Synthesis and characterization of expandable graphite-poly(methyl methacrylate) composite particles and their application to flame retardation of rigid polyurethane foams

Polymer Degradation and Stability

Volumn 94, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 971-979

  Ye, Ling ^a   Meng, Xian Yan ^a   Ji, Xu ^a   Li, Zhong Ming ^a   Tang, Jian Hua ^a  

^a SICHUAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Expandable graphite; Flame retardant property; Mechanical property; Poly(methyl methacrylate); Rigid polyurethane foams

Indexed keywords

BURNING RATES; CELL SYSTEMS; COMPOSITE PARTICLES; EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE; FINE PARTICLES; FLAME RETARDANCY; FLAME RETARDATIONS; FLAME-RETARDANT PROPERTY; FOAM COMPOSITES; FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPIES; INTERFACIAL ADHESIONS; INTUMESCENT FLAME RETARDANTS; LIMITING OXYGEN INDICES; MATRIXES; OBSERVATION WELLS; PE-G-PMMA; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAMS; SEM; SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS;

ACRYLIC MONOMERS; ANODIC OXIDATION; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; EMULSIFICATION; EMULSION POLYMERIZATION; ESTERS; FLAME RETARDANTS; FLAMMABILITY; FOAMS; FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; GRAPHITE; OXYGEN; POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS; POLYMER BLENDS; POLYMERS; POLYPROPYLENES; RIGID FOAMED PLASTICS; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS;

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;

