The impact of repression, hostility, and post-traumatic stress disorder on all-cause mortality: A prospective 16-year follow-up study

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

Volumn 197, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 461-466

  Boscarino, Joseph A ^a,b   Figley, Charles R ^c  

^a GEISINGER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Hostility; Mortality; Post traumatic stress disorder; Repression; Survival analysis

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARMY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEFENSE MECHANISM; FOLLOW UP; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MORTALITY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RATING SCALE; UNITED STATES; VETERAN; VIET NAM; ANXIETY; CAUSE OF DEATH; MIDDLE AGED; MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICS; WAR;

ANXIETY; CAUSE OF DEATH; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HOSTILITY; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; MMPI; MORTALITY; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; REPRESSION; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; UNITED STATES; VETERANS; VIETNAM CONFLICT;

EID: 67649404858     PISSN: 00223018     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181a61f3e     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed, Text Revision). Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association.
2. Archer RP, Gordon RA, Anderson GL, Giannetti RA (1989) MMPI special scale clinical correlates for adolescent inpatients. J Pers Assess. 53:654-664.
3. Barefoot JC (1992) Developments in the measurement of hostility. In Friedman HS (ed), Hostility, Coping, and Health (pp 13-31). Washington (DC): American Psychological Association.
4. Boehmer TK, Flanders WD, McGeehin MA, Boyle C, Barrett DH (2004) Post-service mortality in Vietnam veterans: 30-year follow-up. Arch Inter Med. 164:1908-1916.
5. Boscarino JA (2008a) Psychobiologic predictors of disease mortality after psychological trauma: Implications for research and clinical surveillance. J Nerv Ment Dis. 195:100-107.
6. Boscarino JA (2008b) A Prospective study of PTSD and early-age heart disease mortality among Vietnam veterans: Implications for surveillance and prevention. Psychosom Med. 70:668-676.
7. Boscarino JA (2006a) Posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among US Army veterans 30 years after military service. Ann Epidemiol. 16:248-258.
8. Boscarino JA (2006b) External-cause mortality after psychologic trauma: The effects of stress exposure and predisposition. Compr Psychiatry. 47:503-514.
9. Boscarino JA (2004) Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and physical illness: Results and implications from clinical and epidemiologic studies. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1032:141-153.
10. Boscarino JA (1996) Post-traumatic stress disorder, exposure to combat and lower plasma cortisol among Vietnam veterans: Findings and clinical implications. J Consult Clin Psychol. 64:191-201.
11. Boscarino JA, Hoffman SN (2007) Consistent association between mixed lateral preference and PTSD: Confirmation among a national study of 2490 US Army Vietnam veterans. Psychosom Med. 69:365-369.
12. Boyle SH, Williams RB, Mark DB, Brummett BH, Siegler IC, Barefoot JC (2005) Hostility, age, and mortality in a sample of cardiac patients. Am J Cardiol. 96:64-66.
13. Brewin CR (2005) Encoding and retrieval of traumatic memories. In Vasterling JJ, Brewin CR (Eds), Neuropsychology of PTSD: Biological, Cognitive, and Clinical Perspectives (pp 131-150). New York (NY): Guilford Press.
14. Bryant RA, Harvey AG (1995) Avoidant coping style and post-traumatic stress following motor vehicle accidents. Behav Res Ther. 33:631-635.
15. Bunde J, Suls J (2006) A quantitative analysis of the relationship between the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and traditional coronary artery disease risk factors. Health Psychol. 25:493-500.
16. Center for Disease Control (1989a) Health Status of Vietnam Veterans: Volume II. Telephone Interview. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control.
17. Centers for Disease Control (1989b) Health Status of Vietnam Veterans: Volume IV. Psychological and Neuropsychological Evaluation. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control.
18. Centers for Disease Control (1989c) Health Status of Vietnam Veterans: Volume III. Medical Examination. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control.
19. Centers for Disease Control (1989d) Health Status of Vietnam Veterans: Supplement C. Medical and Psychological Procedure Manuals and Forms. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control.
20. Cleves M, Gould WW, Gutierrez RG (2002) Introduction to Survival Analysis Using Stata. College Station (TX): Stata Corporation Press.
21. Clohessy S, Ehlers A (1999) PTSD symptoms, response to intrusive memories and coping in ambulance service workers. Br J Clin Psychol. 38:251-265.
22. Coifman KG, Bonanno GA, Ray RD, Gross JJ (2007) Does repressive coping promote resilience? Affective-autonomic response discrepancy during bereavement. J Pers Soc Psychol. 92:745-758.
23. Colligan RC, Offord KP (1988a) Changes in MMPI factor scores: norms for the Welsh A and R dimensions from a contemporary normal sample. J Clin Psychol. 44:142-148.
24. Colligan RC, Offord KP (1988b) Contemporary norms for the Wiggins content scales: a 45-year update. J Clin Psychol. 44:23-32.
25. Dahlstrom WG, Welsh GS, Dahlstrom LE (1975) An MMPI Handbook. Volume II: Research Applications (Revised ed). Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota Press.
26. Dahlstrom WG, Welsh GS, Dahlstrom LE (1972) An MMPI Handbook. Volume I: Clinical Interpretation (Revised ed). Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota Press.
