The diurnal evolution of cold fronts in the Australian subtropics

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 135, Issue 639, 2009, Pages 395-411

  Thomsen, Gerald L ^a   Reeder, Michael J ^b   Smith, Roger K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bore; CAFE; Diurnal cycle; MM5; Morning glory; Sea breeze

Indexed keywords

BORE; CAFE; DIURNAL CYCLE; MM5; MORNING GLORY; SEA BREEZE;

AERODYNAMICS; BOUNDARY LAYERS; CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS; CLIMATOLOGY; TROPICS;

WEATHER FORECASTING;

ATMOSPHERIC WAVE; BOUNDARY CONDITION; COLD FRONT; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DIURNAL VARIATION; FRONTOGENESIS; SEA BREEZE; SUBTROPICAL REGION; TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER; WEATHER FORECASTING; WIND FIELD;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA;

IPOMOEA;

EID: 67649443944     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/qj.387     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Arnup SJ, Reeder MJ. 2007. The diurnal and seasonal variation of airmass boundaries in the Australian region. Mon. Weather Rev. 135: 2995-3008.
2. Blumen W. 1980. A comparison between the Hoskins - Bretherton model of frontogenesis and the analysis of an intense surface frontal zone. J. Atmos. Sci. 37: 64-77.
3. Clarke RH. 1984. Colliding sea-breezes and the creation of internal atmospheric bore waves: Two-dimensional numerical studies. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 32: 207-226.
4. Christie DR. 1992. The morning glory of the Gulf of Carpentaria: A paradigm for non-linear waves in the lower atmosphere. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 41: 21-60.
5. Cooper IM, Thorpe AJ, Bishop CH. 1992. The role of diffusive effects on potential vorticity in fronts. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 118: 629-647.
6. Deslandes R, Reeder MJ, Mills G. 1999. Synoptic analyses of a subtropical cold front observed during the 1991 Central Australian Fronts Experiment. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 48: 87-110.
7. Dudhia J. 1989. Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci. 6: 3077-3107.
8. Garand L. 1983. Some improvements and complements to the infrared emissivity algorithm including a parameterization of the absorption in the continuum region. J. Atmos. Sci. 40: 230-243.
9. Goler RA, Reeder MJ. 2004. The generation of the morning glory. J. Atmos. Sci. 61: 1360-1376.
10. Goler RA, Reeder MJ, Smith RK, Arnup S, Richter H, Keenan T, May P. 2006. Low-level convergence lines over northern Australia. I: The North Australian Cloud Line. Mon. Weather Rev. 134: 3092-3108.
11. Grell GA. 1993. Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations. Mon. Weather Rev. 121: 764-787.
12. Grell GA, Dudhia J, Stauffer D. 1995. 'A description of the 5th generation Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5)'. Technical Report 398, NCAR: Boulder, USA.
13. Haase SP, Smith RK. 1989. The numerical simulation of atmospheric gravity currents. Part II: Environments with stable layers. Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 46: 35-51.
14. Hong SY, Pan HL. 1996. Non-local boundary layer vertical diffusion in a medium-range forecast model. Mon. Weather Rev. 124: 1322-2399.
15. Hoskins BJ, Bretherton FP. 1972. Atmospheric frontogenesis models: Mathematical formulation and solution. J. Atmos. Sci. 29: 11-37.
16. Karyampudi VM, Koch SE, Chen C, Rottman JW, Kaplan ML. 1995. The influence of the Rocky Mountains on the 13 - 14 April 1986 severe weather outbreak. Part II: Evolution of a prefrontal bore and its role in triggering a squall line. Mon. Weather Rev. 123: 1423-1446.
17. Keyser D, Anthes RA 1982. The influence of planetary boundary layer physics on frontal structure in the Hoskins-Bretherton horizontal shear model. J. Atmos. Sci. 39: 1783-1802.
18. Keyser D, Reeder MJ, Reed RJ. 1988. A generalization of Petterssen frontogenesis function and its relation to vertical motion. Mon. Weather Rev. 116: 762-780.
19. Lindzen RS, Fox-Rabinovitz M. 1989. Consistent vertical and horizontal resolution. Mon. Weather Rev. 117: 2575-2583.
20. May PT. 1995. The Australian nocturnal jet and diurnal variation of the boundary layer winds over Mt Isa in northeastern Australia. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 121: 987-1003.
