Escherichia coli encoding Shiga toxin 2f as an emerging human pathogen

International Journal of Medical Microbiology

Volumn 299, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 343-353

  Prager, Rita ^a   Fruth, Angelika ^a   Siewert, Ute ^a   Strutz, Ute ^a   Tschäpe, Helmut ^a  

^a ROBERT KOCH INSTITUTE   (Germany)

Author keywords

E. coli; Emerging; Pigeon; Shiga toxin 2f

Indexed keywords

SHIGA TOXIN 2F; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VEROTOXIN 2;

ALLELE; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; CLONE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIARRHEAGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI; LABORATORY TEST; NONHUMAN; SEROTYPE; STX2F GENE; VIRULENCE;

ANIMALS; BACTERIAL TYPING TECHNIQUES; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; DNA FINGERPRINTING; DNA, BACTERIAL; ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; SEROTYPING; SHIGA TOXIN 2;

EID: 67349211114     PISSN: 14384221     EISSN: 16180607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.10.008     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Bastian S.N., Carle I., and Grimont F. Comparison of 14 PCR systems for the detection and subtyping of stx genes in Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Res. Microbiol. 149 (1998) 457-472
2. Beutin L., Krause G., Zimmermann S., Kaulfuss S., and Gleier K. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from human patients in Germany over a 3-year period. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (2004) 1099-1108
3. Beutin L., Steinrück H., Krause G., Steege K., Haby S., Hultsch G., and Appel B. Comparative evaluation of the Ridascreen Verotoxin enzyme immunoassay for detection of Shiga-toxin producing strains of Escherichia coli (STEC) from food and other sources. J. Appl. Microbiol. 102 (2006) 630-639
4. Bielaszewska M., Friedrich A.W., Aldick T., Schürk-Bulgrin R., and Karch H. Shiga toxin activatable by intestinal mucus in Escherichia coli isolated from humans: predictor for a severe clinical outcome. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (2006) 1160-1167
5. Bielaszewska M., Prager R., Köck R., Mellmann A., Zhang W., Tschäpe H., Tarr P.I., and Karch H. Shiga toxin gene loss and transfer in vitro and in vivo during enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26 infection in humans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73 (2007) 3144-3150
6. Bielaszewska M., Middendorf B., Köck R., Friedrich A.W., Fruth A., Karch H., Schmidt M.A., and Mellmann A. Shiga toxin-negative attaching and effacing Escherichia coli: distinct clinical associations with bacterial phylogeny and virulence traits and inferred in-host pathogen evolution. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47 (2008) 208-217
7. - strain 3072/96. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296 (2006) 467-474
8. Burland V., Shao Y., Perna N.T., Plunkett G., Sofia H.J., and Blattner F.R. The complete DNA sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (1998) 4196-4204
9. Bürk C., Dietrich R., Acar G., Moravek M., Bülte M., and Märtlbauer E. Identification and characterization of a new variant of Shiga toxin 1 in Escherichia coli ONT:H19 of bovine origin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 2106-2112
10. Carattoli A., Bertini A., Villa L., Falbo V., Hopkins K.L., and Threlfall E.J. Identification of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing. J. Microbiol. Methods 63 (2005) 219-228
11. Dell'Omo G., Morabito S., Quondam R., Agrimi U., Ciuchini F., Macri A., and Caprioli A. Feral pigeons as a source of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. Vet. Record 142 (1998) 309-310
12. Franke J., Franke S., Schmidt H., Schwarzkopf A., Wieler L.H., Baljer G., Beutin L., and Karch H. Nucleotide sequence analysis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adherence factor probe and development of PCR for rapid detection of EPEC harboring virulence plasmids. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32 (1994) 2460-2463
13. Friedrich A.W., Bielaszewska M., Zhang W.L., Pulz M., Kuczius T., Ammon A., and Karch H. Escherichia coli harboring Shiga toxin 2 gene variants: frequency and association with clinical symptoms. J. Infect. Dis. 185 (2002) 74-84
14. Gannon V.P.J., Teerling C., Masri S.A., and Gyles C.L. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of another variant of the Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin II family. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136 (1990) 1125-1135
15. Großmann K., Weniger B., Baljer G., Bertram B., and Wieler L.H. Racing, ornamental and city pigeons carry Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) with different Shiga toxin subtypes, urging further analysis of their epidemiological role in the spread of STEC. Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 18 (2005) 456-463
16. Hunter S.B., Vauterin P., Lambert-Fair M.A., Van Duyne M.S., Kubota K., Graves L., Wrigley D., Barrett T., and Ribot E. Establishment of a universal size standard strain for use with the PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols: converting the National databases to the new size standard. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 1045-1050
17. Isobe J., Kimata K., Shimojima M., Hosorogi S., Tanaka D., and Gyobu Y. Isolation of Escherichia coli O128:HNM harbouring stx2f gene from diarrhoea patients. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 78 (2004) 1000-1005
18. Jenkins C., Willshaw G.A., Evans J., Cheasty T., Chart H., Shaw D.J., Dougan G., Frankel G., and Smith H.R. Subtyping of virulence genes in verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) other than serogroup O157 associated with disease in the United Kingdom. J. Med. Microbiol. 52 (2003) 941-947
