Landscape metrics indicate differences in patterns and dominant controls of ribbon forests in the Rocky Mountains, USA

Applied Vegetation Science

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 237-249

  Bekker, Matthew F ^a   Clark, Jess T ^b   Jackson, Mark W ^a  

^a BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Remote Sensing Applications Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecotone; Feedback; Landscape ecology; Lithology; Microtopography; Remote sensing; Ribbon forest; Treeline; Wind snow interaction.

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649328459     PISSN: 14022001     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1654-109X.2009.01021.x     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Alftine, K.J. & Malanson, G.P. 2004. Directional positive feedback and pattern at an alpine tree line. Journal of Vegetation Science 15: 3-12.
2. Arno, S.F. 1984. Timberline: mountain and arctic forest frontiers. The Mountaineers, Seattle, WA, USA.
3. Atwood, C.K. & Atwood Jr., W.W. 1937. Land utilization in a glaciated mountain range. Economic Geography 13:365-378.
4. Baker, W.L. 1992. Effects of settlement and fire suppression on landscape structure. Ecology 73: 1879-1887.
5. Bekker, M.F. 2005. Positive feedback between tree establishment and patterns of subalpine forest advancement, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 37: 97-107.
6. Bekker, M.F. & Malanson, G.P. 2008. Linear forest patterns in subalpine environments. Progress in Physical Geography 32: 635-653.
7. Billings, W.D. 1969. Vegetational pattern near alpine timberline as affected by fire-snowdrift interactions. Vegetatio 19: 192-207.
8. Buckner, D.L. 1977. Ribbon forest development and maintenance in the Central Rocky Mountains of Colorado. PhD Dissertation. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
9. Butler, D.R., Malanson, G.P., Bekker, M.F. & Resler, L.M. 2003. Lithologic, structural, and geomorphic controls on ribbon forest patterns in a glaciated mountain environment. Geomorphology 55: 203-217.
10. Butler, D.R., Malanson, G.P., Walsh, S.J. & Fagre, D.B. 2007. Influences of geomorphology and geology on alpine treeline in the American West: more important than climatic influences? Physical Geography 28: 434-450.
11. Callaway, R.M., Brooker, R.W., Choler, P., Kidvidze, Z., Lortie, C.J., Michalet, R., Paolini, L., Pugnaire, F.L., Newingham, B., Aschehoug, E.T., Kikodze, D. & Cook, B.J. 2002. Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature 417: 844-848.
12. Coop, J.D. & Givnish, T.J. 2007. Gradient analysis of reversed treelines and grasslands of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science 18: 43-54.
13. Doering, W.R. & Reider, R.G. 1992. Soils of Cinnabar Park, Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA: indicators of park origin and persistence. Arctic and Alpine Research 24: 27-39.
14. Earle, C.J. 1993. Forest dynamics in a forest-tundra ecotone, Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming. PhD Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
15. Foster, D.R., King, G.A., Glaser, P.H. & Wright Jr., H.E. 1983. Origin of string patterns in boreal peatlands. Nature 306: 256-258.
16. Germino, M.J., Smith, W.K. & Resor, A.C. 2002. Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone. Plant Ecology 162: 157-168.
17. Griggs, R.F. 1938. Timberlines in the northern Rocky Mountains. Ecology 19: 548-564.
18. Hättenschwiler, S. & Smith, W.K. 1999. Seedling occurrence in alpine treeline conifers: a case study from the central Rocky Mountains, USA. Acta Oecologica 20: 219-224.
19. Hiemstra, C.A., Liston, G.E. & Reiners, W.A. 2002. Snow redistribution by wind and interactions with vegetation at upper treeline in the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 34: 262-273.
20. Hiemstra, C.A., Liston, G.E. & Reiners, W.A. 2006. Observing, modelling, and validating snow redistribution by wind in a Wyoming treeline landscape. Ecological Modelling 197: 35-51.
