Association of Chiari malformation type I and tethered cord syndrome: preliminary results of sectioning filum terminale

Surgical Neurology

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 20-35

  Milhorat, Thomas H ^a   Bolognese, Paolo A ^a   Nishikawa, Misao ^a   Francomano, Clair A ^b   McDonnell, Nazli B ^c   Roonprapunt, Chan ^a   Kula, Roger W ^a  

^a Chiari Institute   (United States)

^b GREATER BALTIMORE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain stem; Chiari malformation; Filum terminale; Tethered cord

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANATOMY; ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATION; ARTICLE; BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM TONSIL; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FILUM TERMINALE; FOLLOW UP; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDULLA OBLONGATA; MORPHOMETRICS; NEWBORN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTERIOR FOSSA; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHOOL CHILD; SCOLIOSIS; SYMPTOM; TETHERED CORD SYNDROME; TONSIL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION; CAUDA EQUINA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COHORT STUDIES; COMORBIDITY; CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR; ENCEPHALOCELE; FEMALE; FOURTH VENTRICLE; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; PREVALENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 67549100950     PISSN: 00903019     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2009.03.008     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Abel T.J., Chowdhary A., Gabikian P., Ellenbogen R.G., and Avellino A.M. Acquired chiari malformation type I associated with a fatty terminal filum. Case report. J Neurosurg 105 (2006) 329-332
2. Agarwalla P.K., Dunn I.F., Scott R.M., and Smith E.R. Tethered cord syndrome. Neurosurg Clin N Am 18 (2007) 531-547
3. Alexander G.L. Surgical lesions of spinal cord and nerve-roots (Honyman Gillespie lecture). Edinburgh Med J 49 (1942) 409-424
4. Badie B., Mendoza D., and Batzdorf U. Posterior fossa volume and response to suboccipital decompression in patients with Chiari I malformation. Neurosurgery 37 (1995) 214-218
5. Barami K., Pereira J., and Canady A.I. Anterolateral lumbar lipomyelomeningocele: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 41 (1997) 1421-1424
6. Barry A., Patten B.M., and Stewart B.H. Possible factors in the development of the Arnold-Chiari malformation. J Neurosurg 14 (1957) 285-301
7. Beaumont A., Muszynski C.A., and Kaufman B.A. Clinical significance of terminal syringomyelia in association with pediatric tethered cord syndrome. Pediatr Neurosurg 43 (2007) 216-221
8. Clatterbuck R.E., and Sipos E.P. The efficient calculation of neurosurgically relevant volumes from computed tomographic scans using Cavalieri's Direct Estimator. Neurosurgery 40 (1997) 339-343
9. DiRocco C., and Rende M. Neural tube defects. Child's Nerv Syst 3 (1987) 334-341
10. Drake J.M. Occult tethered cord syndrome: not an indication for surgery. J Neurosurg (5 Suppl Pediatrics) 104 (2006) 305-308
11. Elster A.D., and Chen M.Y. Chiari I malformations: clinical and radiologic reappraisal. Radiology 183 (1992) 347-353
12. Erkan K., Unal F., and Kiris T. Terminal syringomyelia in association with the tethered cord syndrome. Neurosurgery 45 (1999) 1351-1360
13. Friede H. Normal development and growth of the human neurocranium and cranial base. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 15 (1981) 163-169
14. Fuchs A. Ueber Beziehungen der Enuresis nocturna zu Rudimetärformen der Spina bifida occulta (Myelodysplasie). Wien Med Wochenschr 80 (1910) 1569-1573
15. Fuse T., Patrickson J.W., and Yamada S. Axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the experimental tethered spinal cord. Pediatr Neurosci 15 (1989) 296-301
