메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 67-74

Coagulation meets calcification: The vitamin K system

Author keywords

Calcification; Matrix Gla protein; Osteocalcin; Renal osteodystrophy; Vitamin K; Warfarin

Indexed keywords

BIOMINERALIZATION; DISEASES; MINERALOGY; PATIENT TREATMENT; PROTEINS;

EID: 67649311819     PISSN: 03913988     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/039139880903200202     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (57)

References (48)
  • 1
    • 0032229826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease
    • Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol; 1998; 9 (Suppl): S16-23.
    • (1998) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.9 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Foley, R.N.1    Parfrey, P.S.2    Sarnak, M.J.3
  • 2
    • 22344458137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis
    • Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 238-48.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 238-248
    • Wanner, C.1    Krane, V.2    Marz, W.3
  • 3
    • 33751002326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia
    • Drueke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, et al. Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2071-84.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 2071-2084
    • Drueke, T.B.1    Locatelli, F.2    Clyne, N.3
  • 4
    • 33751576769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel insights into vascular calcification
    • Ketteler M, Giachelli C. Novel insights into vascular calcification. Kidney Int 2006; 70 (Suppl); S5-9.
    • (2006) Kidney Int , vol.70 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Ketteler, M.1    Giachelli, C.2
  • 5
    • 0033967686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphology of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with end-stage renal failure
    • Schwarz U, Buzello M, Ritz E, et al. Morphology of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15: 218-23.
    • (2000) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.15 , pp. 218-223
    • Schwarz, U.1    Buzello, M.2    Ritz, E.3
  • 7
    • 33847223412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality effect of coronary calcification and phosphate binder choice in incident hemodialysis patients
    • Block GA, Raggi P, Bellasi A, Kooienga L, Spiegel DM. Mortality effect of coronary calcification and phosphate binder choice in incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2007; 71: 438-41.
    • (2007) Kidney Int , vol.71 , pp. 438-441
    • Block, G.A.1    Raggi, P.2    Bellasi, A.3    Kooienga, L.4    Spiegel, D.M.5
  • 8
    • 0036310682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients
    • Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 245-52.
    • (2002) Kidney Int , vol.62 , pp. 245-252
    • Chertow, G.M.1    Burke, S.K.2    Raggi, P.3
  • 9
    • 39049096394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease
    • Moe SM, Chen NX. Mechanisms of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 213-6.
    • (2008) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.19 , pp. 213-216
    • Moe, S.M.1    Chen, N.X.2
  • 10
    • 0035824898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smooth muscle cell phenotypic transition associated with calcification: Upregulation of Cbfa1 and downregulation of smooth muscle lineage markers
    • Steitz SA, Speer MY, Curinga G, et al. Smooth muscle cell phenotypic transition associated with calcification: upregulation of Cbfa1 and downregulation of smooth muscle lineage markers. Circ Res 2001; 89: 1147-54.
    • (2001) Circ Res , vol.89 , pp. 1147-1154
    • Steitz, S.A.1    Speer, M.Y.2    Curinga, G.3
  • 11
    • 9644298257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated extracellular calcium levels induce smooth muscle cell matrix mineralization in vitro
    • Yang H, Curinga G, Giachelli CM. Elevated extracellular calcium levels induce smooth muscle cell matrix mineralization in vitro. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 2293-9.
    • (2004) Kidney Int , vol.66 , pp. 2293-2299
    • Yang, H.1    Curinga, G.2    Giachelli, C.M.3
  • 12
    • 33745210682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients
    • Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kuwe N, Regidor DL, et al. Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 771-80.
    • (2006) Kidney Int , vol.70 , pp. 771-780
    • Kalantar-Zadeh, K.1    Kuwe, N.2    Regidor, D.L.3
  • 15
    • 36348941029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-translational modifications regulate matrix Gla protein function: Importance for inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification
    • Schurgers LJ, Spronk HM, Skepper JN, et al. Post-translational modifications regulate matrix Gla protein function: importance for inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. J Thromb Hemost 2007; 5: 2503-11.
    • (2007) J Thromb Hemost , vol.5 , pp. 2503-2511
    • Schurgers, L.J.1    Spronk, H.M.2    Skepper, J.N.3
  • 16
    • 34447521886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K: The coagulation vitamin that became omnipotent
