Resistant Hypertension in the Elderly

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 289-301

  Rafey, Mohammed A ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood pressure control; Elderly; Hypertension; Pseudoresistant hypertension; Secondary hypertension; True resistant hypertension

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; CHLORTALIDONE; CORTICOTROPIN; CYCLOSPORIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FUROSEMIDE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; ISOPRENALINE; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; METOLAZONE; NON PRESCRIPTION DRUG; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE; PSEUDOEPHEDRINE; SALBUTAMOL; STEROID; TERAZOSIN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; VENLAFAXINE;

ADRENALECTOMY; AGED; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIETARY INTAKE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFICACY; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPONATREMIA; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM; PSEUDOHYPERTENSION; PSEUDOPHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RENOVASCULAR DISEASE; RESISTANT HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; WHITE COAT HYPERTENSION;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION; DIET; DRUG RESISTANCE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; LIFE STYLE; MALE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE; TREATMENT FAILURE; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 67449086583     PISSN: 07490690     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2009.01.006     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Calhoun D.A., Jones D., Textor S., et al. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation 117 25 (2008) e510-e526
2. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289 19 (2003) 2560-2572
3. Perry Jr. H.M., Davis B.R., Price T.R., et al. Effect of treating isolated systolic hypertension on the risk of developing various types and subtypes of stroke: the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 284 (2000) 465-471
4. Lloyd-Jones D.M., Evans J.C., and Levy D. Hypertension in adults across the age spectrum: current outcomes and control in the community. JAMA 294 (2005) 466-472
5. Franklin S.S., Jacobs M.J., Wong N.D., et al. Predominance of isolated systolic hypertension among middle-aged and elderly US hypertensives: analysis based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Hypertension 37 (2001) 869-874
6. Beckett N.S., Peters R., Fletcher A.E., et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 358 18 (2008) 1887-1898
7. Fletcher A.E., and Bulpitt C.J. How far should blood pressure be lowered?. N Eng J Med 326 (1992) 251-254
8. James M.A., Watt P.A., Potter J.F., et al. Pulse pressure and resistance artery structure in the elderly. Hypertension 26 (1995) 301-306
9. Grassi G. Debating sympathetic overactivity as a hallmark of human obesity: a pro's position. J Hypertens 17 8 (1999) 1059-1060
10. Pickering T.G., Hall J.E., Appel L.J., et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension (2005) 45(1):142-61
11. Pickering T.G., Miller N.H., Ogedegbe G., et al. Call to action on use and reimbursement for home blood pressure monitoring: executive summary: a joint scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American Society Of Hypertension, and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. Hypertension 52 1 (2008) 1-9
12. Messerli F.H., Ventura H.O., and Amodeo C. Osler's maneuver and pseudohypertension. N Engl J Med 312 24 (1985) 1548-1551
13. Wright J.C., and Looney S.W. Prevalence of positive Osler's manoeuver in 3387 persons screened for the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). J Hum Hypertens 11 (1997) 285-289
14. Spence J.D. Pseudo-hypertension in the elderly: still hazy, after all these years. Journal of Human Hypertension 11 (1997) 621-623
15. Appel L.J., Moore T.J., Obarzanek E., et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 336 16 (1997) 1117-1124
16. Sacks F.M., Svetkey L.P., Vollmer W.M., et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 344 (2001) 3-10
17. Wilcox C.S., Loon N.R., Ameer B., et al. Renal and hemodynamic responses to bumetanide in hypertension: effects of nitrendipine. Kidney Int 36 (1989) 719-725