16. Gupta S.K., Khosla V.K., Sharma B.S., Mathuriya S.N., Pathak A., and Tewari M.K. Tethered cord syndrome in adults. Surg Neurol 52 (1999) 362-369
17. Hendrick E.B., Hoffman H.J., and Humphreys R.P. The tethered spinal cord. Clin Neurosurg 30 (1983) 457-463
18. Hoffman H.J., Hendrick E.B., and Humphreys R.P. The tethered spinal cord: its protean manifestations, diagnosis and surgical correction. Childs Brain 2 (1976) 145-155
19. Hoyte D.A. The cranial base in normal and abnormal skull growth. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2 (1991) 515-537
20. Huang S.C. Cut-off point of the Scoliometer in school scoliosis screening. Spine 22 (1997) 1985-1989
21. Huttmann S., Krauss J., Collmann H., Sörensen N., and Roosen K. Surgical management of tethered spinal cord in adults: report of 54 cases. J Neurosurg 95 (2001) 173-178
22. Iskandar B.J., Oakes W.J., McLaughlin C., Osumi A.K., and Tien R.D. Terminal syringohydromyelia and occult spinal dysraphism. J Neurosurg 81 (1994) 513-519
23. Iskander B.J., and Oakes W.J. Occult spinal dysraphism. In: Albright A.L., Pollack I.F., and Adelson P.D. (Eds). Principles and practice of pediatric neurosurgery (1999), Thieme, New York 321-351
24. Kang J.K., Kim M.C., Kim D.S., and Song J.U. Effects of tethering on regional spinal cord blood flow and sensory-evoked potentials in growing cats. Childs Nerv Syst 3 (1987) 35-39
25. Khoury A.E., Hendrick E.B., McLorie G.A., Kulkarni A., and Churchill B.M. Occult spinal dysraphism: clinical and urodynamic outcome after division of the filum terminale. J Urol 144 (1990) 426-429
26. Koçak A., Kiliç A., Nurlu G., Konan A., Kilinç K., Cirak B., Cirak B., and Colak A. A new model for tethered cord syndrome: a biochemical, electrophysiological, and electron microscopic study. Pediatr Neurosurg 26 (1997) 120-126
27. Lapsiwala S.B., and Iskandar B.J. The tethered cord syndrome in adults with spina bifida occulta. Neurol Res 26 (2004) 735-740
28. Lew S.M., and Kothbauer K.F. Tethered cord syndrome: an updated review. Pediatr Neurosurg 43 (2007) 236-248
29. Lichtenstein B.W. Distant neuroanatomic complications of spina bifida (spinal dysraphism). Hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari deformity, stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius, etc.; pathogenesis and pathology. Arch Neurol Psychiat 47 (1940) 195-214
30. Madeline L.A., and Elster A.D. Suture closure in the human chondrocranium: CT assessment. Radiology 196 (1995) 747-756
31. Marin-Padilla M. Notochordal-basichondrocranium relationships: abnormalities in experimental axial skeletal (dysraphic) disorders. J Embryol Exp Morphol 53 (1979) 15-38
32. Marin-Padilla M., and Marin-Padilla T.M. Morphogenesis of experimentally induced Arnold-Chiari malformation. J Neurol Sci 50 (1981) 29-55
33. Mayhew T.M., and Olsen D.R. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and model-free estimates of brain volume determined using the Cavalieri principle. J Anat 178 (1991) 133-144
34. Metcalfe P.D., Luerssen T.G., King S.J., Kaefer M., Meldrum K.K., Cain M.P., Rink R.C., and Casale A.J. Treatment of the occult tethered spinal cord for neuropathic bladder: results of sectioning the filum terminale. J Urol 176 (2006) 1826-1830
35. Milhorat T.H. Hydrocephalus and the cerebrospinal fluid (1972), Williams & Wilkins, Inc., Baltimore 111-123
36. Milhorat T.H., and Bolognese P.A. Tailored operative technique for Chiari type I malformation using intraoperative color Doppler ultrasonography. Neurosurgery 53 (2003) 899-906
37. Milhorat T.H., Bolognese P.A., Nishikawa M., McDonnell N.B., and Francomano C.A. Syndrome of occipitoatlantoaxial hypermobility, cranial settling, and Chiari malformation type I in patients with hereditary disorders of connective tissue. J Neurosurg Spine 7 (2007) 601-609