EID: 67349182905     PISSN: 01413910     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.016     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Alfani R., Iannace S., and Nicolais L. Synthesis and characterization of starch-based polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 68 5 (1998) 739-745
2. Cunningham R.L., Gordon S.H., Felker F.C., and Eskins K. Glycols in polyurethane foam formulations with a starch-oil composite. J Appl Polym Sci 69 5 (1998) 957-964
3. Hobbs M.L., Erickson K.L., and Chu T.Y. Modeling decomposition of uncomfined rigid polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 69 1 (2000) 47-66
4. Chen X.L., Wu H., Luo Z., Yang B., Guo S.Y., and Yu J. Synergistic effects of expandable graphite with magnesium hydroxide on the flame retardancy and thermal properties of polypropylene. Polym Eng Sci 47 11 (2007) 1756-1760
5. Heinrich H., and Stefan P. The importance of intumescent systems for fire protection of plastic materials. Polym Int 49 10 (2000) 1106-1114
6. Bourbigot S., Le Bras M., Duquesne S., and Rochery M. Recent advances for intumescent polymers. Macromol Mater Eng 289 (2004) 499-511
7. Duquesne S., Le Bras M., Bourbigot S., Delobel R., Vezin H., Camino G., et al. Expandable graphite: a fire retardant additive for polyurethane coatings. Fire Mater 27 3 (2003) 103-117
8. Lyon R.E., Speitel L., Walters R.N., and Crowley S. Fire-resistant elastomers. Fire Mater 27 4 (2003) 195-208
9. Ye L., Ding P., Zhang M., and Qu B.J. Synergistic effects of exfoliated LDH with some halogen-free flame retardants in LDPE/EVA/HFMH/LDH nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 107 6 (2008) 3694-3701
10. Choi Y.S., Choi S.K., Moon S.C., and Jo B.W. Halogen-free flame retarding NBR/GTR foams. J Ind Eng Chem 14 3 (2008) 387-395
11. a kinetic study of degradation process. Macromol Chem Phys 206 3 (2005) 383-392
12. Qu B.J., and Xie R.C. Intumescent char structures and flame-retardant mechanism of expandable graphite-based halogen-free flame-retardant linear low density polyethylene blends. Polym Int 52 9 (2003) 1415-1422
13. Shi L., Li Z.M., Yang M.B., and Yin B. Expandable graphite for halogen-free flame-retardant of high-density rigid polyurethane foams. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 44 7 (2005) 1323-1337
14. Shi L., Li Z.M., Xie B.H., Wang J.H., Tian C.R., and Yang M.B. Flame retardancy of different-sized expandable graphite particle for high-density rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Int 55 8 (2006) 862-871
15. Bian X.C., Tang J.H., Li Z.M., Lu Z.Y., and Lu A. Dependence of flame-retardant properties on density of expandable graphite filled rigid polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 104 5 (2007) 3347-3355
16. Bian X.C., Tang J.H., and Li Z.M. Flame retardancy of hollow glass microsphere/rigid polyurethane foams in the presence of expandable graphite. J Appl Polym Sci 109 3 (2008) 1935-1943
17. Bian X.C., Tang J.H., and Li Z.M. Flame retardancy of whisker silicon oxide (WSi)/rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composites with expandable graphite (EG). J Appl Polym Sci 110 6 (2008) 3871-3879
18. Modesti M., and Lorenzetti A. Halogen-free flame retardants for polymeric foams. Polym Degrad Stab 78 1 (2002) 167-173
19. Modesti M., Lorenzetti A., Simioni F., and Camino G. Expandable graphite as an intumescent flame retardant in polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 77 2 (2002) 195-202
20. Modesti M., and Lorenzetti A. Improvement on fire behavious of water blown PIR-PUR foams: use of a halogen-free flame retardant. Eur Polym J 39 2 (2003) 263-268
21. Gospodinova N., Mokreva P., Tsanov T., and Terlemezyan L. A new route to polyaniline composites. Polymer 38 3 (1997) 743-746
22. Peitl O., Oréfice R.L., Hench H.H., and Brennan A.B. Effect of the crystallization of bioactive glass reinforcing agents on the mechanical properties of polymer composites. Mat Sci Eng A-Struct 372 1-2 (2004) 245-251
23. Chung J.S., and Sohn H.J. Electrochemical properties of amorphous comb-shaped composite PEO polymer electrolyte. J Power Sources 112 2 (2002) 671-675
24. 3/polypropylene composites made with ultra-high-speed mixer. J Mater Sci Lett 21 13 (2002) 985-986
25. Ye L., Meng X.Y., Liu X.M., Tang J.H., and Li Z.M. Flame-retardant and mechanical properties of high-density rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) filled with decabrominated dipheny ethane (DBDPE) and expandable graphite (EG). J Appl Polym Sci 111 5 (2009) 2372-2380
26. Shi L., Li Z.M., Yang W., Yang M.B., Zhou Q.M., and Huang R. Properties and microstructure of expandable graphite particles pulverized with an ultra-high-speed mixer. Powder Technol 170 3 (2006) 178-184
27. Schilling B. Expandable graphite. Kunstst-plast Eur 87 8 (1997) 1004-1005