18. Walker B.R., and Edwards C.R. Licorice-induced hypertension and syndromes of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 23 2 (1994) 359-377
19. Sardi A., Geda C., Nerici L., et al. Rhabdomyolysis and arterial hypertension caused by apparent excess of mineralocorticoids: a case report. Ann Ital Med Int 17 2 (2002) 126-129
20. Lee Y.S., Lorenzo B.J., Koufis T., et al. Grapefruit juice and its flavonoids inhibit 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Clin Pharmacol Ther 59 (1996) 62-71
21. Pope J.E., Anderson J.J., and Felson D.T. A meta-analysis of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 153 4 (1993) 477-484
22. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 288 (2002) 2981-2997
23. Oates D.J., Berlowitz D.R., Glickman M.E., et al. Blood pressure and survival in the oldest old. J Am Geriatr Soc 55 (2007) 383-388
24. Gueyffier F., Bulpitt C., Boissel J.P., et al. Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. INDANA Group. Lancet 353 (1999) 793-796
25. Gabow P.A., Moore S., and Schrier R.W. Spironolactone-induced hyperchloremic acidosis in cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med 90 (1979) 338-340
26. Ashraf N., Locksley R., and Arieff A.I. Thiazide-induced hyponatremia associated with death or neurologic damage in outpatients. Am J Med 70 (1981) 1163-1168
27. Friedman E., Shadel M., Halkin H., et al. Thiazide-induced hyponatremia. Reproducibility by single dose rechallenge and an analysis of pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med 110 (1989) 24-30
28. Sonnenblick M., Friedlander Y., and Rosin A.J. Diuretic-induced severe hyponatremia. Review and analysis of 129 reported patients. Chest 103 (1993) 601-606
29. Baglin A., Boulard J.C., Hanslik T., et al. Metabolic adverse reactions to diuretics. Clinical relevance to elderly patients. Drug Saf 12 3 (1995) 161-167
30. Salvetti A., and Ghiadoni L. Thiazide diuretics in the treatment of hypertension: an update. J. Am Soc Nephrol 17 (2006) S25-S29
31. Carter B.L., Ernst M.E., and Cohen J.D. Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability. Hypertension 43 (2004) 4-9
32. Zamboli P., De Nicola L., Minutolo R., et al. Management of hypertension in chronic kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 8 6 (2006) 497-501
33. Lee J.K., Grace K.A., and Taylor A.J. Effect of a pharmacy care program on medication adherence and persistence, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 296 (2006) 2563-2571
34. Simpson R.J. Challenges for improving medication adherence. JAMA 296 21 (2006) 2614-2616
35. Celis H., Den Hond E., and Staessen J.A. Self-measurement of blood pressure at home in the management of hypertension. Clin Med Res 3 1 (2005) 19-26
36. Glen S.K., Elliott H.L., Curzio J.L., et al. White-coat hypertension as a cause of cardiovascular dysfunction. Lancet 348 9028 (1996) 654-657
37. Polónia J.J., Santos A.R., Gama G.M., et al. Follow-up clinic and ambulatory blood pressure in untreated white-coat hypertensive patients (evaluation after 2-5 years). Blood Press Monit 2 6 (1997) 289-295
38. Ancoli-Israel S., Kripke D.F., Mason W., et al. Sleep apnea and nocturnal myoclonus in a senior population. Sleep 4 4 (1981) 349-358
39. Ancoli-Israel S., Kripke D.F., Klauber M.R., et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling elderly. Sleep 14 (1991) 486-495
40. Gonçalves S.C., Martinez D., Gus M., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and resistant hypertension: a case-control study. Chest 132 (2007) 1858-1862
41. Raff H. Renin, ACTH, and aldosterone during acute hypercapnia and hypoxia in conscious rats. Am J Physiol 254 (1988) R431-R435
42. Brooks D., Horner R.L., Kozar L.F., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea as a cause of systemic hypertension. Evidence from a canine model. J Clin Invest 99 (1997) 106-109
43. Campos-Rodriguez F., Perez-Ronchel J., Grilo-Reina A., et al. Long-term effect of continuous positive airway pressure on BP in patients with hypertension and sleep apnea. Chest 132 6 (2007) 1847-1852
44. Mann S.J. Severe paroxysmal hypertension (pseudopheochromocytoma): understanding the cause and treatment. Arch Intern Med 159 (1999) 670-674