    • Cranenburg EC, Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C. Vitamin K: the coagulation vitamin that became omnipotent. Thromb Hemost 2007; 98: 120-5.
    • (2007) Thromb Hemost , vol.98 , pp. 120-125
    • Cranenburg, E.C.1    Schurgers, L.J.2    Vermeer, C.3
  • 17
    • 0035075742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent proteins in vascular calcification
    • Schurgers LJ, Dissel PE, Spronk HM, et al. Role of vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent proteins in vascular calcification. Z Kardiol 2001; 90 (suppl 3): S57-63.
    • (2001) Z Kardiol , vol.90 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Schurgers, L.J.1    Dissel, P.E.2    Spronk, H.M.3
  • 18
    • 23244458678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel conformation-specific antibodies against matrix gammacarboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein: Undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein as marker for vascular calcification
    • Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Knapen MH, et al. Novel conformation-specific antibodies against matrix gammacarboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein: undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein as marker for vascular calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 1629-33.
    • (2005) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.25 , pp. 1629-1633
    • Schurgers, L.J.1    Teunissen, K.J.2    Knapen, M.H.3
  • 19
    • 0034445265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinones in food. Effect of food matrix on circulating vitamin K concentrations
    • Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C. Determination of phylloquinone and menaquinones in food. Effect of food matrix on circulating vitamin K concentrations. Hemostasis 2000; 30: 298-307.
    • (2000) Hemostasis , vol.30 , pp. 298-307
    • Schurgers, L.J.1    Vermeer, C.2
  • 20
    • 0030056303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 distribution in rats: Synthesis rather than uptake determines menaquinone-4 organ concentrations
    • Thijssen HH, Drittij-Reijnders MJ, Fischer MA. Phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 distribution in rats: synthesis rather than uptake determines menaquinone-4 organ concentrations. J Nutr 1996; 126: 537-43.
    • (1996) J Nutr , vol.126 , pp. 537-543
    • Thijssen, H.H.1    Drittij-Reijnders, M.J.2    Fischer, M.A.3
  • 21
    • 0030029030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K status in human tissues: Tissue-specific accumulation of phylloquinone and menaquinone-4
    • Thijssen HH, Drittij-Reijnders MJ. Vitamin K status in human tissues: tissue-specific accumulation of phylloquinone and menaquinone-4. Br J Nutr 1996; 75: 121-7.
    • (1996) Br J Nutr , vol.75 , pp. 121-127
    • Thijssen, H.H.1    Drittij-Reijnders, M.J.2
  • 22
    • 0442293394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tissue-specific utilization of menaquinone-4 results in the prevention of arterial calcification in warfarintreated rats
    • Spronk HM, Soute BA, Schurgers LJ, Thijssen HH, De Mey JG, Vermeer C. Tissue-specific utilization of menaquinone-4 results in the prevention of arterial calcification in warfarintreated rats. J Vasc Res 2003; 40: 531-7.
    • (2003) J Vasc Res , vol.40 , pp. 531-537
    • Spronk, H.M.1    Soute, B.A.2    Schurgers, L.J.3    Thijssen, H.H.4    De Mey, J.G.5    Vermeer, C.6
  • 23
    • 0031660278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warfarin causes rapid calcification of the elastic lamelle in rat arteries and heart valves
    • Price PA, Faus SA, Williamson MK. Warfarin causes rapid calcification of the elastic lamelle in rat arteries and heart valves. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18: 1400-7.
    • (1998) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.18 , pp. 1400-1407
    • Price, P.A.1    Faus, S.A.2    Williamson, M.K.3
  • 24
    • 33947578745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression of warfarin-induced medial elastocalcinosis by high intake of vitamin K in rats
    • Schurgers LJ, Spronk HM, Soute BA, Schiffers PM, DeMey JG, Vermeer C. Regression of warfarin-induced medial elastocalcinosis by high intake of vitamin K in rats. Blood 2007; 109: 2823-31.
    • (2007) Blood , vol.109 , pp. 2823-2831
    • Schurgers, L.J.1    Spronk, H.M.2    Soute, B.A.3    Schiffers, P.M.4    DeMey, J.G.5    Vermeer, C.6
  • 25
    • 0033696401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong prediction of fractures among older adults by the ratio of carboxylated to total serum osteocalcin
    • Luukinen H, Kakonen SM, Pettersson K, et al. Strong prediction of fractures among older adults by the ratio of carboxylated to total serum osteocalcin. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15: 2473-8.
    • (2000) J Bone Miner Res , vol.15 , pp. 2473-2478
    • Luukinen, H.1    Kakonen, S.M.2    Pettersson, K.3
  • 26
    • 34247565048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of phylloquinone supplementation on biochemical markers of vitamin K status and bone turnover in postmenopausal women
    • Bugel S, Sorensen AD, Hels O, Kristensen M, et al. Effect of phylloquinone supplementation on biochemical markers of vitamin K status and bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr 2007; 97: 373-80.
