Efficacy, effectiveness and real life goal attainment of statins in managing cardiovascular risk

Vascular Health and Risk Management

Volumn 5, Issue , 2009, Pages 369-376

  Goldenberg, Naila ^a,b   Glueck, Charles ^a  

^a JEWISH HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular risk; Goal attainment; Primary prevention; Secondary prevention; Statin

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CERIVASTATIN; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FLUINDOSTATIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PITAVASTATIN; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ATHEROGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SAFETY; GOAL ATTAINMENT; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; MYOPATHY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; BLOOD; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DISEASE COURSE; METABOLISM; PATIENT EDUCATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; GUIDELINE ADHERENCE; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 67449108484     PISSN: 11766344     EISSN: 11782048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Ohsfeldt RL, Gandhi SK, Fox KM, Stacy TA, McKenney JM. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, and simvastatin among high-risk patients in usual clinical practice. Am J Manag Care. 2006;12:S412-S423.
2. Ward S, Lloyd Jones M, Pandor A, et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of statins for the prevention of coronary events. Health Technol Assess. 2007;11:1-160, iii-iv.
3. Lewington S, Whitlock G, Clarke R, et al. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet. 2007;370:1829-1839.
4. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495-1504.
5. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1425-1435.
6. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1071-1080.
7. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:720-732.
8. Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA, et al. Comparison of the effi cacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR* Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:152-160.
9. Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Atherosclerosis. 2007;194:1-45.
10. Tobert JA. Lovastatin and beyond: the history of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2:517-526.
11. Press Release. Recordati S.p.A: Obtains European Licence for Pitavastatin. 2008. Accessed 02/21/2009;Available from http://biz.yahoo.com/iw/ 081024/0446144.html.
12. Jacobson TA. Statin safety: lessons from new drug applications for marketed statins. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:44C-51C.
13. Clinical implications of drug interactions with statin therapy- a guide to optimizing care and decreasing risk for adverse events. National Lipid Association, 2008. Accessed 01/05/2009;Available from http://www.lipid.org/ clinical/insights/1000013.php.
14. Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors: drug-drug interactions and interindividual differences in transporter and metabolic enzyme functions. Pharmacol Ther. 2006;112:71-105.
15. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2003;326:1423.
16. Park S, Kang HJ, Rim SJ, et al. A randomized, open-label study to evaluate the effi cacy and safety of pitavastatin compared with simvastatin in Korean patients with hypercholesterolemia. Clin Ther. 2005;27:1074-1082.
17. Sasaki J, Ikeda Y, Kuribayashi T, et al. A 52-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparison of the tolerability and effects of pitavastatin and atorvastatin on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and glucose metabolism in Japanese patients with elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose intolerance. Clin Ther. 2008;30:1089-1101.
18. Infl uence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation. 1998;97:1440-1445.
19. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7-22.
20. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:685-696.
21. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383-1389.
22. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1001-1009.
23. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1349-1357.
24. Downs JR, Clearfi eld M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA. 1998;279:1615-1622.
25. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial - Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1149-1158.
26. Robinson JG, Smith B, Maheshwari N, Schrott H. Pleiotropic effects of statins: benefi t beyond cholesterol reduction? A meta-regression analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1855-1862.
27. LaRosa JC. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction: the end is more important than the means. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:240-242.
28. Robinson JG, Wang S, Smith BJ, Jacobson TA. Meta-analysis of the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:316-322.
29. Schmidt WM, Spiel AO, Jilma B, Wolzt M, Muller M. In-vivo effects of simvastatin and rosuvastatin on global gene expression in peripheral blood leucocytes in a human infl ammation model. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008;18:109-120.
30. Shiota M, Kusakabe H, Hikita Y, Nakao T, Izumi Y, Iwao H. Pharmacogenomics of cardiovascular pharmacology: molecular network analysis in pleiotropic effects of statin - an experimental elucidation of the pharmacologic action from protein-protein interaction analysis. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008;107:15-19.
31. Tang QO, Tran GT, Gamie Z, et al. Statins: under investigation for increasing bone mineral density and augmenting fracture healing. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008;17:1435-1463.
32. Abou-Raya A, Abou-Raya S, Helmii M. Statins: potentially useful in therapy of systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:1801-1808.