21. Holtmeier, F.-K. 1982. 'Ribbon Forest' and 'Hedges.' Strip-like distribution patterns of trees at the upper timberline in the Rocky Mountains. Erdkunde 36:142-153.
22. Holtmeier, F.-K. 1985. Climatic stress influencing the physiognomy of trees at the polar and mountain timberline. In: Turner, H. & Tranquilini, W. (eds.) Establishment and trending of subalpine forest: research and management. Proceedings of the 3rd IUFRO Workshop. pp. 31-40, Eidgenössische Anstalt für das forstliche Versuchswesen, Berichte, 270..
23. Holtmeier, F.-K. 2003. Mountain timberlines: ecology, patchiness, and dynamics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
24. Houston, R.S. 1968. Geologic map of the medicine Bow Mountains, Albany and Carbon counties, Wyoming. Geological Survey of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
25. Houston, R.S. & Karlstrom, K.E. 1992. Geologic map of Precambrian metasedimentary rocks of the Medicine Bow Mountains, Albany and Carbon Counties, Wyoming. US Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-2280. US Geological Survey, Washington, DC, USA.
26. Li, H. & Reynolds, J.F. 1993. A new contagion index to quantify spatial patterns of landscapes. Landscape Ecology 8: 155-162.
27. Loehle, C., Li, B.L. & Sundell, R.C. 1996. Forest spread and phase transitions at forest-prairie ecotones in Kansas, USA. Landscape Ecology 11: 225-235.
28. Malanson, G.P. 1999. Considering complexity. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89: 746-753.
29. Malanson, G.P. & Zeng, Y. 2004. Uncovering spatial feedbacks at alpine treeline using spatial metrics in evolutionary simulations. In: Atkinson, P.M., Foody, G., Darby, S. & Wu, F. (eds.) GeoDynamics. pp. 137-150. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
30. Malanson, G.P., Xiao, N. & Alftine, K.J. 2001. A simulation test of the resource-averaging hypothesis of ecotone formation. Journal of Vegetation Science 12: 743-748.
31. Malanson, G.P., Butler, D.R., Fagre, D.B., Walsh, S.J., Tomback, D.F., Daniels, L.D., Resler, L.M., Smith, W.K., Weiss, D.J., Peterson, D.L., Bunn, A.G., Hiemstra, C.A., Liptzin, D., Bourgeron, P.S., Shen, Z. & Millar, C.I. 2007. Alpine treeline of western North America: linking organism-to-landscape scales. Physical Geography 28: 378-396.
32. Marr, J.W. 1977. The development and movement of tree islands near the upper limit of tree growth in the southern Rocky Mountains. Ecology 58: 1159-1164.
33. McGarigal, K. & Marks, B.J. 1994. FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
34. Mears Jr., B. 2001. Glacial records in the Medicine Bow Mountains and Sierra Madre of southern Wyoming and adjacent Colorado, with a traveler's guide to their sites. Public information circular no. 4. Wyoming State Geological Survey, Laramie, WY, USA.
35. Miles, S.R. & Singleton, P.C. 1975. Vegetative history of Cinnabar Park in Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 39: 1204-1208.
36. Milne, B.T., Johnson, A.R., Keitt, T.H., Hatfield, C.A., David, J. & Hraber, P.T. 1996. Detection of critical densities associated with piñon-juniper woodland ecotones. Ecology 77: 805-821.
37. O'Neill, R.V., Krummel, J.R., Gardner, R.H., Sugihara, G., Jackson, B., DeAngelis, D.L., Milne, B.T., Turner, M.G., Zygmunt, B., Christensen, S., Dale, V.H. & Graham, R.L. 1988. Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology 1: 153-162.
38. Oosting, H.J. & Reed, J.F. 1952. Virgin spruce-fir of the Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming. Ecological Monographs 22: 69-91.
39. Oshima, Y., Kimura, M., Iwake, H. & Kuriowa, S. 1958. Ecological and physiological studies on the vegetation of Mt Shimagare. I. Preliminary survey of the vegetation of Mt. Shimagare. Botanical Magazine Tokyo 71: 289-300.
40. Peet, R.K. 2000. Forests and meadows of the Rocky Mountains. In: Barbour, M.G. & Billings, W.D. (eds.) North American terrestrial vegetation. 2nd edn, pp. 75-121. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.
