Indirect potable reuse: A sustainable water supply alternative

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 1174-1209

  Rodriguez, Dementia ^a   Van Buynder, Paul ^b   Lugg, Richard ^b   Blair, Politique ^c   Devine, Brian ^a   Cook, Angus ^a   Weinstein, Philip ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH   (Australia)

^c Water Corporation Leederville   (Australia)

Author keywords

Chemicals of concern; Health impacts; Recycled water; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; RAIN;

ECONOMIC ASPECT; ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL ASPECT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; WASTE WATER RECYCLING; WATER SUPPLY; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 67649230773     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6031174     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. WHOUNICEF Joinl Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Water for life: Making it happen; World Health Orgnization, Unicef: Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
2. Goldstein, G. The health implications of efficient water use in urban areas. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Efficient Water Use in Urban Areas - Innovative Ways of Finding Water for Cities, WHO Kobe Centre Conference Room, Kobe, Japan, 8-10 June 1999; UNEP: Kobe, Japan, I999;p.530.
3. Asano, T. Groundwater recharge with reel aimed muni cipal wastewater - Regul atory perspectives. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Efficient Water Use in Urban Areas - Innovative Ways of Finding Water for Cities, WHO Kobe Centre Conference Room, Kobe, Japan, 8-10 June 1999; UNEP: Kobe, Japan, 1999; p. 530.
4. National Research Council. Selling priorities for drinking water contaminants; National Academic Press Washington,DC,USA, 1999.
5. Bixio, D.; Deheyder, B.; Cikurd, H.; Muston, M; Miska, V.; Jokamovic, D.; Schäfer, A.I.; Ravazzini, A.; Aharoni, A.; Savic, D.; Thoeye, C. Municipal wastewater reclamation: where do we stand? An overview of treatment technology and management practice. Water Supply 2005, 5, 77-85.
6. NRMMC EPHC & NHMRC. Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Augmentation of Drinking Water Supplies (Phase 2); Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, Environment Protection and Heritage Council and the National Health Medical Research Council: Canberra, Australia, 2008.
7. National Research Council. Issues in potable reuse: The viability of augmenting drinking water supplies with reclaimed water; National Academic Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1998.
8. Daugherty, J.L; Deslnnukh, S.S.; Patel, M.V.; Markus, M.R. Employing advanced technology for water reuse in Orange County. Orange Count)' Water District: Fountain Valley, California, USA, 2005; p. 11
9. Christen, K. Water reuse Getting past the Yuck factor'. Water Environ. Technol. 2005, 17, 11-16.
10. Durham, B.; Angelakis, A.N.; Wintgens, T; Thoeye, C; Sala, L Water recycling and reuse A water scarcity best practice solution. In Coping with drought and water deficiency: from research to policy making, Arid Cluster, Cyprus, May 12-13, 2005.
11. Van Houtte, E.; Verbauwhede, J. The IWVA Torreele water re-use plant: operational experiences (IWVA). In Proceeding of Ultra-and Nanofiltration in water treatinait operational experience and research results, Aachen, Germany, 2006.
12. Seah, H.; Poon, J.; Leslie, G.; Law, I. Singapore's NeWater demonstration project: Another milestone in indirect potable reuse Water 2003, 30, 43-46.
13. Khan, S.; Roser, D. Risk assessment and health effects of indirect potable reuse schemes: Centre for water and waste technology; Report No.: 207/01; Centre for Water and Waste Technology School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales: New South Wales, Australia, 2007.
14. Marsden, J.; Pickering, P. Securing Australia's urban water supplies: Opportunities and impediments. Department of the Primer Minister and Cabinet: Victoria, Australia, 2006.
15. Water Corporation. Integrated water supply scheme. Source development plan 2005. Water Corporation: Perth, Australia, 2005.
16. Choi ce Choice Recycled drinking water: myths and facts: Recycling our waste water for drinking could help with water shortages, but are there any truths in the dirty name-calling? Choice: Chi ppcndal e, Australi a, 2008.
17. NWC. Using recycled water for drinking: An introduction. National Water Commission: Canberra, Australia, 2007.
18. Troves, W.H.; Gardner, E.A.; Deniiien, B.; Spiller, D. Towards indirect potable reuse in South East Queensland. Water Sci. Technol. 2008, 58, 153-161.
