Synthesis, characterization, flame retardance and thermal properties of halogen-free expandable graphite/PMMA composites prepared from sol-gel method

Polymer Degradation and Stability

Volumn 93, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1357-1363

  Kuan, Chen Feng ^a   Yen, Wei Hsin ^c   Chen, Chia Hsun ^a   Yuen, Siu Ming ^b   Kuan, Hsu Chiang ^a   Chiang, Chin Lung ^c  

^a FAR EAST UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL TSING HUA UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c HUNGKUANG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Sol gel method; Synergism; Thermal properties; Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

Indexed keywords

COUPLING AGENTS; FLAME RETARDANTS; SOL-GEL PROCESS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS;

EXPANDABLE GRAPHITE; INORGANIC COMPOSITES; INORGANIC PHASES; SYNERGISM;

POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES;

EID: 46549087791     PISSN: 01413910     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.03.030     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Sen A.K., Mukheriece B., Bhattacharya A.S., Sanghi L.K., De P.P., and Bhowmick K. Preparation and characterization of low-halogen and nonhalogen fire-resistant low-smoke (FRLS) cable sheathing compound from blends of functionalized polyolefins and PVC. J Appl Polym Sci 43 (1991) 1674
2. Modesti M., Lorenzetti A., Simioni F., and Camino G. Expandable graphite as an intumescent flame retardant in polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 77 (2002) 195-202
3. Duquesne S., Le Bras M., Bourbigot S., Delobel R., Camino G., Eling B., et al. Thermal degradation of polyurethane and polyurethane/expandable graphite coatings. Polym Degrad Stab 74 (2001) 493-499
4. Xie R.C., and Qu B.J. Expandable graphite systems for halogen-free flame retarding of polyolefins. I. Flammability characterization and synergistic effect. J Appl Polym Sci 80 (2001) 1181-1189
5. Xie R.C., Qu B.J., and Hu K.L. Dynamic FTIR studies of thermo-oxidation of expandable graphite-based halogen-free flame retardant LLDPE blends. Polym Degrad Stab 72 (2001) 313-321
6. Weil E.D., and Levchik S.V. Flame retardants in commercial use or development for polyolefins. J Fire Sci 26 (2008) 5-43
7. Chen X., Wu H., Luo Z., Yang B., Guo S., and Yu J. Synergistic effects of expandable graphite with magnesium hydroxide on the flame retardancy and thermal properties of polypropylene. Polym Eng Sci 47 11 (2007) 1756-1760
8. Bian X.C., Tang J.H., Li Z.M., Lu Z.Y., and Lu A. Dependence of flame-retardant properties on density of expandable graphite filled rigid polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 104 (2007) 3347-3355
9. 2 on thermal degradation of intumescent coating. Polym Degrad Stab 92 (2007) 569-579
10. Zabel H., and Solin S.A. Graphite intercalation compounds I - structure and dynamics (1990), Springer-Verlag Press, Berlin
11. Yang F., Ou Y., and Yu Z. Polyamide 6/silica nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 69 (1998) 355-361
12. Messori M., Toselli M., Pilati F., Fabbri E., Fabbri P., Busoli S., et al. Flame retarding poly(methyl methacrylate) with nanostructured organic-inorganic hybrids coatings. Polymer 44 (2003) 4463-4470
13. Song X., Wang X., Wang H., Zhong W., and Du Q. PMMA-silica hybrid thin films with enhanced thermal properties prepared via a non-hydrolytic sol-gel process. Mater Chem Phys 109 (2008) 143-147
14. 2 hybrid monoliths. J Non-Cryst Solids 353 (2007) 2807-2812
15. Ahmad S., Ahmad S., and Agnihotry S. Synthesis and characterization of in situ prepared poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites. Bull Mater Sci 30 (2007) 31-35
16. 2 hybrid membrane. Mater Sci Eng A 452-453 (2007) 422-426
17. Hsiue G.H., Liu Y.L., and Liao H.H. Flame-retardant epoxy resins: an approach from organic-inorganic hybrids nanocomposites. J Polym Sci A Chem 39 (2001) 986-996
18. Liu Y.L., and Chou C.I. The effect of silicon sources on the mechanism of phosphorus-silicon synergism of flame retardation of epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 90 (2005) 515-522
19. Chiang C.L., and Chang R.C. Synthesis, characterization, properties of novel self-extinguishing organic/inorganic epoxy nanocomposites containing nitrogen/silicon/phosphorus via sol-gel method. Key Eng Mater 334-335 (2007) 665-668
20. Chiang C.L., Chang R.C., and Chiu Y.C. Thermal stability and degradation kinetics of novel organic/inorganic epoxy hybrid containing nitrogen/silicon/phosphorus by sol-gel method. Thermochim Acta 453 (2007) 97-104
21. Chiang C.L., and Ma C.C.M. Synthesis, characterization, flame retardant and thermal properties of novel phenolic resin/silica nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 83 (2004) 207-214
22. 2 hybrid organic/inorganic nano-composite materials by sol-gel method. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 41 (2003) 905-913
23. Chiang C.L., and Ma C.C.M. Thermal-oxidative degradation of novel epoxy containing silicon and phosphorous nanocomposite. Eur Polym J 39 (2003) 825-830
24. 2 thin films on fabrics. J Appl Polym Sci 105 (2007) 3748-3756
25. Karatas S., Hosqor Z., Menceloglu Y., Kayaman-Apohan N., and Gungor A. Synthesis and characterization of flame retarding UV-curable organic-inorganic hybrid coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 102 (2006) 1906-1914
26. Chattopadhyay D.K., and Raju K.V.S.N. Structural engineering of polyurethane coatings for high performance applications. Prog Polym Sci 32 3 (2007) 352-418
27. Ozawa T. A new method of analyzing thermogravimetric data. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 38 (1965) 1881
28. Kissinger H.H.E. Reaction kinetics in differential thermal analysis. Anal Chem 29 (1957) 1702
29. Camino G., Duquesne S., Delobel R., Eling B., Lindsay C., and Roels T. In: Nelson G.L., and Wilkie C.A. (Eds). Fires and polymers: materials and solutions for hazard prevention (2001), ACS Publishers, Washington, DC 90-109 (symposium series no. 797)
30. Delobel R., Le Bras M., Ouassou N., and Alistiqsa F. Thermal behaviours of ammonium polyphosphate-pentaerythritol and ammonium pyrophosphate-pentaerythritol intumescent additives in polypropylene formulations. J Fire Sci 8 2 (1990) 85-108
31. Doyle C.D. Estimating thermal stability of experimental polymers by empirical thermogravimetric analysis. Anal Chem 33 (1961) 77
32. Jelena M., Ivan B., Sebastijan O., Hrvoje I., and Marica I. Thermal degradation of epoxy-silica organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Polym Degrad Stab 91 (2006) 122-127
33. Park S.J., Kim H.C., Lee H.I., and Suh D.H. Thermal stability of imidized epoxy blends initiated by N-benzylpyrazinium hexafluoroantimonate salt. Macromolecules 34 (2001) 7573
34. Wang W.J., Perng L.H., Hsiue G.H., and Chang F.C. Characterization and properties of new silicone-containing epoxy resin. Polymer 41 16 (2000) 6113-6122