45. Mann S.J. Severe paroxysmal hypertension. An automatic syndrome and its relationship to repressed emotions. Psychosomatics 37 (1996) 444-450
46. Foley R.N., and Collins A. End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States Renal Data System. J. Am Soc Nephrol 18 (2007) 2644-2648
47. Cockcroft D.W., and Gault M.H. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 16 (1976) 31-41
48. Levey A.S., Bosch J.P., Lewis J.B., et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 130 (1999) 461-470
49. Hansen K.J., Edwards M.S., Craven T.E., et al. Prevalence of renovascular disease in the elderly: a population-based study. J Vasc Surg 36 3 (2002) 443-445
50. Anderson Jr. G.H., Blakeman N., Streeten D.H., et al. The effect of age on prevalence of secondary forms of hypertension in 4429 consecutively referred patients. J Hypertens 12 5 (1994) 609-615
51. Vasbinder G.B., Nelemans P.J., Kessels A.G., et al. Accuracy of computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance angiography for diagnosing renal artery stenosis. Ann Intern Med 114 9 (2004) 674-682
52. Tullis M.J., Caps M.T., Zierler R.E., et al. Blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Am J Kidney Dis 33 4 (1999) 675-681
53. Rayner B.L., Opie L.H., and Davidson J.S. The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism. S Afr Med J 90 (2000) 394-400
54. Calhoun D.A., Nishizaka M.K., Zaman M.A., et al. Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 40 (2002) 892-896
55. Benchetrit S., Bernheim J., and Podjarny E. Normokalemic hyperaldosteronism in patients with resistant hypertension. Isr Med Assoc J 4 (2002) 17-20
56. Nishizaka M.K., and Calhoun D.A. The role of aldosterone antagonists in the management of resistant hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 7 5 (2005) 343-347
57. Douma S., Petidis K., Doumas M., et al. Revalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in resistant hypertension: a retrospective observational study. Lancet 371 9628 (2008) 1921-1926
58. Bravo E. Secondary Hypertension: Mineralocorticoid Excess States. In: Black H.R., and Elliott W.J. (Eds). Hypertension: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease (2007), Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia PA 106-118
59. Rossi G.P. New concepts in adrenal vein sampling for aldosterone in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Current Hypertension Reports 9 (2007) 90-97
60. Brilla C.G., Pick R., Tan L.B., et al. Remodeling of the rat right and left ventricles in experimental hypertension. Circ Res 67 (1990) 1355-1364
61. González A., López B., and Díez J. Fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease: role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Med Clin N Am 88 (2004) 83-97
62. Querejeta R., Varo N., López B., et al. Serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I is a marker of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease. Circulation 101 (2000) 1729-1735
63. Pitt B., Zannad F., and Remme W.J. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 341 (1999) 709-717
64. Ghose R.P., Hall P.M., and Bravo E.L. Medical management of aldosterone-producing adenomas. Ann Intern Med 131 (1999) 105-108
65. Cooper M.E., Goodman D., Frauman A., et al. Phaeochromocytoma in the elderly: a poorly recognised entity?. Br Med J 293 6560 (1986) 1474-1475
66. Lenders J.W., Eisenhofer G., Mannelli M., et al. Phaeochromocytoma. Lancet 366 9486 (2005) 665-675
67. Bravo E.L. Pheochromocytoma, thyroid disease, and hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Hypertens 7 3 (2005) 173-177
68. Bravo E.L. Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends. Kidney Int 40 3 (1991) 544-556
69. Ventura H.O., Taler S.J., and Strobeck J.E. Hypertension as a hemodynamic disease: the role of impedance cardiography in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic decision making. Am J Hypertens 18 2 Pt 2 (2005) 26S-43S
70. Taler S.J., Augustine J., and Textor S.C. Resistant hypertension: comparing hemodynamic management to specialist care. Hypertension 39 5 (2002) 982-988
71. Smith R.D., Levy P., and Ferrario C.M. Value of noninvasive hemodynamics to achieve blood pressure control in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 47 4 (2006) 771-777