41. Puigdefábregas, J., Gallart, F., Biaciotto, O., Allogia, M. & del Barrio, G. 1999. Banded vegetation patterning in a subantarctic forest of Tierra del Fuego, as an outcome of the interaction between wind and tree growth. Acta Oecologica 20: 135-146.
42. Reiners, W.A. & Lang, G.E. 1979. Vegetational patterns and processes in the balsam fir zone, White Mountains, New Hampshire. Ecology 60: 403-417.
43. Resler, L.M., Butler, D.R. & Malanson, G.P. 2005. Topographic shelter and conifer establishment and mortality in an alpine environment, Glacier National Park, Montana. Physical Geography 26: 112-125.
44. Rietkerk, M. & Van De Koppel, J. 2008. Regular pattern formation in real ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 169-175.
45. Rietkerk, M., Dekker, S.C., De Ruiter, P.C. & Van De Koppel, J. 2004. Self-organized patchiness and catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Science 305: 1926-1929.
46. Ross, C.P. 1959. Geology of Glacier National Park and the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana. US Geological Survey Professional Paper, vol.296. US Geological Survey, Washington, DC, USA.
47. SFWMD. 2004. 2004 Everglades consolidated report. South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL, USA.
48. Smith, W.K., Germino, M.J., Hancock, T.E. & Johnson, D.M. 2003. Another perspective on altitudinal limits of alpine timberlines. Tree Physiology 23: 1101-1112.
49. SNOTEL. 2007. SNOTEL Data Network. U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. URL: http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/snotel/
50. Snyder, G.L. 1980a. Geologic map of the central part of the northern Park Range, Jackson and Routt Counties, Colorado. US Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1112. US Geological Survey, Washington, DC, USA.
51. Snyder, G.L. 1980b. Geologic map of the northernmost park range and southernmost Sierra Madre, Jackson and Routt Counties, Colorado. US Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1113. US Geological Survey, Washington, DC, USA.
52. Sprugel, D.G. 1976. Dynamic structure of wave-regenerated Abies balsamea forests in the northeastern United States. Journal of Ecology 64: 889-911.
53. Tongway, D.J., Valentin, C. & Seghieri, J. (eds.) 2001. Banded Vegetation Patterning in Arid and Semiarid Environments. Ecological Processes and Consequences for Management. Ecological Studies 149. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA.
54. Turner, M.G., Wear, D.N. & Flamm, R.O. 1996. Land ownership and land-cover change in the Southern Appalachian Highlands and the Olympic Peninsula. Ecological Applications 6: 1150-1172.
55. Vale, T.R. 1978. Tree invasion of Cinnabar Park in Wyoming. American Midland Naturalist 100: 277-284.
56. Walker, D.A., Billings, W.D. & DeMolenaar, J.G. 2001. Snow-vegetation interactions in tundra environments. In: Jones, H.G., Pomeroy, J.W., Walker, D.A. & Hoham, R.W. (eds.) Snow ecology: an interdisciplinary examination of snow-covered ecosystems. pp. 266-324. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.
57. Walker, S., Wilson, J.B., Steel, J.B., Rapson, G.L., Smith, B., King, W.M. & Cottam, Y.H. 2003. Properties of ecotones: evidence from five ecotones objectively determined from a coastal vegetation gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science 14: 579-590.
58. Whipple, J.W. 1992. Geologic map of Glacier National Park, Montana. US Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1508-F. US Geological Survey, Washington, DC, USA.
59. White, L.P. 1969. Vegetation arcs in Jordan. Journal of Ecology 57: 5461-5464.
60. Wilson, J.B. & Agnew, A.D.Q. 1992. Positive-feedback switches in plant communities. Advances in Ecological Research 23: 263-336.
61. Wu, Y.G., Wang, N.M. & Rutchey, K. 2006. An analysis of spatial complexity of ridge and slough patterns in the Everglades ecosystem. Ecological Complexity 3: 183-192.
62. Zeng, Y., Malanson, G.P. & Butler, D.R. 2007. Geomorphological limits to self-organization of alpine forest-tundra ecotone vegetation. Geomorphology 91: 378-392.