19. Sloss, E.M.; Geschwind, S.; McCaffrey', D.F.; Ritz, B.R. Groundwater recharge with reclaimed water: An epidemiologic assessment in Los Angeles County. 1987-1991. RAND Corporation: Salt a Monica, California, USA, 1996.
20. Sloss, E.M.; McCaffrey, D.F.; Ronald, D.; Flicker, J.; Geschwind, S.; Ritz, B.R. Groundwater recharge with reclaimed water birth outcomes in Los Angeles County. 1982-1993. RAND Corporation: Santa Monica, California, USA, 1999.
21. NWRI. Report of the scientific advisory panel Orange County Hater District's. Santa Ana river water quality and health study; National Water Research Institute: California, USA, 2004.
22. Lauer, W. Denver's direct potable water reuse demonstration project final report; Denver Water Dqxirunent: Doner, Colorado,USA, 1993.
23. Singapore Government. Singapore water reclamation study: Expert panel review and findings. Singapore Government: Singapore, 2002.
24. Nellor, M.H.; Baird, R.B.; Smyth, J.R. Health effects of indirect potable water reuse. J Amer. Water Work. Assn. 1985, 77, 88-96.
25. Drewes, J.E.; Hemming, J.D.C.; Schauer, J.J. Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Water Reclamation Processes (Werf Report): Report No.: 01-HHE-20T; Water Environment Research Foundation: Alexandria, Virginia,USA, 2008.
26. Lee, J.; Lee, B.C.;Ra, J.S.; Cho, J.; Kim, LS; Chang, N.I.; Kim, H.K.; Kim, S.D. Comparison of the removal efficiency of endocrine disrupting compounds in pilot scale sewage treatment processes Chemosphere 2008, 71, 1582-1592.
27. Olivieri, A.W.; Eisaiberg, D.M.; Cooper, R.C.; Tchobanoglous, G.; Gagliardo, P. Recycled water - A source of pot able water: City of San Diego health effects study. Water Sci. Technol. 1990, 33, 285-296.
28. WEF. Using reclaimed water to augment potable water resources. Water Eliviroilin ent Federation (WEF) & American Water WorksAssociation (AWWA): Columbus, Ohio,USA, 1998.
29. OCWD & OCSD. OCWD and OCSD Water quality white paper. Grange County Water District (OCWD) and Grange Count)' Sanitation District (OCSD): Fountain Valley, California, USA, 2004.
30. City of San Diego. Water reuse study 2005 interim report; Water Reuse Workshop: San Diego, California, USA, 2005.
31. th Ed; Metalf & Eddy, Inc.: Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 2003.
32. Jolis, D.; Hirano, R.A.; Pitt, P.A; Muller, A.; Mainais, D. Assessment of tertiary treatment technology for water reclamation in San Francisco, California Water Sci. Technol. 1990, 33, 181-192.
33. Ma, B.X.; Eaton, C.L.; Kim, J.H.; Colvin, C.K.; Lozier, J.C.; Marinas, B.J. Ran oval of biological and non-biological viral surrogates by spiral-wound reverse osmosis membrane dements with intact and compromised integrity. Water Res. 2004, 3821-3832.
34. DeCarolis, J.; Adham, S.; Kumar, M.; Pearce, B.; Wassennaii, L. Integrity and performance evaluation of new generation desalting membranes during municipal wastewater reclamation, In Proceedings of Water Enviroment Federation; Water Environment Federation: Chicago, USA, 2005; pp. 3518-3529.
35. Hu, J.; Ong, S.; Song, L; Feng, Y.; Liu, W.; Tan, T.; Lee, L; Ng, W. Removal of MS2 bacteriophage using membrane technologies. Water Sci Technoi 2003, 47, 163-168.
36. Snyder, S.A.; Adham, S.; Redding, A.M.; Cannon, F.S.; DeCarolis, J.; Oppenheimer, J.; Wert, E. C; Yoon, Y. Role of inanbranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disrupt ors and pharmaceuticals Desalination 2007,202, 156-181.
37. Wintgens, T.; Salehi,F.; Hochstrat, R.; Melin, T. Emerging contaminants and treatment options in water recycling for indirect potable use Water Sci Technol. 2008, 57, 99-107.
38. Drewes, J.E.; Sedak, D.; Snyder, S.; Dickenson, E. Development of indicators and surrogates for chemical contaminant removal during wastewater treatment and reclamation. Water Reuse Foundation: Alexandria, VA, USA, 2008.
