The trauma risk adjustment model: A new model for evaluating trauma care

Annals of Surgery

Volumn 249, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1040-1046

  Moore, Lynne ^a,b   Lavoie, André ^a,b   Turgeon, Alexis F ^a   Abdous, Belkacem ^a   Le Sage, Natalie ^a,b   Imond, Marcel ^a,b   Liberman, Moishe ^c   Bergeron, Éiric ^a,d  

^a LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^c MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^d HÔPITAL CHARLES LEMOYNE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HOSMER LEMESHOW STATISTICS; HOSPITALIZATION; INJURY; PREDICTION; PREDICTIVE VALIDITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCORING SYSTEM; STATISTICAL MODEL; TRAUMA INJURY SEVERITY SCORE; TRAUMA RISK ADJUSTMENT MODEL; VALIDATION PROCESS; ADULT; AGED; BLUNT TRAUMA; CANADA; FEMALE; HUMAN; INJURY SCALE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; PREDICTION AND FORECASTING; REGISTER; REPRODUCIBILITY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY;

ADULT; AGED; FEMALE; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; QUEBEC; REGISTRIES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ADJUSTMENT; TRAUMA SEVERITY INDICES; WOUNDS, NONPENETRATING;

EID: 67649201154     PISSN: 00034932     EISSN: 15281140     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181a6cd97     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Cost of Injury. Center for Disease Control, 2007. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/Cost=of=Injury.htm. Accessed April 26, 2007.
2. The enormous human and financial cost of trauma. Sunnybrook Research Institute. Available at: http://www.swri.ca/programs/trauma/. Accessed 26 April, 2007.
3. Finkelstein EA, Corso PS, Miller TR. Incidence and Economic Burden of Injuries in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
4. MacKenzie EJ. Injury severity scales: overview and directions for future research. Am J Emerg Med. 1984;2:537-549.
5. Boyd CR, Tolson MA, Copes WS. Evaluating trauma care: the TRISS method. Trauma Score and the Injury Severity Score. J Trauma. 1987;27: 370-378.
6. Baker SP, O'Neill B. The injury severity score: an update. J Trauma. 1976;16:882-885.
7. Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, et al. A revision of the Trauma Score. J Trauma. 1989;29:623-629.
8. Champion HR, Copes WS, Sacco WJ, et al. The Major Trauma Outcome Study: establishing national norms for trauma care. J Trauma. 1990;30:1356-1365.
9. Moore L, Lavoie A, Le Sage N, et al. Using information on pre-existing conditions to predict mortality from trauma. Ann Emerg Med. In press.
10. Champion HR, Copes WS, Sacco WJ, et al. A new characterization of injury severity. J Trauma. 1990;30:539-545; discussion 545-546.
11. Gabbe BJ, Cameron PA, Wolfe R. TRISS: does it get better than this? Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:181-186.
12. Moore L, Lavoie A, LeSage N, et al. Statistical validation of the Revised Trauma Score. J Trauma. 2006;60:305-311.
13. Moore L, Lavoie A, Le Sage N, et al. Consensus or data-derived anatomical injury severity scoring? J Trauma. 2008;64:420-426.
14. Kilgo PD, Meredith JW, Hensberry R, et al. A note on the disjointed nature of the injury severity score. J Trauma. 2004;57:479-485; discussion 486-487.
15. Copes WS, Champion HR, Sacco WJ, et al. The Injury Severity Score revisited. J Trauma. 1988;28:69-77.
16. Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS. Injury severity scoring again. J Trauma. 1995;38:94-95.
17. Demetriades D, Chan L, Velmanos GV, et al. TRISS methodology: an inappropriate tool for comparing outcomes between trauma centers. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;193:250-254.
18. Fallon WF Jr, Barnoski AL, Mancuso CL, et al. Benchmarking the qualitymonitoring process: a comparison of outcomes analysis by trauma and injury severity score (TRISS) methodology with the peer-review process. J Trauma. 1997;42:810-815; discussion 815-817.
19. Bergeron E, Rossignol M, Osler T, et al. Improving the TRISS methodology by restructuring age categories and adding comorbidities. J Trauma. 2004; 56:760-767.
20. Bouamra O, Wrotchford A, Hollis S, et al. A new approach to outcome prediction in trauma: a comparison with the TRISS model. J Trauma. 2006;61:701-710.
21. Bull JP, Dickson GR. Injury scoring by TRISS and ISS/age. Injury. 1991; 22:127-131.
22. Davis EG, MacKenzie EJ, Sacco WJ, et al. A new "TRISS-like" probability of survival model for intubated trauma patients. J Trauma. 2003;55:53-61.
23. Kilgo PD, Meredith JW, Osler TM. Incorporating recent advances to make the TRISS approach universally available. J Trauma. 2006;60:1002-1008; discussion 1008-1009.
24. McGonigal MD, Cole J, Schwab CW, et al. A new approach to probability of survival scoring for trauma quality assurance. J Trauma. 1993;34:863-868; discussion 868-870.
25. West TA, Rivara FP, Cummings P, et al. Harborview assessment for risk of mortality: an improved measure of injury severity on the basis of ICD-9-CM. J Trauma. 2000;49:530-540; discussion 540-541.
26. Bergeron E, Lavoie A, Moore L, et al. Paying the price of excluding patients from a trauma registry. J Trauma. 2006;60:300-304.