    • (2007) Br J Nutr , vol.97 , pp. 373-380
    • Bugel, S.1    Sorensen, A.D.2    Hels, O.3    Kristensen, M.4
  • 27
    • 33847299510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subclinical vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients
    • Pilkey RM, Morton AR, Boffa MB, et al. Subclinical vitamin K deficiency in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49: 432-9.
    • (2007) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.49 , pp. 432-439
    • Pilkey, R.M.1    Morton, A.R.2    Boffa, M.B.3
  • 28
    • 33646809401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentration in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy daily and on alternate days
    • Yasui T, Uemura H, Umino Y, et al. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentration in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy daily and on alternate days. Menopause 2006; 13: 314-22.
    • (2006) Menopause , vol.13 , pp. 314-322
    • Yasui, T.1    Uemura, H.2    Umino, Y.3
  • 29
    • 0344702149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K(2) (menaquinone 4) reduces serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin level as early as 2 weeks in elderly women with established osteoporosis
    • Miki T, Nakatsuka K, Naka H, et al. Vitamin K(2) (menaquinone 4) reduces serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin level as early as 2 weeks in elderly women with established osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab 2003; 21: 161-5.
    • (2003) J Bone Miner Metab , vol.21 , pp. 161-165
    • Miki, T.1    Nakatsuka, K.2    Naka, H.3
  • 30
    • 0033660336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K supplementation reduces serum concentrations of under-gamma-carboxylated osteocalcin in healthy young and elderly adults
    • Binkley NC, Krueger DC, Engelke JA, Foley AL, Suttie JW. Vitamin K supplementation reduces serum concentrations of under-gamma-carboxylated osteocalcin in healthy young and elderly adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 1523-8.
    • (2000) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.72 , pp. 1523-1528
    • Binkley, N.C.1    Krueger, D.C.2    Engelke, J.A.3    Foley, A.L.4    Suttie, J.W.5
  • 31
    • 0033919825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intake of fermented soybean (natto) increases circulating vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) and gamma-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration in normal individuals
    • Tsukamoto Y, Ichise H, Kakuda H, Yamaguchi M. Intake of fermented soybean (natto) increases circulating vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) and gamma-carboxylated osteocalcin concentration in normal individuals. J Bone Miner Metab 2000; 18: 216-22.
    • (2000) J Bone Miner Metab , vol.18 , pp. 216-222
    • Tsukamoto, Y.1    Ichise, H.2    Kakuda, H.3    Yamaguchi, M.4
  • 32
    • 50349101161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Circulating Inactive Form of Matrix Gla Protein (ucMGP) as a Biomarker for Cardiovascular Calcification
    • Cranenburg EC, Vermeer C, Koos R, et al. The Circulating Inactive Form of Matrix Gla Protein (ucMGP) as a Biomarker for Cardiovascular Calcification. J Vasc Res 2008; 45: 427-36.
    • (2008) J Vasc Res , vol.45 , pp. 427-436
    • Cranenburg, E.C.1    Vermeer, C.2    Koos, R.3
  • 33
    • 0030947025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein
    • Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, Pinero GJ, et al. Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature 1997; 386: 78-81.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.386 , pp. 78-81
    • Luo, G.1    Ducy, P.2    McKee, M.D.3    Pinero, G.J.4
  • 34
    • 2942631661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extracellular matrix mineralization is regulated locally; different roles of two gla-containing proteins
    • Murshed M, Schinke T, McKee MD, Karsenty G. Extracellular matrix mineralization is regulated locally; different roles of two gla-containing proteins. J Cell Biol 2004; 165: 625-30.
    • (2004) J Cell Biol , vol.165 , pp. 625-630
    • Murshed, M.1    Schinke, T.2    McKee, M.D.3    Karsenty, G.4
  • 35
    • 0025324415 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-carboxyglutamate-containing proteins and the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase
    • Vermeer C. Gamma-carboxyglutamate-containing proteins and the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. Biochem J 1990; 266: 625-36.
    • (1990) Biochem J , vol.266 , pp. 625-636
    • Vermeer, C.1
  • 36
    • 0242443189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Matrix GLA protein and BMP-2 regulate osteoinduction in calcifying vascular cells
    • Zebboudj AF, Shin V, Bostrom K. Matrix GLA protein and BMP-2 regulate osteoinduction in calcifying vascular cells. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90: 756-65.
    • (2003) J Cell Biochem , vol.90 , pp. 756-765
    • Zebboudj, A.F.1    Shin, V.2    Bostrom, K.3
  • 37