39. Carter, J.M.; Delzer, G.C.; Kingsbury, J.A.; Hopple, J.A. Concentration data for anthropogenic organic compounds in ground water, surface water, and finished water of selected community water systems in the United States. 2002-05; U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 268; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, Virginia, USA, 2007; pp. 1-30.
40. Barnes,K.; Kolpm, D.; Furlong, E.; Zaugg, S.; Meyer, M.; Barber, L. A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States 1) Ground water.Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 402, 192-200.
41. Van der Graaf, J.; Kramer, J.F.; Pluim, J.; de Koning, J.; Weijs, M. Experiments on membrane filtration of effluent at wastewater treatment plants in the Netherlands. Water Sci. Technoi. 1999, 59, 129-136.
42. Lazarova, V.; Savoye, P.; J an ex, M.L.; Blatchley, E.R.; Pommepuy, M. Advanced wastewater disinfection technologies State of the art and perspectives. Water Sci. Technoi. 1999, 40, 203- 214.
43. Beverly, S.D.; Conlon, W.J.; McIntyre, D. Indirect potable reuse and aquifer injection of reclaimed water. American Water Works Association: Florida, USA, 2001.
44. Drewes, J.E.; Reinhard LM.; Fox, P. Comparingmicrofiltration - reverse osmosis and soil -aqui fer treatment for indirect potablereuse of water. Water Res. 2003, 57, 3612-3621.
45. Lacy, S.M. Large scale systems. In Water Conservation. Reuse, and Recycling, Proceedings of an Iranian-American Workshop; National Academic Press Washington, DC, USA, 2005.
46. Huang, C.H.; Sedak, D.L Analysis of estrogenic hormones in municipal wastewater effluent and surface water using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2001, 20, 133-139.
47. Kim, S.; Cho, J.; Kim, I.; Vanderford, B.; Snyder, S. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupters in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters Water Res. 2007, 41, 1013-1021.
48. Snyder, S.A.; Westerhoff, P.; Yoon, Y; Sedlak, D.L. Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine dismptors in water: Implications for the water industry. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2003, 20, 449-469.
49. Agenson, K.O.; Oh, J.I.; Urase, T. Retention of a wide variety of organic pollutants by different nanofiltrati on/reverse osmosis membranes: controlling parameters of process. J. Membr. Sci. 2003, 91-103.
50. Bellona, C; Drewes, J.E.; Xu, P.; Amy, G. Fadors affecting the rejection of organic solutes during NF/RO treatment-a literature review. Water Res. 2004, 38, 2795-2809.
51. Drewes, J.E.; Amy, G.; Remhard, M. Targeting bulk and trace organics during advanced membrane treatment leading to indirect potable reuse In Proceeding of Water Sources Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 2002; American Water Works Association: Denver, Colorado, USA, 2002; pp. 1-18.
52. WSAA. National waste water source management guideline draft for public comment. Water Services Association of Australia Mel bourne, Australia, 2007.
53. Crook, J.; Surampalli, R.Y. Water reuse criteria in the United States. Water Supply 2005, 5, 1-7.
54. California DHS. Chemical contaminants in drinking water. California Department of Health Services: California, USA, 2007.
55. Florida DEP. Risk impact statement - Phase II revisions to chapter 62-610. F.A.C. Docket; Report No. 95-08R; Florida Department of Environmental Protection: Florida,USA, 1998.
56. Ivalmenko, T.; Barbash, J.E. Chloroform in the hydrologic system-sources, transport, fate, occurrence, and effects on human health and aquatic organism; Report No.: Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5137; Geological Survey: Reston, Virginia,USA, 2004.
57. Crook, J.; Hultquist, R.H.; Sakaji, R.H.; Wehner, M.P. Evolution and status of California's proposed criteria for groundwater recharge with reclaimed water. In Proceeding of American Water Works Association Annual Conference and Exposition, New Orleans, USA, 2002; American Water Works Association: Denver, Colorado, USA, 2002; p. 11.
58. California DHS. Groundwater recharge reuse draft regulation; Call fonua Department of Health Services: California,USA, 2008.
59. Paustenbach, D.J. Retrospective on US health risk assessment: How others can benefit. Risk: Health. Safety Environ. 1995, 6, 283-332.
60. Miller, R.; Whitehill, B.; Deere, D. A national approach to risk assessment for drinking water catchmentsin Australia. Water Supply 2005, 5, 123-134.
