. Müller G., and Veyl G. The Birth of Nilahue, A New Maar-type Volcano at Rininahue, Chile. 20th Int. Geol. Congr., Mexico City,1956. Rep. Sec vol. 1 (1956) 375-396
71. Németh K., Martin U., and Harangi Sz. Miocene phreatomagmatic volcanism at Tihany (pannonian Basin, Hungary). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 111 (2001) 111-135
72. 2O bands in rhyolitic to basaltic glasses. Chem. Geol. 174 (2001) 5-20
73. Ollier C.D. Maars: their characteristics, varieties and definition. Bull Volcanol 31 (1967) 45-73
74. Pandya N., Sharma S.K., Muenow D.W., and Sherriff B.L. The effect of bulk composition on the speciation of water in submarine volcanic glasses. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 56 (1992) 1875-1883
75. Pardo N., Avellán D.R., Macías J.L., Scolamacchia T., and Rodriguez D. The ∼ 1245 yr BP Asososca maar: new advances on recent volcanic stratigraphy of Managua (Nicaragua) and hazard implications. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 176 4 (2008) 493-512
76. Pérez W., and Freundt A. The youngest highly explosive basaltic eruptions from Masaya Caldera (Nicaragua): stratigraphy and hazard assessment. In: Rose W.I., Bluth G.J.S., Carr M.J., Ewert J., Patino L.C., and Vallance J.W. (Eds). Volcanic Hazards in Central America. Spec. Publ. vol. 412 (2006), Geol. Soc. Am. 189-207
77. Porreca M., Mattei M., MacNiocaill C., Giordano G., McClelland E., and Funiciello R. Paleomagnetic evidence for low-temperature emplacement of the phreatomagmatic Peperino Albano ignimbrite (Colli Albani volcano, Central Italy). Bull. Volcanol. 70 (2008) 877-893
78. Salvini F. Slop-intercept-density plots: a new method for line detection in the images. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'85) Digest (1985), IEEE Catalog 85CH2162-6, USA 715-720
79. Schmincke H.-U. Volcanism (2004), Springer Verlag, Berlin 324 pp.
80. Schmincke H.-U., Fisher R.V., and Waters A.C. Antidune and chute and pool structures in the base surge deposits of the Laacher See area, Germany. Sedimentology 20 (1973) 553-574
81. Sheridan M.F., and Wohletz K.H. Hydrovolcanic explosions I. The systematics of water-pyroclast equilibration. Science 212 (1981) 1387-1389
82. Sohn Y.K. Hydrovolcanic processes forming basaltic tuff rings and cones on Cheju Island, Korea. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 108 10 (1996) 1199-1211
83. Sohn Y.K. On traction-carpet sedimentation. J. Sed. Res. 67 3 (1997) 502-509
84. Sohn Y.K., and Chough S.K. Depositional processes of the Suwolbong tuff ring, Cheju Island (Korea). Sedimentology 36 (1989) 837-855
85. Sohn Y.K., and Park K.H. Composite tuff ring/cone complexes in Jeju Island, Korea: possible consequences of substrate collapse and vent migration. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 141 (2005) 157-175
86. Sparks R.S.J. Grain size variations in ignimbrites and implications for the transport of pyroclastic flows. Sedimentology 23 (1976) 147-188
87. Stoiber R.E., and Carr M.J. Quaternary volcanic and tectonic segmentation of Central America. Bull. Volcanol. 37 (1973) 304-325
88. UNAN-EAM, 1978. Proyecto Investigación de la calidad de agua de la "Laguna de Asososca". Informe final, período de 4 de diciembre de 1976 al 15 de enero de 1978. Managua, Nicaragua. 163 p.
89. Valentine G.A. Stratified flow in pyroclastic surges. Bull Volcanol 49 (1987) 616-630
90. Valentine G.A. Damage to structures by pyroclastic flows and surges, inferred from nuclear weapons effects. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 87 (1998) 117-140
91. Valentine G.A., and Fisher R.V. Pyroclastic surges and blasts. In: Sigurdsson H. (Ed). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (2000), Academic Press 571-580
92. Vázquez J.A., and Ort M.H. Facies variation of eruption units produced by the passage of single pyroclastic surge currents, Hopi Buttes volcanic field, USA. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 154 (2006) 222-236
93. Vespermann, D., and Schmincke, H.U., 2000. Scoria cones and tuff-rings. In: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B.F., McNutt, S.R., Rymer, H., and Stix, J., (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Toronto, Academic Press: 683-694.