38. Milhorat T.H., Chou M.W., Trinidad E.M., Kula R.W., Mandell M., Wolpert C., and Speer M.C. Chiari I malformation redefined: clinical and radiographic findings for 364 symptomatic patients. Neurosurgery 44 (1999) 1005-1017
39. Mor V., Laliberte L., Morris J.N., and Wiemann M. The Karnofsky Performance Status Scale. An examination of its reliability and validity in a research setting. Cancer 53 (1984) 2002-2007
40. Muller F., and O'Rahilly R. Occipitocervical segmentation in staged human embryos. J Anat 185 Pt 2 (1994) 251-258
41. Naidich T.P., McLone D.G., and Fulling K.H. The Chiari II malformation: part IV. The hindbrain deformity. Neuroradiology 25 (1983) 179-197
42. Nazar G.B., Casale A.J., Roberts J.G., and Linden R.D. Occult filum terminale syndrome. Pediatr Neurosurg 23 (1995) 228-235
43. Nishikawa M., Sakamoto H., Hakuba A., Nakanishi N., and Inoue Y. Pathogenesis of Chiari malformation: a morphometric study of the posterior cranial fossa. J Neurosurg 86 (1997) 40-47
44. Nyland H., and Krogness K.G. Size of posterior fossa in Chiari type 1 malformation in adults. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 40 (1978) 233-242
45. Ogryzlo M.A. Arnold-Chiari malformation. Arch Neurol Psychiat 48 (1942) 30-46
46. O'Rahilly R., Muller F., and Meyer D.B. The human vertebral column at the end of the embryonic period proper. 2. The occipitocervical region. J Anat 136 (1983) 181-195
47. Palmer J.S., Maizels M., Grant J.A., Richards I., and Kaplan W.E. Transection of filum terminale remits urinary and stool continence in children with neuropathic bladder and spina bifida occulta. Am Acad Pediatr 11 (1999) [Abstr]
48. Pang D., and Wilberger Jr. J.E. Tethered cord syndrome in adults. J Neurosurg 57 (1982) 32-47
49. Pierre-Kahn A., Lacombe J., Pichon J., Giudicelli Y., Renier D., Sainte-Rose C., Perrigot M., and Hirsch J.F. Intraspinal lipomas with spina bifida. Prognosis and treatment in 73 cases. J Neurosurg 65 (1986) 756-761
50. Press G.A., Murakami J., Courchesne E., Berthoty D.P., Grafe M., Wiley C.A., and Hesselink J.R. The cerebellum in sagittal plane-anatomic-MR correlation: 2. The cerebellar hemispheres. AJR Am J Roentgenol 153 (1989) 837-846
51. Regeur L., and Pakkenberg B. Optimizing sampling designs for volume measurements of components of human brain using a stereological method. J Microsc 155 (1989) 113-121
52. Rinaldi F., Cioffi F.A., Columbano L., Krasagakis G., and Bernini F.P. Tethered cord syndrome. J Neurosurg Sci 49 (2005) 131-135
53. Royo-Salvador M.B., Sole-Llenas J., Domenech J.M., and González-Adrio R. Results of the section of the filum terminale in 20 patients with syringomyelia, scoliosis and Chiari malformation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147 (2005) 515-523
54. Russell D.S. Observation on the pathology of hydrocephalus. (1949), Her Majesty's Stationery Office (Special Report Series Medical Research Council, no 265), London 21-38
55. Sarwar M., Crelin E.S., Kier E.L., and Virapongse C. Experimental cord stretchability and the tethered cord syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 4 (1983) 641-643
56. Schneider S.J., Rosenthal A.D., Greenberg B.M., and Danto J. A preliminary report on the use of laser-Doppler flowmetry during tethered spinal cord release. Neurosurgery 32 (1993) 214-218
57. Selçuki M., Unlü A., Uǧur H.C., Soygür T., Arikan N., and Selçuki D. Patients with urinary incontinence often benefit from surgical detethering of tight filum terminale. Childs Nerv Syst 16 (2000) 150-155
58. Selçuki M., Vatansever S., Inan S., Erdemli E., Baǧdatoǧlu C., and Polat A. Is a filum terminale with a normal appearance really normal?. Childs Nerv Syst 19 (2003) 3-10
59. Selden N.R. Occult tethered cord syndrome: the case for surgery. J Neurosurg (5 Suppl Pediatrics) 104 (2006) 302-304