28. Guignon B., Duquenoy A., and Dumoulin E. Fluid bed encapsulation of particles: principles and practice. Dry Technol 20 2 (2002) 419-447
29. Voorn D.J., Ming W., Herk A.M., Bomans P.H.H., Frederik P.M., Gasemjit P., et al. Controlled heterocoagulation of platelets and spheres. Langmuir 21 15 (2005) 6950-6956
30. Yamaguchi K., Tto M., Taniguchi T., Kawaguchi S., and Nagai K. Preparation of functional core-shell particles by heterocoagulation. Chem Lett 31 12 (2002) 1188-1189
31. Kuan C.F., Yen W.H., Chen C.H., Yuen S.M., Kuan H.C., and Chiang C.L. Synthesis, characterization, flame retardance and thermal propertied of halogen-free expandable graphite/PMMA composites prepared from sol-gel method. Polym Degrad Stab 93 7 (2008) 1357-1363
32. Messori M., Toselli M., Pilati F., Fabbri E., Fabbri P., Busoli S., et al. Flame retarding poly(methyl methacrylate) with nanostructured organic-inorganic hybrids coatings. Polymer 44 16 (2003) 4463-4470
33. Song X., Wang X., Wang H., Zhong W., and Du Q. PMMA-silica hybrid thin films with enhanced thermal properties prepared via a non-hydrolytic sol-gel process. Mater Chem Phys 109 1 (2008) 143-147
34. Lau K.K.S., and Gleason K.K. Particle surface design using an all-dry encapsulation method. Adv Mater 18 15 (2006) 1972-1977
35. Bouanani F., Bendedouch D., Hemery P., and Bounaceur B. Encapsulation of montmorillonite in nanoparticles by miniemulsion polymerization. Colloids Surf A 317 1-3 (2008) 751-755
36. Tiarks F., Landfester K., and Antonietti M. Encapsulation of carbon black by miniemulsion polymerization. Macromol Chem Phys 202 1 (2001) 51-60
37. Trens P., Denoyel R., and Rouquerol J. Adsorption of (γ-amino-propyl)triethoxysilane on silica from aqueous solution: a microcalorimetric study. Langmuir 11 2 (1995) 551-554
38. 3 composite particles by in situ emulsion polymerization. Particuology 6 3 (2008) 207-213
39. Yu D.G., An J.H., Bae J.Y., Lee Y.E., Ahn S.D., Kang S.Y., et al. Preparation and characterization of titanium dioxide core/polymer shell hybrid composite particles prepared by emulsion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 92 5 (2004) 2970-2975
40. 3/polystyrene composite nanoparticles. Mater Lett 60 27 (2006) 3248-3250
41. Casado R.M., Lovell P.A., Navabpour P., and Stanford J.L. Polymer encapsulation of surface-modified carbon blacks using surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. Polymer 48 9 (2007) 2554-2563
42. Nguyen D., Zondanos H.S., Farrugia J.M., Serelis A.K., Such C.H., and Hawkett B.S. Pigment encapsulation by emulsion polymerization using macro-RAFT copolymers. Langmuir 24 5 (2008) 2140-2150
43. Yang M.J., and Dan Y. Preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate)/titanium oxide composite particles via in-situ emulsion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 101 6 (2006) 4056-4063
44. Xia H.S., Wang Q., and Qiu G.H. Polymer-encapsulated carbon nanotubes prepared through ultrasonically initiated in situ emulsion polymerization. Chem Mater 15 20 (2003) 3879-3886
45. Xavier J.L.L., Guyot A., and Lami E.B. Synthesis and characterization of silica/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite latex particles through emulsion polymerization using a cationic azo initiator. J Colloid Interf Sci 250 1 (2002) 82-92
46. Katsikis N., Zahradnik F., Helmschrott A., Münstedt H., and Vital A. Thermal stability of poly(methyl methacrylate)/silica nano- and microcomposites as investigated by dynamic-mechanical experiments. Polym Degrad Stab 92 11 (2007) 1966-1976
47. Lefebvre J., Bastin B., Le Bras M., Duquesne S., Paleja R., and Delobel R. Thermal stability and fire properties of conventional flexible polyurethane foam formulations. Polym Degrad Stab 88 1 (2005) 28-34
48. Kaushiva B.D., and Wilkes G.L. Influence of diethanolamine (DEOA) on structure-property behavior of molded flexible polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 77 1 (2000) 202-216
49. Aneja A., and Wilkes G.L. Exploring macro- and microlevel connectivity of the urea phase in slabstock flexible polyurethane foam formulations using lithium chloride as s proble. Polymer 43 20 (2002) 5551-5561
50. Kaushiva B.D., McCartney S.R., Rossmy G.R., and Wilkes G.L. Surfactant level influences on structure and properties of flexible slabstock polyurethane foams. Polymer 41 1 (2000) 285-310
51. Yu Z.Z., Yan C., Yang M.S., and Mai Y.W. Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of nylon66/montmorillonite nanocomposites fabricated by melt compounding. Polym Int 53 8 (2004) 1093-1098
52. Tajvidi M., Falk R.H., and Hermanson J.C. Effect of natural fibers on thermal and mechanical properties of natural fiber polypropylene composites studied by dynamic mechanical analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 101 6 (2006) 4341-4349