94. Viramonte J. Las últimas erupciones volcánicas en Nicaragua (Periodo 1968-1970). Publ. Geol. ICAITI 4 (1973) 69-80
95. Walker G.P.L. Grain-size characteristics of pyroclastic deposits. J. Geol. 79 (1971) 619-714
96. Walker G.P.L. Ignimbrite types and ignimbrite problems. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 17 (1983) 65-88
97. Walker J.A. Volcanic rocks from the Nejapa and Granada cinder cone alignments, Nicaragua, Central America. J. Petrol. 25 (1984) 299-342
98. Walker G.P.L. Characteristics of dune-bedded pyroclastic surge bedsets. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 20 (1984) 281-296
99. 2 contents of mafic magmas from the submarine to emergent shield stages of Gran Canaria. 1998. In: Weaver P.P.E., Schmincke H.-U., Firth J.V., and Duffield W. (Eds). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results vol. 157 (1998) 411-420
100. Wehrmann H., Bonadonna C., Freundt A., Houghton B.F., and Kutterolf S. Fontana Tephra: a basaltic plinian eruption in Nicaragua. In: Rose W.I., Bluth G.J.S., Carr M.J., Ewert J., Patino L.C., and Vallance J.W. (Eds). Volcanic Hazards in Central America. Spec. Publ. vol. 412 (2006), Geol. Soc. Am. 209-223
101. White J.D.L. Maar-diatreme phreatomagmatism at Hopi Buttes, Navajo Nation (Arizona), USA. Bull. Volcanol. 53 (1991) 239-258
102. White J.D.L. The depositional record of small, monogenetic volcanoes within terrestrial basins. In: Fisher E.V., and Smith G.A. (Eds). Sedimentation in Volcanic Settings. SEPM Special Publication No vol. 45 (1991) 155-171
103. Wilson C.J.N., and Houghton B.F. Pyroclast transport and deposition. In: Sigurdsson H. (Ed). Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (2000), Academic Press 545-554
104. Wise D.U., Funiciello R., Parotto M., and Salvini F. Topographic lineament swarms: clues to their origin from domain analysis of Italy. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 96 (1985) 952-967
105. Wohletz K.H. Explosive magma-water interactions: thermodynamics, explosion mechanics and field studies. Bull. Volcanol. 48 (1986) 245-264
106. Wohletz K.H., and Sheridan M.F. A model of pyroclastic surge. In: Chapin C.E., and y Elston W.E. (Eds). Ash-flow Tuffs. Sp. Pap. vol. 180 (1979), Geol. Soc. Amer. 177-194
107. Wohletz K., and Krinsley D. Scanning electron microscopy of basaltic hydromagmatic ash. Los Alamos National Laboratory Report, LA-UR 82-1433 (1982) 43pp.
108. Wohletz K.H., and Sheridan M.F. Hydrovolcanic explosions II. Evolution of basaltic tuff rings and tuff cones. Amer. Journ. Sci. 283 (1983) 385-413
109. Wohletz K.H., and Heiken G. Volcanology and Geothermal Research (1992), University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles- Oxford. 415 pp.
110. Yamashita S., Kitamura T., and Kusakabe M. Infrared spectroscopy of hydrous glasses of arc magma compositions. Geochem. J. 31 (1997) 169-174
111. Zimanowski B. Phreatomagmatic explosions. In: Freundt A., and Rosi M. (Eds). From Magma to Tephra. Modeling Physical Processes of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (1998), Elsevier Science Publications, Amsterdam 25-54
112. Zimanowski B., Frohlich G., and Lorenz V. Quantitative experiments on phreatomagmatic explosions. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 48 (1991) 341-358
113. Zimanowski B., Büttner R., and Lorenz V. Premixing of magma and water in MFCI experiments. Bull. Volcanol. 58 (1997) 491-495