    • 14544283020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human vascular smooth muscle cells undergo vesicle-mediated calcification in response to changes in extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations: A potential mechanism for accelerated vascular calcification in ESRD
    • Reynolds JL, Joannides AJ, Skepper JN, et al. Human vascular smooth muscle cells undergo vesicle-mediated calcification in response to changes in extracellular calcium and phosphate concentrations: a potential mechanism for accelerated vascular calcification in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 2857-67.
    • (2004) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.15 , pp. 2857-2867
    • Reynolds, J.L.1    Joannides, A.J.2    Skepper, J.N.3
  • 39
    • 33745678714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Cockayne S, Adamson J, Lanham-New S, Shearer MJ, Gilbody S, Torgerson DJ. Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1256-61.
    • (2006) Arch Intern Med , vol.166 , pp. 1256-1261
    • Cockayne, S.1    Adamson, J.2    Lanham-New, S.3    Shearer, M.J.4    Gilbody, S.5    Torgerson, D.J.6
  • 40
    • 31344472752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of osteoporotic fracture in elderly patients taking warfarin: Results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation 2
    • Gage BF, Birman-Deych E, Radford MJ, Nilasena DS, Binder EF. Risk of osteoporotic fracture in elderly patients taking warfarin: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation 2. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 241-6.
    • (2006) Arch Intern Med , vol.166 , pp. 241-246
    • Gage, B.F.1    Birman-Deych, E.2    Radford, M.J.3    Nilasena, D.S.4    Binder, E.F.5
  • 41
    • 34249314079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not just calcium and vitamin D: Other nutritional considerations in osteoporosis
    • Kitchin B,. Morgan SL. Not just calcium and vitamin D: other nutritional considerations in osteoporosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007; 9: 85-92.
    • (2007) Curr Rheumatol Rep , vol.9 , pp. 85-92
    • Kitchin, B.1    Morgan, S.L.2
  • 42
    • 7944233489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: The Rotterdam Study
    • Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, et al. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. J Nutr 2004; 134: 3100-5.
    • (2004) J Nutr , vol.134 , pp. 3100-3105
    • Geleijnse, J.M.1    Vermeer, C.2    Grobbee, D.E.3
  • 43
    • 1242284604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effects of vitamins D and K on the elastic properties of the vessel wall in postmenopausal women: A follow-up study
    • Braam LA, Hoeks AP, Brouns F, Hamulyak K, Gerichhausen MJ, Vermeer C. Beneficial effects of vitamins D and K on the elastic properties of the vessel wall in postmenopausal women: a follow-up study. Thromb Hemost 2004; 91: 373-80.
    • (2004) Thromb Hemost , vol.91 , pp. 373-380
    • Braam, L.A.1    Hoeks, A.P.2    Brouns, F.3    Hamulyak, K.4    Gerichhausen, M.J.5    Vermeer, C.6
  • 44
    • 8644252020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral anticoagulant treatment: Friend or foe in cardiovascular disease?
    • Schurgers LJ, Ebert H, Vermeer C, Bultmann B, Janzen J. Oral anticoagulant treatment: friend or foe in cardiovascular disease? Blood 2004; 104: 3231-2.
    • (2004) Blood , vol.104 , pp. 3231-3232
    • Schurgers, L.J.1    Ebert, H.2    Vermeer, C.3    Bultmann, B.4    Janzen, J.5
  • 45
    • 24944476584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of oral anticoagulation to cardiac valvular and coronary calcium assessed by multislice spiral computed tomography
    • Koos R, Mahnken AH, Muhlenbruch G, et al. Relation of oral anticoagulation to cardiac valvular and coronary calcium assessed by multislice spiral computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 747-9.
    • (2005) Am J Cardiol , vol.96 , pp. 747-749
    • Koos, R.1    Mahnken, A.H.2    Muhlenbruch, G.3
  • 46
    • 38849164395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Undercarboxylated matrix GLA protein levels are decreased in dialysis patients and related to parameters of calcium-phosphate metabolism and aortic augmentation index
    • Hermans MM, Vermeer C, Kooman JP, et al. Undercarboxylated matrix GLA protein levels are decreased in dialysis patients and related to parameters of calcium-phosphate metabolism and aortic augmentation index. Blood Purif 2007; 25: 395-401.
    • (2007) Blood Purif , vol.25 , pp. 395-401
    • Hermans, M.M.1    Vermeer, C.2    Kooman, J.P.3
  • 47
    • 0033624881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis
    • Shiraki M, Shiraki Y, Aoki C, Miura M. Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15: 515-21.
    • (2000) J Bone Miner Res , vol.15 , pp. 515-521
    • Shiraki, M.1    Shiraki, Y.2    Aoki, C.3    Miura, M.4
  • 48
    • 34147137917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: Comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7
    • Schurgers LJ, Teunissen KJ, Hamulyak K, Knapen MH, Vik H, Vermeer C. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood 2007; 109: 3279-83.
    • (2007) Blood , vol.109 , pp. 3279-3283
    • Schurgers, L.J.1    Teunissen, K.J.2    Hamulyak, K.3    Knapen, M.H.4    Vik, H.5    Vermeer, C.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.