19. Karch H., Tarr P.I., and Bielaszewska M. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in human medicine. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295 (2005) 405-418
20. Karmali M.A., Petric M., Lim C., Fleming P.C., Arbus G.S., and Lior H. The association between idiopathic hemolytic uremic syndrome and infection by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. J. Infect. Dis. 151 (1985) 775-782
21. Kobayashi H., Pohjanvirta T., and Pelkonen S. Prevalence and characteristics of intimin- and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from gulls, pigeons and broilers in Finland. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 64 (2002) 1071-1073
22. Lin Z., Kurazono H., Yamasaki S., and Takeda Y. Detection of various variant verotoxin genes in Escherichia coli by polymerase chain reaction. Microbiol. Immunol. 37 (1993) 543-548
23. McVeigh A., Fasano A., Scott D.A., Jelacic S., Moseley S.L., Robertson D.C., and Savarino S.J. IS1414, an Escherichia coli insertion sequence with a heat-stable enterotoxin gene embedded in a transposale-like gene. Infect. Immun. 68 (2000) 5710-5715
24. Mellmann A., Bielaczewska M., Zimmerhackl L.B., Prager R., Harmsen D., Tschäpe H., and Karch H. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in human infection: in vivo evolution of a bacterial pathogen. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 (2005) 785-792
25. Morabito S., Dell'Omo G., Agrimi U., Schmidt H., Karch H., Cheasty T., and Caprioli A. Detection and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in feral pigeons. Vet. Microbiol. 82 (2001) 275-283
26. Paton J.C., and Paton A.W. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11 (1998) 450-479
27. 2, eae, ehxA, and saa. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (2002) 271-274
28. Paton A.W., and Paton J.C. Multiplex PCR for direct detection of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli strains producing the novel subtilase cytotoxin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 2944-2947
29. Paton A.W., Woodrow M.C., Doyle R.M., Lanser J.A., and Paton J.C. Molecular characterization of a Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli O113:H21 strain lacking eae responsible for a cluster of cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37 (1999) 3357-3361
30. Pierard D., Muyldermans G., Moriau L., Stevens D., and Lauwers S. Identification of new verocytotoxin type 2 variant B-subunit genes in human and animal Escherichia coli isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 (1998) 3317-3322
31. Prager R., and Tschäpe H. Escherichia coli-Pathovare - gibt es noch eine Routinediagnostik?. Der Mikrobiologe 6 (2007) 213-219
32. - in Germany. Infect. Genet. Evol. 1 (2002) 265-275
33. Prager R., Strutz U., Fruth A., and Tschäpe H. Subtyping of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains using flagellar(H)-antigens: serotyping versus fliC polymorphisms. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 292 (2003) 477-486
34. Prager R., Annemüller S., and Tschäpe H. Diversity of virulence patterns among Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from human clinical cases - need for more detailed diagnostics. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295 (2005) 29-38
35. Ramachandran V., Brett K., Hornitzky M.A., Dowton M., Bettelheim K.A., Walker M.J., and Djordjevic S.P. Distribution of intimin subtypes among Escherichia coli isolates from ruminant and human sources. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 5022-5032
36. Reischl U., Youssef M.T., Kilwinksi J., Lehn N., Zhang W.L., Karch H., and Strockbine N.A. Real-time fluorescence PCR assays for detection and characterization of Shiga toxin, intimin, and enterohemolysin genes from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (2002) 2555-2565
37. Savarino S.J., Fasano A., Watson J., Martin B.M., Levine M.M., Guandalini S., and Guerry P. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 represents another subfamily of E. coli-heat stable toxin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 3093-3097
38. Schmidt H., Scheef J., Morabito S., Caprioli A., Wieler L.H., and Karch H. A new Shiga toxin 2 variant (Stx2f) from Escherichia coli isolated from pigeons. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (2000) 1205-1208
39. Seto K., Taguchi M., Kobayashi K., and Kozaki S. Biochemical and molecular characterization of minor serogroups of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from humans in Osaka prefecture. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 69 (2007) 1215-1222
40. Sonntag A.K., Zenner E., Karch H., and Bielaczewska M. Pigeons as a possible reservoir of Shiga toxin 2f-producing Escherichia coli pathogenic to humans. Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wochenschr. 118 (2005) 464-470
41. Tóth I., Hérault F., Beutin L., and Oswald E. Production of cytolethal distending toxins by pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from human and animal sources: establishment of the existence of a new cdt variant (Type IV). J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 4285-4291
42. Unkmeir A., and Schmidt H. Structural analysis of phage-borne stx genes and their flanking sequences in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains. Infect. Immun. 68 (2000) 4856-4864
43. Van Duynhoven Y.T.H.P., Friesema I.H.M., Schuurman T., Roovers A., van Zwet A.A., Sabbe L.J.M., van der Zwaluw W.K., Notermans D.W., Mulder B., van Hannen E.J., Heilmann F.G.C., Buiting A., Jansen R., and Kooistra-Smid A.M.D. Prevalence, characterisation and clinical profiles of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in The Netherlands. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14 (2008) 437-445
44. Wirth T., Falush D., Lan R., Colles F., Mensa P., Wieler L.H., Karch H., Reeves P.R., Maiden M.C.J., Ochman H., and Achtman M. Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective. Mol. Microbiol. 60 (2006) 1136-1151