27. National Trauma Data Bank. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, 2005. Available at: http://www.facs.org/trauma/ntdb.html. Accessed 26 April, 2007.
28. National Trauma Data Bank reference manual. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, 2005. Available at: http://www.facs.org/trauma/ntdb.html. Accessed 26 April, 2007.
29. AAAM. Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 1990. Illinois, IL: AAAM Publications; 1990.
30. Teasdale G, Murray G, Parker L, et al. Adding up the Glasgow Coma Score. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1979;28:13-16.
31. Moore L, Lavoie A, LeSage N, et al. Multiple imputation of the Glasgow Coma Score. J Trauma. 2005;59:698-704.
32. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373-383.
33. Romano PS, Roos LL, Jollis JG. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative data: differing perspectives. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46:1075-1079; discussion 1081-1090.
34. Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Bain LW Jr, et al. Effect of preinjury illness on trauma patient survival outcome. J Trauma. 1993;35:538-542; discussion 542-543.
35. Jones JM, Redmond AD, Templeton J. Uses and abuses of statistical models for evaluating trauma care. J Trauma. 1995;38:89-93.
36. Rutledge R, Osler T, Emery S, et al. The end of the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): ICISS, an International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision-based prediction tool, outperforms both ISS and TRISS as predictors of trauma patient survival, hospital charges, and hospital length of stay. J Trauma. 1998;44:41-49.
37. Osler T, Baker SP, Long W. A modification of the injury severity score that both improves accuracy and simplifies scoring. J Trauma. 1997;43:922-925; discussion 925-926.
38. Kilgo PD, Osler TM, Meredith W. The worst injury predicts mortality outcome the best: rethinking the role of multiple injuries in trauma outcome scoring. J Trauma. 2003;55:599-606; discussion 606-607.
39. Copes WS, Champion HR, Sacco WJ, et al. Progress in characterizing anatomic injury. J Trauma. 1990;30:1200-1207.
40. Gabbe BJ, Magtengaard K, Hannaford AP, et al. Is the Charlson Comorbidity Index useful for predicting trauma outcomes? Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12: 318-321.
41. Moore L, Lavoie A, Camden S, et al. Statistical validation of the Glasgow Coma Score. J Trauma. 2006;60:1238-1243; discussion 1243-1244.
42. Gabbe BJ, Cameron PA, Finch CF. Is the revised trauma score still useful? ANZ J Surg. 2003;73:944-948.
43. Milzman DP, Boulanger BR, Rodriguez A, et al. Pre-existing disease in trauma patients: a predictor of fate independent of age and injury severity score. J Trauma. 1992;32:236-243; discussion 243-244.
44. Morris JA Jr, MacKenzie EJ, Edelstein SL. The effect of preexisting conditions on mortality in trauma patients. JAMA. 1990;263:1942-1946.
45. Hastie T, Tibshirani R. Generalized additive models for medical research. Stat Methods Med Res. 1995;4:187-196.
46. DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:837-845.
47. Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Modern Epidemiology. Second ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1998.
48. Marx WH, Simon HM, Jumbelic M, et al. Severity of injury is underestimated in the absence of autopsy verification. J Trauma. 2004;57:46-49; discussion 49-50.
49. Iezzoni L. Risk Adjustment for Measuring Health Care Outcomes. 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press; 2003.
50. Hill DA, Delaney LM, Roncal S. A chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) analysis of factors determining trauma outcomes. J Trauma. 1997; 42:62-66.
51. MacKenzie EJ, Steinwachs DM, Shankar B. Classifying trauma severity based on hospital discharge diagnoses. Validation of an ICD-9CM to AIS-85 conversion table. Med Care. 1989;27:412-422.
52. Krumholz HM, Normand SL, Spertus JA, et al. Measuring performance for treating heart attacks and heart failure: the case for outcomes measurement. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26:75-85.
53. Willis CD, Gabbe BJ, Cameron PA. Measuring quality in trauma care. Injury. 2007;38:527-537.
54. Cayten CG, Stahl WM, Murphy JG, et al. Limitations of the TRISS method for interhospital comparisons: a multihospital study. J Trauma. 1991;31:471-481; discussion 481-482.
55. Karmy-Jones R, Copes WS, Champion HR, et al. Results of a multiinstitutional outcome assessment: results of a structured peer review of TRISS-designated unexpected outcomes. J Trauma. 1992;32:196-203.
56. Schmidt U, Nerlich M, Tscherne H. Quality assurance in trauma surgery-what does the TRISS method offer? Unfallchirurg. 1993;96:283-286.
57. Jennett B, Teasdale G. Aspects of coma after severe head injury. Lancet. 1977;1:878-881.
58. Little RJA, Rubin DB. Statistical Analysis With Missing Data. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley; 2002.
59. Schafer JL. Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. London: Chapman and Hall; 1997.
60. Benedetti A, Abrahamowicz M. Using generalized additive models to reduce residual confounding. Stat Med. 2004;23:3781-3801.