33. Paraskevas KI, Tzovaras AA, Briana DD, Mikhailidis DP. Emerging indications for statins: a pluripotent family of agents with several potential applications. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13:3622-3636.
34. Mills EJ, Rachlis B, Wu P, Devereaux PJ, Arora P, Perri D. Primary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and events with statin treatments: a network meta-analysis involving more than 65,000 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1769-1781.
35. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195-2207.
36. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267-1278.
37. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Clearfi eld M, et al. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1959-1965.
38. Koshiyama H, Taniguchi A, Tanaka K, et al. Effects of pitavastatin on lipid profi les and high-sensitivity CRP in Japanese subjects with hypercholesterolemia: Kansai Investigation of Statin for Hyperlipidemic Intervention in Metabolism and Endocrinology (KISHIMEN) investigatars. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2008;15:345-350.
39. Kinlay S. Low-density lipoprotein-dependent and -independent effects of cholesterol-lowering therapies on C-reactive protein: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:2003-2009.
40. Ridker PM, Paynter NP, Rifai N, Gaziano JM, Cook NR. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation. 2008;118:2243-2251, 4p following 51.
41. Mayer C, Gruber HJ, Landl EM, et al. Rosuvastatin reduces interleukin-6-induced expression of C-reactive protein in human hepatocytes in a STAT3- and C/EBP-dependent fashion. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;45:319-27.
42. Voleti B, Agrawal A. Statins and nitric oxide reduce C-reactive protein production while infl ammatory conditions persist. Mol Immunol. 2006;43:891-896.
43. Arnaud C, Burger F, Steffens S, et al. Statins reduce interleukin-6-induced C-reactive protein in human hepatocytes: new evidence for direct antiinfl ammatory effects of statins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1231-1236.
44. Ai M, Otokozawa S, Asztalos BF, et al. Effects of maximal doses of atorvastatin versus rosuvastatin on small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:315-318.
45. Superko HR, Gadesam RR. Is it LDL particle size or number that correlates with risk for cardiovascular disease? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008;10(5):377-385.
46. Brunzell JD, Davidson M, Furberg CD, et al. Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: consensus conference report from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1512-1524.
47. Brunzell JD, Davidson M, Furberg CD, et al. Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:811-822.
48. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, et al. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA. 2006;295:1556-1565.
49. Taylor AJ, Kent SM, Flaherty PJ, Coyle LC, Markwood TT, Vernalis MN. ARBITER: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol: a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation. 2002;106:2055-2060.
50. Crouse JR, 3rd, Raichlen JS, Riley WA, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima-media thickness in low-risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis: the METEOR Trial. JAMA. 2007;297:1344-1353.
51. Riesen WF, Noll G, Dariolo R. Impact of enhanced compliance initiatives on the effi cacy of rosuvastatin in reducing low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia. Swiss Med Wkly. 2008;138:420-426.
52. Riccioni G, Bazzano LA, Bucciarelli T, Mancini B, di Ilio E, D'Orazio N. Rosuvastatin reduces intima-media thickness in hypercholesterolemic subjects with asymptomatic carotid artery disease: the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerotic Disease in Manfredonia (ACADIM) Study. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9:2403-2408.
53. Fleg JL, Mete M, Howard BV, et al. Effect of statins alone versus statins plus ezetimibe on carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: the SANDS (Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:2198-2205.
54. Kastelein JJ, de Groot E, Sankatsing R. Atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasonography: effect of statin therapy on disease progression. Am J Med. 2004;116 Suppl 6A:31S-36S.
55. Kotseva K, Stagmo M, De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Wood D. Treatment potential for cholesterol management in patients with coronary heart disease in 15 European countries: fi ndings from the EUROASPIRE II survey. Atherosclerosis. 2008;197:710-717.
56. Clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I and II in nine countries. EUROASPIRE I and II Group. European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events. Lancet. 2001;357:995-1001.
57. Van Ganse E, Laforest L, Alemao E, Davies G, Gutkin S, Yin D. Lipid-modifying therapy and attainment of cholesterol goals in Europe: the Return on Expenditure Achieved for Lipid Therapy (REALITY) study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:1389-1399.
58. Deambrosis P, Saramin C, Terrazzani G, et al. Evaluation of the prescription and utilization patterns of statins in an Italian local health unit during the period 1994-2003. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63:197-203.
59. Perreault S, Blais L, Lamarre D, et al. Persistence and determinants of statin therapy among middle-aged patients for primary and secondary prevention. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;59:564-573.
60. Pedan A, Varasteh L, Schneeweiss S. Analysis of factors associated with statin adherence in a hierarchical model considering physician, pharmacy, patient, and prescription characteristics. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007;13:487-496.