61. WHO. Health risks in aquifer recharge using reclaimed water - State of the art report; World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen, Denmark, 2003.
62. FAO'UNCHSUNEP. Food quality and safety systems - A training manual on food hygiene and the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States - Food Quality and Standards Service Food and Nutrition Division: Rome, Italy, 1998.
63. Kirby, R.M.; Bartram, J.; Carr, R. Water in food production and processing: quantity and quality concerns. Food Control 2003, 14, 283-299.
64. U.S. FDA. Hazard analysis and critical control points principles and application guidelines: U.S. Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture; U.S. FDA: Rockville, Maryland, Washington, DC, USA, 1997.
65. Dewettinck, T; van Houlle, E; Geenens, D.; van Hege, K.; Verstraete, W, HACCP (Hazard analysis and critical control points) to guarantee safe water reuse and drinking water production. A case Study. Water Sci. Technoi. 2001, 45, 31-38.
66. Westrell, T.; Schonning, C.; Stenstromi, T.A.; Ashbolt, N.J. OMR A (quantitative microbial risk assessment) and HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points) for management of pathogens in wastewater and sewage sludge treatment and reuse. Water Sci. Technol. 2004, 50, 23-30.
67. NHMRC and NRMMC. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines; National Health and Medical Research Council and Natural Resource Management Ministerial Coundl: Artannon, NSW, Australia, 2004.
68. EPHC & NRMMC. National guidelines far water recycling - Managing health and environmental risks - Impact assessment; Environment Protection and Heritage Council: Addaide, Australia; Natural Resource Management Ministerial Coundl: Artannon, NSW, Australia, 2005.
69. Duranceau, S.J. Membrane practices for water treatment. 1" Ed.; American Water Works Association: Denver, CO, USA, 2001.
70. Rizak, S.; Cunliffe, D.; Sinclair, M.; Vulcano, R.; Howard, J.; Hrudey, S.; Callan, P. Drinking water quality in anagement: a holistic approach. Water Sci Technol. 2003, 47, 31-36.
71. Norman. Chemical analysis of emerging pollutants, hi Proceeding of Chemical analysis of emerging pollutants, Proceeding of the 1st thematic workshop of the EU project NORMAN, Mao, Minorca, Spain, 2006; Norman Inc: Radford, VA, USA, 2006.
72. Oost,RA\D.;Heringa,M. A bi oassay-directed monitoring strategy to assess the risks of complex pollutant mixtures in drinking water. In New tools for bio-monitoring of emerging pollutants, Amsterdam. Holand. 2007; Norman, Ed; Norman Inc.: Radford, VA, USA, 2007.
73. Norman. Integrated chemical and bio-monitoring strategies for risk assessment of emerging substances. In Proceeding of Integrated chemical and bio-monitoring strategies for risk assessment of emerging substances, Lyon, France, 2008; Norman Inc.: Radford, V A, USA, 2008.
74. CRCWQT. J Review of endocrine disruptors in the context of Australian drinking water. Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment: Salisbury, South Australia, 2003.
75. Mills, L.J.; Chichester, C. Review of evidence are endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment imparting fish populations? Sci. Total Environ. 2005, 343, 1-34.
76. WERF. Fact sheet and technical brief: Endocrine disrupting compounds and implications far wastewater treatment; Water Environment Research Foundation: Alexandria, V A, USA, 2005.
77. Gerhardt, A.; Ingram, M.K.; Kang, IJ.;Uhtzur, S. In situ on-line toxidty biomonitoring in water: recent developments Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2000, 25, 2263-2271.
78. Schlenk, D.; Hinton, D.; Woods de, G. Online methods for evaluating the safety of reclaimed water; Report No.: 0l-HHE-4a; Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF): Alexandria, VA,USA, 2006.
79. U.S. EPA. Online Water Quality Monitoring. U.S. EPA: Rockville, Man-land, Washington, DC, USA, 2008.
80. Devillers, J.; Marchand-Geneste, N.; Carpy, A.; Porcher, J.M. SAR and QSAR modding of endocrine disruptors. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 2000, 17, 393-412.
81. Gardner, T.; Yeates, C.; Shaw, R. Purified recycled waier far drinking: The technical issues; Queens'and Water Commission: Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, September 2008.