21. Menhofer A, Smith RK, Reeder MJ, Christie DR. 1997a. Morning Glory disturbances and the environment in which they propagate. J. Atmos. Sci. 54: 1712-1725.
22. Menhofer A, Smith RK, Reeder MJ, Christie DR. 1997b. The bore-like character of three morning glories observed during the Central Australian Fronts Experiment. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 46: 277-285.
23. Noonan JA, Smith RK. 1986. Sea breeze circulations over Cape York Peninsula and the generation of Gulf of Carpentaria cloud line disturbances. J. Atmos. Sci. 43: 1679-1693.
24. Pagowski M, Taylor PA. 1998. Fronts and the boundary layer - Some numerical studies. Boundary-layer Meteorol. 89: 469-506.
25. Pecnick MJ, Keyser D. 1989. The effect of spatial resolution on the simulation of upper-tropospheric frontogenesis using a sigma-coordinate primitive equation model. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 40: 137-149.
26. Petterssen S. 1936. Contribution to the theory of frontogenesis. Geofys. Publ. 11(6): 1-27.
27. Plant RS, Belcher SE. 2007. Numerical simulation of baroclinic waves with a parameterized boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 64: 4383-4399.
28. Preissler MA, Reeder MJ, Smith RK. 2002. A case study of a heat low over central Australia. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 51: 155-163.
29. Reeder MJ, Smith RK. 1986. A comparison between frontogenesis in the two-dimensional Eady model of baroclinic instability and summertime fronts in the Australian region. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 112: 293-313.
30. Reeder MJ, Smith RK. 1987. A study of frontal dynamics with application to the Australian summertime cool change. J. Atmos. Sci. 44: 687-705.
31. Reeder MJ, Smith RK. 1988. On air motion trajectories in cold fronts. J. Atmos. Sci. 45: 4005-4007.
32. Reeder MJ, Smith RK. 1998. Pp. 201-241 in Mesoscale Meteorology. Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. Karoly DJ, Vincent DG (eds.) Am. Meteorol. Soc: Boston.
33. Reeder MJ, Tory KJ. 2005. The effect of the continental boundary layer on the dynamics of fronts in a two-dimensional model of baroclinic instability. Part II. Surface heating and cooling. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 131: 2409-2429.
34. Reeder MJ, Grimshaw R, Christie DR, Smith RK. 1995. Interacting morning glories over northern Australia. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 76: 1165-1171.
35. Reeder MJ, Smith RK, Deslandes R, Tapper NJ, Mills GA. 2000. Subtropical fronts observed during the 1996 Central Australian Fronts Experiment. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 49: 181-200.
36. Shapiro M, Hampel T, Rotzoll D, Mosher F. 1985. The frontal hydraulic head: A micro-scale (1 km) triggering mechanism for mesoconvective weather systems. Mon. Weather Rev. 113: 1166-1183.
37. Smith RK. 1988. Travelling waves and bores in the lower atmosphere: The 'Morning Glory' and related phenomena. Earth Sci. Rev. 25: 267-290.
38. Smith RK, Noonan JA. 1998. On the generation of low-level mesoscale convergence lines over north-eastern Australia. Mon. Weather Rev. 126: 167-185.
39. Smith RK, Reeder MJ. 1988. On the movement and low-level structure of cold fronts. Mon. Weather Rev. 116: 1927-1944.
40. Smith RK, Ridley R. 1990. Subtropical continental cold fronts. Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 38: 191-200.
41. Smith RK, Reeder MJ, Tapper NJ, Christie DR. 1995. Central Australian cold fronts. Mon. Weather Rev. 123: 19-38.
42. Smith RK, Reeder MJ, May P, Richter H. 2006. Low-level convergence lines over northern Australia. II. Southerly disturbances. Mon. Weather Rev. 134: 3109-3124.
43. Stephens GL. 1978. Radiation profiles in extended water clouds. II: Parameterization schemes. J. Atmos. Sci. 35: 2123-2132.
44. Stephens GL, Ackerman SA, Smith EA. 1984. A shortwave parameterization revised to improve cloud absorption. J. Atmos. Sci. 41: 687-690.
45. Thomsen GL, Smith RK. 2006. Simulations of low-level convergence lines over northeastern Australia. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 132: 691-707.
46. Twigg RD, Bannon PR. 1998. Frontal equilibration by friction processes. J. Atmos. Sci. 55: 1084-1087.
47. Weinzierl B, Smith RK, Reeder MJ, Jackson G. 2007. MesoLAPS predictions of low-level convergence lines over northeastern Australia. Weather and Forecasting 22: 910-927.