60. Selden N.R. Minimal tethered cord syndrome: what's necessary to justify a new surgical indication?. Neurosurg Focus 23 2 (2007) E1
61. Selden N.R., Nixon R.R., Skoog S.R., and Lashley D.B. Minimal tethered cord syndrome associated with thickening of the terminal filum. J Neurosurg (3 Suppl Pediatrics) 105 (2006) 214-218
62. Schady W., Metcalfe R.A., and Butler P. The incidence of craniocervical bony anomalies in the adult Chiari malformation. J Neurol Sci 82 (1987) 193-203
63. Schaefer G.B., Thompson Jr. J.N., Bodensteiner J.B., Gingold M., Wilson M., and Wilson D. Age-related changes in the relative growth of the posterior fossa. J Child Neurol 6 (1991) 15-19
64. Speer M.C., George T.M., Enterline D.S., Franklin A., Wolpert C.M., and Milhorat T.H. A genetic hypothesis for Chiari I malformation with or without syringomyelia. Neurosurg Focus 8 3 (2000) E12
65. Steinbok P., Garton H.J., and Gupta N. Occult tethered cord syndrome: a survey of practice patterns. J Neurosurg (5 Suppl Pediatrics) 104 (2006) 309-313
66. Steinbok P., and MacNeily A.E. Section of the terminal filum for occult tethered cord syndrome: toward a scientific answer. Neurosurg Focus 23 2 (2007) E5
67. Tani S., Yamada S., and Knighton R.S. Extensibility of the lumbar and sacral cord. Pathophysiology of the tethered spinal cord in cats. J Neurosurg 66 (1987) 116-123
68. Tubbs R.S., Bui C.J., Rice W.C., Loukas M., Naftel R.P., Holcombe M.P., and Oakes W.J. Critical analysis of the Chiari malformation type I found in children with lipomyelomeningocele. J Neurosurg 106 (2007) 196-200
69. Tubbs R.S., Elton S., Grabb P., Dockery S.E., Bartolucci A.A., and Oakes W.J. Analysis of the posterior fossa in children with the Chiari 0 malformation. Neurosurgery 48 (2001) 1050-1055
70. Tubbs R.S., Hill M., Loukas M., Shoja M.M., and Oakes W.J. Volumetric analysis of the posterior cranial fossa in a family with four generations of the Chiari malformation type I. J Neurosurg Pediatrics 1 (2008) 21-24
71. Tubbs R.S., Loukas M., Shoja M.M., and Oakes W.J. Observations at the craniocervical junction with simultaneous caudal traction of the spinal cord. Childs Nerv Syst 23 (2007) 367-369
72. Tubbs R.S., and Oakes W.J. Can the conus medullaris in normal position be tethered?. Neurol Res 26 (2004) 727-731
73. Vega A., Quintana F., and Berciano J. Basichondrocranium anomalies in adult Chiari type I malformation: a morphometric study. J Neurol Sci 99 (1990) 137-145
74. Warder D.E., and Oakes W.J. Tethered cord syndrome and the conus in a normal position. Neurosurgery 33 (1993) 374-378
75. Waldau B., Grant G., and Fuchs H. Development of an acquired Chiari malformation type I in the setting of an untreated lipomyelomeningocele. Case report. J Neurosurg Pediatrics 1 (2008) 164-166
76. Wehby M.C., O'Hollaren P.S., Abtin K., Hume J.L., and Richards B.J. Occult tight filum terminale syndrome: results of surgical untethering. Pediatr Neurosurg 40 (2004) 51-57
77. Whittle M.W., and Evans M. Instrument for measuring the Cobb angle in scoliosis. Lancet 1 (1979) 414
78. Wilson D.A., and Prince J.R. MR imaging determination of the location of the normal conus medullaris throughout childhood. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152 (1989) 1029-1032
79. Yamada S., Won D.J., Pezeshkpour G., Yamada B.S., Yamada S.M., Siddiqi J., Zouros A., and Colohan A.R. Pathophysiology of tethered cord syndrome and similar complex disorders. Neurosurg Focus 23 2 (2007) E6
80. Yamada S., Won D.J., Yamada S.M., Hadden A., and Siddiqi J. Adult tethered cord syndrome: relative to spinal cord length and filum thickness. Neurol Res 26 (2004) 732-734
81. Yamada S., Zinke D.E., and Sanders D. Pathophysiology of "tethered cord syndrome". J Neurosurg 54 (1981) 494-503
82. Yundt K.D., Park T.S., and Kaufman B.A. Normal diameter of filum terminale in children: in vivo measurement. Pediatr Neurosurg 27 (1997) 257-259