82. Rodriguez, C; Weinstein, P.; Cook, A; Devine, B.; Buynder, P.V. A proposed approach for the assessment of chemicalsin indirect potable reuse schemes. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2007, 70, 1654-1663.
83. Hartley, T.W. Public perception and participation in water reuse Desalination 2006, 187, 115-126.
84. W ERF. Water Reuse: Understanding public perception and participation; Report No.: 00-PUM- I; WERF: Alexandria,VA,USA, 2000.
85. WRF. Best practices for developing indirect potable reuse projects; Report No.: WRF 01-004; The WateReuse Foundation (WRF): Alexandria, VA, USA, 2004.
86. Marks, J. Situating trust in water reuse In Oz-Aquarec Workshops 2003, University of Wollongong: Wollongong, NSW, Australia, 2003.
87. Holliman, T.R. Communicating the risk of reuse - or what are the odds J. Amer. Water Work. Assn. 2004, 1-9.
88. Po, M.; Nancarrow, B.; Leviston, Z; Porte, N; Syme, G.; Kaercher, J. Predicting community behaviour to wastewater reuse: What Drives Decisions to Accept or Reject; CS1RQ Perth, Australia, 2005.
89. OCWD. Groundwater management plan. Orange Count)' Water District: Fountain Valley, California, USA, 2004.
90. WBMWD. Annual report;West Basin Municipal Water District: California, USA, 2006.
91. Sheikh, B. Indirect potable reuse through groundwater recharge and surface water augmentation: The gold standard of water recycling for California In Water Recycling in Australia, Australian Water Association: Brisbane, Australia, 2003; p. 8
92. Australian Department of Health and Aged Care Review of health issues associated with potable reuse of wastewater. Report No.: RFT200'00; Common wealth Department of Health and Aged Care Brisbane, Australia, 2001.
93. Lazarova, V.; Levine, B.; Sack, J.; Cirdli, G.; Jeffrey, P.; Muntau, H.; Salgot, M.; Brissaud, F. Role of water reuse for enhandng integrated water management in Europe and Mediterranean countries WaterSci. Technol. 2001, 43, 25-33.
94. Lalmstdner, J.; Lempert, G. Water management in Windhoek, Namibia Water Sci. Technol. 2007, 55, 441-448.
95. Lempert, G. Case study: New Goreangab water reclamation plant in Windhoek, Namibia Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant: Windhoek, Namibia, 2007; p. 10.
96. Van Houtte, E.; Verbauwhede, J. Torreele's water re-use fadlity enabled sustainable groundwater management in de Flemish dunes (Belgium). In Proceeding of the 6th 1WA Spedalist Conference on Wastewater Reclamation an Reuse for Sustamability, Antwerpen, France, 2007.
97. Hattmgh, W.; Bourne, D. Research on the health implications of the use of recycled water in South Africa S. Afr. Med. J. 1989, 76, 7-10.
98. Haarhoff, J.; Merwe, B.V.D. Twenty-five years of wastewater reclamation in Windhoek, Namibia Water Sci. Technol. 1990, 33, 25-35.
99. Soiler, J.; Eisenberg, D.; Olivieri, A.; Galilsky, C. Groundwater replaiislimail systan. In Water quality evaluation Task 7: Conduct risk assessment; EOA, Inc.: California, USA, 2000.
100. Condie, L.W.; Lauer, W.C.; Wolfe, G.W.; Czeh, E.T.; Bums, J.M. Denver potable water reuse demonstration project: Comprehensive chronic rat study. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1994, 32, 1021-1030.
101. Lauer, W.C.; Johns, F.J.; Wolfe, G.W.; Myers, B.A.; Condie, L.W.; Borzelleca, J.F. Comprehensive health effects testing program for Denver's potable water reuse demonstration project. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 1990, 30, 305-321.
102. De Peyser, A.; Donohoe, R.; Slymen, D.J.; Froines, J.R.; Olivieri, A.W.; Eisenberg, D.M. Aquatic biomonitoring of reclaimed water for potable use: the San Diego health effects study. J. Toxicol Environ. Health A, 1993, 39, 121-141.
103. Thompson, K.; Cooper, R.C.; Olivieri, A.W.; Eisenberg, D.M.; Pettegrew, LA.; Cooper, R.C.; Danidson,R.E. City of San Diego study of dired potable reuse of reclaimed water: Final results. Desalination 1992, 88 201-214.