27. Depue BE, Curran T, Banich MT (2007) Prefrontal regions orchestrate suppression of emotional memories via a two-phase process. Science. 317:215-219.
28. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS (1998) Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 14:245-258.
29. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Gravel G, Masson A, Juneau M, Bourassa MG (2002) Long-term survival differences among low-anxious, high-anxious and repressive copers enrolled in the Montreal heart attack readjustment trial. Psychosom Med. 64:571-579.
30. Friedman HS (1992) Understanding hostility, coping and health. In Friedman HS (ed), Hostility, Coping and Health (pp 3-9). Washington (DC): American Psychological Association.
31. Ginzburg K, Solomon Z, Bleich A (2002) Repressive coping style, acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder after myocardial infarction. Psycho-som Med. 64:748-757.
32. Goldwater BC, Collis ML (1985) Psychologic effects of cardiovascular conditioning: a controlled experiment. Psychosom Med. 47:174-181.
33. Greene RL (1991) The MMPI-2/MMPI: An Interpretive Manual. Boston (MA): Allyn and Bacon.
34. Holmes DS (1990) The evidence for repression: an examination of sixty years of research. In Singer JL (ed), Repression and Dissociation: Implications for Personality Theory, Psychopathology and Health (pp 85-102). Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.
35. Horowitz MJ, Markman HC, Stinson CH, Fridhandler B, Ghannam JH (1990) A classification theory of defense. In Singer JL (ed), Repression and Dissociation: Implications for Personality Theory, Psychopathology and Health (pp 61-84). Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.
36. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S (1999) Applied Survival Analysis. New York (NY): John Wiley and Sons.
37. Hung M, Whalen RE (1999) Introduction. In Hung M, Whalen RE (eds), Animal Models of Human Emotion and Cognition (pp 3-13). Washington (DC): American Psychological Association.
38. Iribarren C, Jacobs DR, Kiefe CI, Lewis CE, Matthews KA, Roseman JM. Hulley SB (2005) Causes and demographic, medical, lifestyle and psychosocial predictors of premature mortality: the CARDIA study. Soc Sci Med. 60:471-482.
39. Izard CE (1993) Four systems for emotion activation: cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychol Rev. 100:68-90.
40. Jones BP (1993) Repression: the evolution of a psychoanalytic concept from the 1890's to the 1990's. J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 41:63-93.
41. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, McGuire L, Robles TF, Glaser R (2002) Emotions, morbidity and mortality: new perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annu Rev Psychol. 53:83-107.
42. Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbank JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, Weiss DS (1990) Trauma and the Vietnam Generation: Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Tables of Findings and Technical Appendices. New York (NY): Brunner/Mazel.
43. Ouimette P, Cronkite R, Prins A Moos RH (2004) Posttraumatic stress disorder, anger and hostility and physical health status. J Nerv Ment Dis. 192:563-566.
44. Pennebaker JW, Seagal JD (1999) Forming a story: the health benefits of narrative. J Clin Psychol. 55:1243-1254.
45. Persky VW, Kempthorne-Rawson J, Shekelle RB (1987) Personality and risk of cancer: 20 follow-up of Western-Electric Study. Psychosom Med. 49:435-449.
46. Richards JS (1986) Psychologic adjustment to spinal cord injury during first post-discharge year. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 67:362-365.
47. Robins LN, Helzer JE, Cottler LB (1987) The Diagnostic Interview Schedule Training Manual, Version III-A. St. Louis (MO): Veterans Administration.
48. Schnurr PP, Green BL (2004) (eds), Trauma and Health: Physical Health Consequences of Extreme Stress (pp 247-275). Washington (DC): American Psychological Association.
49. Schwartz GE (1990) Psychobiology of repression and health: a systems approach. In Singer JL (ed), Repression and Dissociation: Implications for Personality Theory, Psychopathology and Health (pp 405-434). Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.
50. Singer JL, Sincoff JB (1990) Summary chapter: beyond repression and the defenses. In Singer JL (ed), Repression and Dissociation: Implications for Personality Theory, Psychopathology and Health (pp 471-496). Chicago (IL): University of Chicago Press.
51. Solomon Z, Berger R, Ginzburg K (2007) Resilience of Israeli body handlers: Implications of repressive coping style. Traumatology. 13:64 -74.
52. van der Kolk BA (1996) Trauma and memory. In van der Kolk BA, McFarlane AC, Weisaeth L (eds), Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body and Society (pp 279-302). New York (NY): Guilford Press.
53. Wastell CA (2002) Exposure to trauma: the long-term effects of suppressing emotional reactions. J Nerv Ment Dis. 190:839-845.
54. Weihs KL, Enright TM, Simmens SJ (2008) Close relationships and emotional processing predict decreased mortality in women with breast cancer: preliminary evidence. Psychosom Med. 70:117-124.
55. Weinberger DA (1990) The construct validity of the repressive coping style. In Singer JL (ed), Repression and Dissociation: Implications for Personality Theory, Psychopathology and Health (pp 337-386). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
56. Welsh GS (1965) MMPI profiles and factor scales A and R. J Clin Psychol. 21:43-47.
57. Wiggins JS, Goldberg LR, Appelbaum M (1971) MPPI content scales: interpretative norms and correlation with other scales. J Consult Clin Psychol. 27:403-410.